Imihindagurikire y’ibihe n’ibyuka bihumanya

Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ni kimwe mu bibazo byihutirwa ku isi, kandi ubuhinzi bw'inganda ni cyo kintu gikomeye gituma iyi mihindagurikire yihuta. Ubuhinzi bw'inganda bugira uruhare runini mu ibyuka bihumanya ikirere—cyane cyane methane iva mu nka, azote iva mu ifumbire mvaruganda n'ifumbire mvaruganda, na dioxyde de carbone iva mu gutema amashyamba kugira ngo ihingwe ibiryo by'ibiryo. Iyi myuka irwanya urwego rw'ubwikorezi, ishyira ubuhinzi bw'amatungo mu mwanya w'ingenzi mu bihe by'ihungabana ry'ikirere.
Uretse imyuka ihumanya ikirere, icyifuzo cy'ubutaka, amazi, n'ingufu muri gahunda yo kongera imbaraga mu mihindagurikire y'ikirere. Amashyamba manini aratemwa kugira ngo hahingwe soya n'ibigori byo kugaburira amatungo, bigasenya ibisigazwa bya karubone karemano kandi bigasohora karubone yabitswe mu kirere. Uko uburinzi bugenda bukwirakwira n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima rugahungabana, imbaraga z'isi mu guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere zirushaho kugabanuka.
Iki cyiciro kigaragaza uburyo amahitamo y'imirire n'uburyo bwo gukora ibiribwa bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku kibazo cy'ikirere. Gukemura uruhare rw'ubuhinzi bw'inganda si ukugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere gusa—ni ukuvugurura uburyo ibiribwa bishyirwa imbere mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, indyo ishingiye ku bimera, n'uburyo bwo kuvugurura ibidukikije. Mu guhangana n'ingaruka z'ubuhinzi bw'inyamaswa ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere, abantu bafite amahirwe yo gukumira ubushyuhe bw'isi, kurinda urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, no kurinda ahazaza heza ku bisekuru bizaza.

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hakomeje kubaho impungenge ku ngaruka z’ibiribwa duhitamo ku bidukikije. Ikintu kimwe cyihariye cyasuzumwe ni umusaruro w’inyama n’uruhare rwazo mu ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Kubera kwiyongera kw’abarya inyama n’ibiribwa bishingiye ku bimera, habayeho impinduka mu gushaka ubundi buryo bwo kurya inyama aho gukoresha inyama gakondo. Ariko, uburyo inyama zikora karubone ugereranije n’uburyo zikora ibikomoka ku bimera ni ingingo igoye kandi ifite ibisobanuro birambuye. Ikubiyemo ibintu bitandukanye nko gukoresha ubutaka, amazi akoreshwa, n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Muri iyi nkuru, tuzareba ingaruka za karubone mu gukora inyama kandi tubigereranye n’izindi zikomoka ku bimera. Binyuze mu gusuzuma ubushakashatsi n’amakuru agezweho, tuzasuzuma ingaruka z’ibi biribwa bibiri ku bidukikije kandi tugaragaze ibyiza n’imbogamizi zishobora guterwa no guhinduka mu ndyo ikomoka ku bimera. Dukurikije uburyo ibiryo bitera karubone, …

Ubworozi bwabaye igice cyingenzi mumico yabantu mumyaka ibihumbi, bitanga isoko yingenzi yibiribwa nubuzima kubaturage kwisi yose. Nyamara, kwiyongera no gukaza umurego mu nganda mumyaka mirongo ishize byagize ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima no gutandukana kwibinyabuzima byisi. Gukenera ibikomoka ku nyamaswa, biterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage no guhindura imirire, byatumye ubworozi bw’ubworozi bwaguka, bituma habaho imikoreshereze y’ubutaka no kwangiza aho gutura. Ibi byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku binyabuzima, amoko menshi ahura n’ibinyabuzima ndetse n’ibinyabuzima byahinduwe ku buryo budasubirwaho. Mugihe dukomeje kwishingikiriza ku bworozi bwamatungo kugirango tubatunge kandi tuzamure ubukungu, ni ngombwa gusuzuma no gukemura ingaruka z’inganda ziterwa no gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma uburyo butandukanye uburyo ubworozi bwagize uruhare mu gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ndetse n’ibisubizo bishoboka…

