Muraho, abakunzi b'inyamaswa n'inshuti zita ku bidukikije! Uyu munsi, tugiye kwibira mu ngingo ishobora kuba idashimishije kuganira, ariko imwe ifite akamaro gakomeye: imirima yinganda. Ibi bikorwa bikomeye ntabwo ari ugukora ibiryo ku rugero runini - bigira uruhare runini mu gukwirakwiza indwara no kwangiza ibidukikije. Reka dusuzume uruhande rwijimye rwo guhinga uruganda n'impamvu ari ngombwa gukemura ibyo bibazo.
Kwanduza indwara mu mirima y'uruganda
Imwe mu mpungenge zikomeye n’imirima yinganda nuburyo zishobora guhinduka aho zororerwa indwara. Shushanya ibi: inyamaswa zipakiye hamwe ahantu hafunzwe, byoroshye byoroshye indwara gukwirakwira nkumuriro. Kuba hafi no mubihe bitesha umutwe bigabanya intege nke z'umubiri wabo, bigatuma barwara indwara. Ibi na byo, byongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara mu nyamaswa ziri mu murima.
Igiteye ubwoba kurushaho ni ugukoresha cyane antibiyotike mu mirima y'uruganda. Kugira ngo wirinde indwara ahantu hashobora kuba huzuye abantu, inyamaswa akenshi zipompa zuzuye antibiyotike. Nyamara, iyi myitozo yatumye habaho kwiyongera kwa bagiteri zirwanya antibiyotike, ku buryo bigoye kuvura indwara zanduza inyamaswa ndetse n'abantu. Ninzitizi mbi ibangamiye ubuzima rusange.
Ntitwibagirwe n'indwara zoonotic - utwo dukoko twiza dushobora gusimbuka kuva ku nyamaswa kugera ku bantu. Hamwe n’inyamaswa nyinshi ahantu hamwe, amahirwe yizi ndwara yakwirakwira ku bakozi bo mu mirima ndetse n’abaturage baturanye. Nibisasu byigihe tudashobora kwirengagiza.
Uburyo Twageze Hano
Ubuhinzi bw’inyamanswa mu nganda, aho inyamaswa amagana cyangwa ibihumbi n’ibihumbi zifungirwa ahantu hafunganye, huzuye abantu, bituma habaho ibidukikije byiza byo gukwirakwiza vuba indwara zanduza. Iyo inyamanswa zibitswe hafi cyane mubihe bitesha umutwe kandi bidasanzwe, biroroha cyane ko indwara zandurira kumuntu umwe. Nubwo indwara nyinshi zandura zikwirakwira gusa mu nyamaswa ubwazo, zimwe zifite ubushobozi bwo kwambuka abantu. Izi ndwara zizwi ku izina rya zoonose cyangwa zoonotic, zitera ingaruka zidasanzwe kandi zikomeye ku buzima rusange.
Urashobora kuba umenyereye indwara zimwe na zimwe zonotike nka ibicurane byingurube, salmonella, na MRSA (methicillin irwanya Staphylococcus aureus). Izi ndwara zerekana uburyo virusi zikomoka ku nyamaswa zishobora kugira ingaruka ku bantu, rimwe na rimwe zigatera indwara nyinshi cyangwa indwara zikomeye. Kwanduza indwara ziva mu nyamaswa ku bantu biteye ubwoba cyane kubera ko sisitemu y’umubiri y’umuntu - n’imiti dufite ubu - idashobora kuba ifite ibikoresho byo kumenya cyangwa kurwanya mikorobe nshya.
Icyorezo cya COVID-19, cyatewe na virusi ya zoonotic, cyagaragaje uburyo sosiyete yacu ku isi ishobora kwibasirwa n'indwara nshya zikomoka ku nyamaswa. Nubwo COVID-19 itari ifitanye isano n’ubuhinzi bw’inyamanswa, byabaye nk'ikangura rikomeye ku bijyanye n'ingaruka ziterwa na zoonose n'ingaruka zishobora kwangiza niba tunaniwe kugenzura ikwirakwizwa ryayo. Iki cyorezo cyashimangiye ko byihutirwa gusobanukirwa neza n'indwara zoonotic, gushimangira gahunda z'ubuzima, no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zigabanya ibyago byo kwandura ejo hazaza.
Muri rusange, ubuhinzi bw’inyamanswa mu nganda bugira uruhare runini mu gushyiraho uburyo bwiza bw’indwara zoonotike zigaragara kandi zikwirakwira. Kumenya iri sano ningirakamaro niba dushaka kurengera ubuzima bwabantu, gukumira ibyorezo byigihe kizaza, no kubaka umuryango uhamye kandi utekanye mumasekuruza azaza.
Ubuzima n’ingaruka ku bidukikije byo guhinga uruganda
Ubworozi bw'uruganda, buzwi kandi nk'ubuhinzi bw’inyamanswa, bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bw’abantu ndetse no ku bidukikije. Ubu buryo bwo mu nganda mu korora amatungo bugamije kongera umusaruro no gukora neza ariko akenshi ku giciro kinini kuri sisitemu y’ibidukikije n'imibereho myiza yabaturage. Hasi, turasesengura ingaruka zingenzi zubuzima n’ibidukikije bijyanye no guhinga uruganda.
Ingaruka ku buzima
a. Ikwirakwizwa ry'indwara Zoonotic
Imirima yinganda itanga uburyo bwiza bwo kuvuka no kwanduza indwara zonotike - indwara ziva mu nyamaswa zikagera ku bantu. Umubare munini w’inyamanswa zorohereza ikwirakwizwa ryihuse rya virusi, zimwe murizo zishobora guhinduka kandi zikagira ubushobozi bwo kwanduza abantu. Ingero zirimo ibicurane by'ibiguruka, ibicurane by'ingurube, na bagiteri zirwanya antibiyotike nka MRSA. Izi ndwara zirashobora gukurura indwara zaho cyangwa ibyorezo byisi yose, nkuko byagaragaye na COVID-19.
b. Kurwanya Antibiyotike
Gukoresha buri gihe antibiyotike mu mirima y’uruganda hagamijwe guteza imbere iterambere no gukumira indwara mu bihe by’abantu benshi byagize uruhare runini mu kibazo cy’isi yose cyo kurwanya antibiyotike. Indwara ya bagiteri ihura na antibiyotike ihindagurika kandi igatera imbere kurwanya, bigatuma kwandura abantu bigoye kuyivura. Iyi myigaragambyo ibangamira imikorere yimiti irokora ubuzima kandi itera ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima rusange bwisi yose.
c. Ibibazo byo kwihaza mu biribwa
Ibikorwa byo guhinga uruganda bizamura cyane ibyago byindwara ziterwa nibiribwa bitewe nimpamvu nyinshi zifitanye isano ziranga umusaruro winyamanswa. Imwe mu mpungenge z’ibanze ni ukongera amahirwe yo kwanduzwa na mikorobe itera indwara nka Salmonella , Escherichia coli (E. coli), na Campylobacter , ibyo byose bikaba aribyo bitera indwara ziterwa n’ibiribwa ku isi.
Mu murima w’uruganda, inyamaswa zikunze kuba ahantu huzuye abantu benshi kandi hafunzwe, ibyo bikaba byorohereza kwanduza vuba virusi. Uku kwiyongera kwinshi ntigushimangira inyamaswa gusa-kugabanya intege nke z'umubiri no gutuma zishobora kwandura indwara, ariko kandi byongera kwanduza fecal ahantu hatuwe. Ibihe nkibi bitera ikigega cyiza cya bagiteri zangiza kugirango zigwire.
Byongeye kandi, isuku idahagije hamwe n’isuku mugihe cyo korora amatungo, gutwara, no kubaga byongera ibyago byo kwanduza. Kurugero, gusukura nabi ibikoresho, ibikoresho, nibinyabiziga bitwara abantu birashobora gutuma bagiteri ikomeza kandi ikwirakwira. Mugihe cyo kubaga no gutunganya, kwanduzanya bishobora kubaho mugihe imirambo ihuye nubutaka bwanduye cyangwa niba abakozi badakurikiza protocole ikomeye yisuku.