Ubuhinzi bwuruganda, uburyo bwateye imbere cyane kandi bukomeye bwo korora amatungo kubyara umusaruro, byabaye ikibazo cyibidukikije. Inzira yinyamanswa itanga ibiryo ntabwo itera gusa ibibazo byimyitwarire yimibereho yinyamaswa ahubwo inagira ingaruka mbi kwisi. Hano hari ibintu 11 by'ingenzi byerekeranye n'imirima y'uruganda n'ingaruka zabyo ku bidukikije: 1- Imirima minini y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni kimwe mu bigira uruhare runini mu kwangiza imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku isi, ikarekura metani na oxyde ya nitrous mu kirere. Iyi myuka irakomeye cyane kuruta dioxyde de carbone mu ruhare rwayo mu bushyuhe bw’isi, metani ikaba ifite inshuro zigera kuri 28 mu gufata ubushyuhe mu gihe cy’imyaka 100, na okiside ya nitrous ikubye inshuro 298. Inkomoko yambere y’ibyuka bya metani mu buhinzi bw’uruganda ikomoka ku nyamaswa z’amatungo, nk'inka, intama, n'ihene, zitanga metani nyinshi mu gihe cyo gusya…

Imyuka ya metani iva mu matungo ni ikintu gikomeye ariko gikunze gusuzumwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, hamwe n’inyamaswa z’amatungo nk'inka n'intama bigira uruhare runini. Nkuko umutego wa metani ushushe inshuro 28 kurusha dioxyde de carbone mu binyejana byinshi, urwego rwubworozi rwagaragaye nk’uruhare runini mu gushyuha kw’isi binyuze mu gusembura enterineti, gucunga ifumbire, no guhindura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka. Hamwe n’ubuhinzi bushinzwe hafi 14% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi, guhangana na metani biva mu bworozi ni ngombwa mu kugabanya ingaruka z’ikirere. Iyi ngingo irasuzuma isano iri hagati y’umusaruro w’amatungo n’ibyuka bihumanya metani mu gihe harebwa ingamba zirambye zo kugabanya ikirere cy’ibidukikije bitabangamiye umutekano w’ibiribwa

Inganda zimyambarire n’imyenda zimaze igihe kinini zijyanye no gukoresha ibikoresho nkubwoya, ubwoya, nimpu, bikomoka ku nyamaswa. Mugihe ibyo bikoresho byizihijwe kubera kuramba, ubushyuhe, no kwinezeza, umusaruro wabyo utera impungenge zikomeye kubidukikije. Iyi ngingo irasesengura ingaruka z’ibidukikije by’ubwoya, ubwoya, n’uruhu, byerekana ingaruka zabyo ku bidukikije, imibereho y’inyamaswa, ndetse n’isi muri rusange. Uburyo Umusaruro Wubwoya Wangiza Ibidukikije Inganda zubwoya nimwe muruganda rwangiza ibidukikije kwisi yose. Igitangaje cya 85% byuruhu rwinganda ziva mu nyamaswa zororerwa mu murima w’ubwoya. Iyi mirima ikunze kubamo inyamaswa ibihumbi n’ibihe bigufi, bidafite isuku, aho byororerwa gusa. Ingaruka ku bidukikije zibi bikorwa zirakomeye, kandi ingaruka zirenze kure hafi yimirima. 1. Kwangiza imyanda no guhumana Buri nyamaswa muri uru ruganda…