Indwara nka Salmonella na Campylobacter zireba cyane cyane kubera ko zikoronije inzira zo munda z’inyamaswa nyinshi zo mu murima zidafite ibimenyetso, bivuze ko inyamaswa zigaragara neza mu gihe zifite za bagiteri zanduye. Iyo izo bagiteri zanduye inyama, amata, cyangwa amagi, zirashobora gutera indwara zikomeye zo munda mu bantu. E. coli , cyane cyane ubwoko bwa enterohemorrhagic nka O157: H7, butanga uburozi bukomeye bushobora gutera impiswi zamaraso, syndrome de hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), ndetse no kunanirwa nimpyiko, cyane cyane kubana, abasaza, nabantu badafite ubudahangarwa.
Ingaruka z'indwara ziterwa n'ibiribwa zifitanye isano n'ubuhinzi bw'uruganda ni nyinshi mu bijyanye n'umutwaro w'ubuzima rusange. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rivuga ko indwara ziterwa n'ibiribwa zifata abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni amagana buri mwaka, bigatera indwara n’impfu zikomeye. Ibitaro no gupfa bikunze kugaragara mubantu batishoboye, nk'abana bato, abagore batwite, abakuze, ndetse n'abafite ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri.
Byongeye kandi, imiti irwanya antibiyotike yiyi virusi iragenda ivugwa cyane kubera gukoresha antibiyotike mu buhinzi bw’uruganda. Ibi bigora kuvura no gukira indwara zandurira mu biribwa, biganisha ku ndwara ndende, amafaranga y’ubuvuzi yiyongera, ndetse n’ingaruka nyinshi z’ingaruka zikomeye.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije
a. Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere
Ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa, cyane cyane ubuhinzi bw’uruganda, nabwo bugira uruhare runini mu myuka ihumanya ikirere, harimo metani (CH4), okiside ya nitrous (N2O), na dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Methane, ikorwa nigogorwa ryibiryo no gucunga ifumbire, irakomeye cyane mugutega ubushyuhe mukirere. Ibyo byuka bigira uruhare runini mu bushyuhe bw’isi n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
b. Guhumanya Amazi no Gukoresha
Imirima y’uruganda itanga imyanda myinshi y’inyamaswa, ikunze kuba irimo intungamubiri nka azote na fosifore, virusi, na antibiotike. Kujugunya bidakwiye no gutemba biva mu ifumbire mvaruganda birashobora kwanduza amazi yo hejuru n’amazi yo mu butaka, biganisha kuri eutrophasiya, indabyo za algal, ndetse no kwangirika kw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi. Byongeye kandi, ubuhinzi bwuruganda nirwo rukoresha cyane umutungo wamazi, byongera ibibazo byubuke bwamazi mu turere twinshi.
c. Kwangirika k'ubutaka no gutema amashyamba
Gukenera ibihingwa ngaburo nka soya n'ibigori kugirango bikomeze imirima y'uruganda bitera amashyamba manini no guhindura ubutaka, cyane cyane mu turere dushyuha nko mu mashyamba ya Amazone. Ibi bivamo gutakaza ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, isuri yubutaka, no guhagarika ibikorwa bya karubone. Byongeye kandi, kurisha cyane no gukoresha cyane ubutaka kugirango butange ibiryo bigira uruhare mu kwangirika kwubutaka no mu butayu.
Imanza zindwara mu murima winganda
Imirima y’uruganda yagiye igaragara nk’ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’indwara bitewe n’ubucucike bukabije bw’inyamaswa, ibihe bitesha umutwe, ndetse n’ingamba zidahagije z’umutekano muke. Ihuzwa ryibi bintu ryorohereza kwanduza no kongera imiti yanduye, bimwe muribi bikaba byateje impungenge zikomeye z’ubuzima mu karere no ku isi.
Imirima y’uruganda yagiye igaragara nk’ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’indwara bitewe n’ubucucike bukabije bw’inyamaswa, ibihe bitesha umutwe, ndetse n’ingamba zidahagije z’umutekano muke. Ihuzwa ryibi bintu ryorohereza kwanduza no kongera imiti yanduye, bimwe muribi bikaba byateje impungenge zikomeye z’ubuzima mu karere no ku isi.
1. Ibicurane by'ibiguruka (ibicurane by'inyoni)
Imwe mu ngero zizwi cyane z’indwara mu mirima y’uruganda ni ibicurane by’ibiguruka. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) hamwe n’umuryango w’ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi (FAO), bavuga ko virusi y’ibicurane by’ibiguruka cyane (HPAI) nka H5N1 na H7N9, byateje indwara nyinshi mu bworozi bw’inkoko zikomeye ku isi. Ibi byorezo ntibitera igihombo kinini mu bukungu bitewe no guhitana abantu ahubwo binabangamira abantu. Imiterere yimiturire myinshi mumirima yinganda ituma virusi ikwirakwira vuba, mugihe ihinduka ryimiterere ya genoside yongera ibyago byo kwandura abantu. OMS yihanangirije inshuro nyinshi ibyorezo by’icyorezo cya virusi y’ibicurane biva mu murima w’uruganda.
2. Ibicurane by'ingurube na Virusi ya Diarrhea Icyorezo cya Porcine (PEDV)
Ubworozi bukomeye bw’ingurube nabwo bwagize uruhare mu kwandura virusi y’ibicurane by’ingurube, rimwe na rimwe zishobora kwanduza abantu, nkuko bigaragara mu cyorezo cya grippe H1N1 2009. Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) kivuga ko imirima y’ingurube, cyane cyane iyifite umwuka mubi ndetse n’ubucucike bw’inyamaswa, byorohereza ihindagurika no kongera kwanduza virusi y’ibicurane, bikongera ibyago byo kwandura udushya. Ikindi cyorezo gikomeye gifitanye isano n'ubworozi bw'ingurube ni virusi ya pcine epidemic diarrhea virusi (PEDV), yangije abaturage b'ingurube muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru na Aziya, bikangiza ubukungu bukabije.
3. Igituntu cy'igituntu na Brucellose
Ubworozi bw'inka bwagize uruhare mu kwandura indwara zoonotic nka bovine igituntu (bTB) na brucellose. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima bw’inyamaswa (WOAH, ahahoze ari OIE) ryerekana ko abantu benshi kandi badafite isuku ari ibintu by’ibanze byongera ubwandu bwa Mycobacterium bovis (nyirabayazana wa bTB) Brucella . Izi ndwara ntabwo zibangamira ubuzima bwinyamaswa gusa ahubwo zirashobora no kwanduza abantu binyuze muburyo butaziguye cyangwa kurya ibikomoka ku mata adasukuye.
4. Methicillin-Irwanya Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Ibidukikije by’ubuhinzi byamenyekanye nkibigega bya bagiteri zidakira antibiyotike nka MRSA. Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu binyamakuru nka Lancet Indwara Zandura Zigaragaza ko hari ubwoko bwa MRSA bujyanye n’amatungo mu mirima y’uruganda, bushobora gukwira ku bakora mu mirima ndetse n’umuryango mugari. Gukoresha nabi no gukoresha antibiyotike mu buhinzi bw’uruganda bizwi na OMS nk’ingenzi mu kurwanya imiti igabanya ubukana bwa mikorobe, bikagora uburyo bwo kuvura indwara z’inyamaswa ndetse n’abantu.
Izi manza zerekana ko ari ngombwa kuvugurura imikorere y’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda no kongera ingamba zo kugenzura indwara n’ingamba zo kubungabunga umutekano. Amasomo twakuye mu byorezo byashize agomba kuyobora politiki yo kugabanya ibyago by’ibyorezo bizaza no kurengera ubuzima rusange n’imibereho y’inyamaswa.
Imbaraga zo gukemura ibibazo
Igishimishije, hari imbaraga ziri gukorwa kugirango bakemure ibibazo bijyanye nimirima yinganda. Amabwiriza na politiki bigamije kuzamura imibereho y’inyamaswa no kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije bishyirwa mu bikorwa mu bihugu byinshi. Izi ngamba ni ingenzi mu kubaza imirima no guteza imbere imikorere irambye.