Guhitamo ibiryo bya buri munsi birenze kure amasahani yacu, bigahindura ubuzima bwumubumbe wacu muburyo bwimbitse. Nubwo uburyohe nimirire byiganje mubyemezo byimirire, ikirere cyibidukikije mubyo turya nacyo kirakomeye. Impaka hagati yimirire ishingiye ku nyama n’ibimera zishingiye ku bimera zongerewe imbaraga mu gihe imyumvire igenda yiyongera ku ngaruka zitandukanye cyane ku mutungo, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ndetse n’ibidukikije. Kuva kubungabunga amazi nubutaka kugeza kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere no gutema amashyamba, indyo ishingiye ku bimera igaragara nkigikoresho gikomeye cyo kurwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere no guteza imbere iterambere rirambye. Menya uburyo guhinduranya ibiryo-bitera imbere bishobora gufasha kurengera ibidukikije mugihe utegura inzira y'ejo hazaza heza

Kwiyongera kwisi kwisi kubicuruzwa byinyamanswa byatumye abantu benshi bahinga ubuhinzi bwuruganda, sisitemu ishingiye cyane kumusaruro wibiryo byinganda. Munsi y’ibikorwa byayo hagaragara umubare munini w’ibidukikije - gutema amashyamba, gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, hamwe n’umwanda w’amazi ni zimwe mu ngaruka mbi ziterwa no guhinga ibihingwa byitwa monocult nka soya n'ibigori byo kugaburira amatungo. Iyi myitozo irangiza umutungo kamere, yangiza ubuzima bwubutaka, ihungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, kandi iremerera abaturage baho mu gihe ingufu z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Iyi ngingo irasuzuma ibiciro by’ibidukikije by’umusaruro w’ibiryo ku nyamaswa zo mu ruganda kandi ikagaragaza ko hakenewe cyane ibisubizo birambye birinda isi yacu kandi bigateza imbere ubuhinzi bw’imyitwarire myiza.

Ubuhinzi bw’amatungo n’ingenzi ariko bukunze kwirengagizwa kugira uruhare mu guhumanya ikirere no kohereza ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, bikarenga ndetse n’ubwikorezi mu ngaruka z’ibidukikije. Kuva imyuka ya metani ifitanye isano no gusya amatungo kugeza gutema amashyamba yo kurisha no guhinga ibiryo, uru ruganda rufite uruhare runini mu kwihutisha imihindagurikire y’ikirere no kugabanuka kw’ibidukikije. Mugihe imbaraga zisi zigenda ziyongera mukurwanya izo mbogamizi, gusobanukirwa umubare w’ibidukikije by’inyama n’amata bigenda biba ngombwa. Iyi ngingo irasuzuma ingaruka zigera ku buhinzi bw’inyamanswa, ikagaragaza ibisubizo birambye nk’ubuhinzi bushya bwo kongera umusaruro ndetse n’imirire ishingiye ku bimera, kandi bishimangira uburyo guhitamo abaguzi kumenyeshwa hamwe na politiki ya guverinoma ikomeye bishobora gutera impinduka zifatika zigana ejo hazaza heza.

Mu myaka yashize, hagiye hibandwa cyane ku mibereho irambye, kandi kubwimpamvu. Hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere kandi bikenewe byihutirwa kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, byabaye ngombwa kuruta ikindi gihe cyose kureba amahitamo tugira mu mibereho yacu ya buri munsi agira uruhare mu birenge byacu. Mugihe benshi muritwe tuzi ingaruka zo gutwara no gukoresha ingufu kubidukikije, imirire yacu nikindi kintu gikomeye gikunze kwirengagizwa. Mubyukuri, ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ibiryo turya bishobora kugera kuri kimwe cya kane cyibirenge byacu muri rusange. Ibi byatumye kwiyongera kwangiza ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, urugendo rwibanda ku guhitamo imirire idafasha ubuzima bwacu gusa ahubwo nisi. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma igitekerezo cyo kurya ibidukikije ndetse nuburyo ibiryo byacu…