Kurwego rwumuntu ku giti cye, abaguzi barashobora kugira icyo bahindura bahitamo gushyigikira ibikorwa byubuhinzi burambye. Muguhitamo ibicuruzwa bituruka kumyitwarire kandi bitangiza ibidukikije, dushobora kohereza ubutumwa bukomeye muruganda. Byose nukuzirikana aho ibiryo byacu biva ningaruka bigira kubuzima bwacu no kwisi.
Ubwanyuma, uruhande rwijimye rwo guhinga uruganda ntirushobora kwirengagizwa. Ikwirakwizwa ry'indwara, iyangirika ry'ibidukikije, n'ingaruka z'ubukungu ni ibimenyetso bigaragara ko impinduka zikenewe byihutirwa. Mugukangurira kumenyekanisha, gushyigikira ubundi buryo burambye, no guhitamo amakuru nkabaguzi, turashobora gufasha gushiraho uburyo bwibiryo bwangiza kandi bwangiza ibidukikije. Reka dukorere hamwe tugana ahazaza heza kubiremwa byose kuri iyi si!
Fata ingamba zo guhagarika ubuhinzi bwuruganda
Ibimenyetso bigenda byerekana ingaruka mbi z’ubuzima, ibidukikije, n’imyitwarire y’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bishimangira ko byihutirwa ibikorwa rusange. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke bisaba imbaraga zihuriweho n’abafata ibyemezo, abafatanyabikorwa mu nganda, abaguzi, n’amatsinda yunganira kugira ngo duhindure gahunda y’ibiribwa ku buryo burambye kandi bw’ikiremwamuntu. Dore ingamba zingenzi zo gutwara impinduka zifatika:
1. Ivugurura rya politiki n'amabwiriza
Guverinoma zigomba gushyira mu bikorwa no gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza akomeye yerekeye imibereho y’inyamaswa, ikoreshwa rya antibiotike, n’umwanda w’ibidukikije ujyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda. Ibi bikubiyemo gushyiraho imipaka ikurikizwa ku bucucike bw’inyamaswa, kubuza antibiyotike isanzwe ikoreshwa mu kuzamura iterambere, no gutegeka kugenzura mu mucyo imikorere y’imicungire y’imyanda. Gushyigikira amategeko ateza imbere ubundi buryo burambye bwo guhinga nabyo ni ngombwa.
2. Guteza imbere ubundi buryo bwa poroteyine
Kugabanya ibikenerwa n’ibikomoka ku nyamaswa zororerwa mu ruganda dushishikarizwa kwemeza indyo ishingiye ku bimera hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rigenda ryiyongera nk'inyama zishingiye ku muco bishobora kugabanya cyane ubuhinzi bw’amatungo y’inganda. Guverinoma n’abikorera ku giti cyabo barashobora gushishikariza ubushakashatsi, iterambere, no kubona izindi poroteyine kugira ngo zihendutse kandi zishimishe abaguzi.
3. Kumenya abaguzi no kunganirwa
Abaguzi babimenyeshejwe bafite imbaraga zitari nke zo guhindura imikorere yisoko. Ubukangurambaga bwuburezi rusange kubyerekeye ingaruka zubuhinzi bwuruganda ninyungu zo guhitamo ibiryo birambye birashobora guhindura imyitwarire yabaguzi. Gushyigikira ibikorwa byamamaza nka "imibereho myiza yinyamaswa byemewe" cyangwa "antibiotique-idafite" ifasha abaguzi gufata ibyemezo byinshingano.
4. Gushimangira Igenzura n'Ubushakashatsi ku Isi
Gushora imari muri sisitemu yo kugenzura kugirango hamenyekane indwara zonotike zigaragara hakiri kare no gutera inkunga ubushakashatsi ku isano iri hagati yubuhinzi n’ubuzima rusange ni ngombwa mu gukumira. Ubufatanye mpuzamahanga binyuze mumiryango nka OMS, FAO, na WOAH birashobora koroshya gusangira ubumenyi no guhuza ibisubizo kubibazo bya zoonotic.