Mu myaka yashize, ku isi hagaragaye ubwiyongere bw'indwara zoonotique, hamwe n'indwara nka Ebola, SARS, ndetse na vuba aha, COVID-19, itera impungenge zikomeye ku buzima ku isi. Izi ndwara zikomoka ku nyamaswa, zifite ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwira vuba kandi zikagira ingaruka mbi ku bantu. Mu gihe inkomoko nyayo y’izi ndwara ikomeje kwigwa no kugibwaho impaka, hari ibimenyetso bigenda byerekana isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo. Ubworozi bw'amatungo, bukubiyemo ubworozi bw'amatungo ku biribwa, bwabaye igice cy'ingenzi mu musaruro w’ibiribwa ku isi, butanga isoko ryinjiza abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni kandi bagaburira miliyari. Nyamara, kongera ingufu no kwagura inganda byateje kwibaza ku ruhare rwayo mu kuvuka no gukwirakwiza indwara zonotike. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo n’indwara zoonotike, dusuzume ibintu bishobora kugira uruhare mu kuvuka no kuganira ku ngaruka ku buzima bw’abantu n’inyamaswa. Binyuze muri ubu bushakashatsi, turizera ko tuzagaragaza isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo n’indwara zo mu bwoko bwa zoonotic kandi tugatekereza ku gisubizo gishobora kugabanywa ku isi.
Indwara za Zoonotic n'ingaruka zabyo
Kuba indwara ziterwa na zoonotic, zishobora kwanduzwa hagati y’inyamaswa n’abantu, bitera impungenge zikomeye ku isi. Izi ndwara zifite ubushobozi bwo gutera indwara zikomeye, ndetse rimwe na rimwe, ndetse n'urupfu. Ingaruka zindwara zoonotic zirashobora kugera kure, ntizigire ingaruka kubantu gusa ahubwo no mubaturage ndetse nubukungu. Icyorezo cy'indwara zoonotike, nka Ebola, SARS, na COVID-19, byagaragaje ingaruka mbi zishobora kugira kuri gahunda z'ubuzima rusange n'ubukungu ku isi. Byongeye kandi, kuvuka kwa antibiyotike irwanya zoonotique irwanya indwara no kurushaho kuvura izo ndwara. Gusobanukirwa isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo no kwanduza indwara zonotike ni ngombwa mu gushyiraho ingamba zifatika zo gukumira no kurwanya icyorezo kizaza, kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu n’inyamaswa.
Gusobanukirwa kwanduza indwara zoonotic
Indwara ya Zoonotic yerekana kwanduza ibintu byanduza nka bagiteri, virusi, cyangwa parasite, biva mu nyamaswa ku bantu. Iyi nzira irashobora kubaho binyuze muburyo butaziguye ninyamaswa zanduye, kurya ibiryo cyangwa amazi byanduye, cyangwa guhura nibidukikije byanduye. Gusobanukirwa uburyo indwara zoonotic zandura ni ngombwa mu gukumira no kugabanya ingaruka zabyo ku bantu. Ibintu nko kuba hafi y’abantu n’inyamaswa mu bworozi bw’amatungo birashobora kongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara. Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa bimwe na bimwe byubuhinzi, nkubucucike nisuku nke, birashobora kurushaho korohereza ikwirakwizwa rya virusi zonotic. Mu kwiga uburyo bwo kwanduza no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zikwiye zo gukumira, dushobora kugabanya ingaruka n’ingaruka z’indwara zoonotique, tukarinda abantu n’inyamaswa.
Ingaruka zijyanye no guhinga amatungo
Ubworozi butera ingaruka nyinshi zishobora kugira uruhare mu gukwirakwiza indwara zoonotic. Imwe mu ngaruka zikomeye nubushobozi bwo kwandura indwara hagati yubwoko butandukanye bwinyamanswa mu murima. Iyo amoko atandukanye abitswe hafi, habaho kwiyongera kwindwara zisimbuka ziva mubindi. Ibi birashobora kubaho binyuze muburyo butaziguye, ibiryo bisangiwe cyangwa amasoko y'amazi, cyangwa guhura nibidukikije byanduye. Indi ngaruka ni ukongera umusaruro w’amatungo, akenshi bikubiyemo gufunga inyamaswa ahantu huzuye abantu kandi bahangayitse. Izi miterere zirashobora kugabanya intege nke z'umubiri w’inyamaswa, bigatuma zishobora kwandura indwara kandi bikongerera amahirwe yo kwandura indwara. Byongeye kandi, imyitwarire idahwitse y’isuku, gucunga neza imyanda, no gufata nabi ibikomoka ku nyamaswa birashobora kugira uruhare mu gukwirakwiza indwara. Ni ngombwa ko abahinzi borozi bashyira mu bikorwa ingamba zihamye zo kubungabunga umutekano no kubahiriza protocole ikwiye kugira ngo bagabanye ingaruka ziterwa no kwandura indwara no kurengera ubuzima bw’inyamaswa n’ubuzima bw’abantu.
Kwirinda indwara zonotic
Kugira ngo hirindwe neza indwara ziterwa na zoonotic, ni ngombwa gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zuzuye kandi zikomeye zo kubungabunga umutekano mu bikorwa byo guhinga amatungo. Ibi birimo gukurikiza uburyo bukomeye bw’isuku, nko guhora usukura no kwanduza ibikoresho by’inyamaswa n’ibikoresho, ndetse na protocole ikwiye yo gucunga imyanda. Abahinzi bagomba kandi gushyira imbere ubuzima n’imibereho y’amatungo yabo kugira ngo babeho neza, bagabanye imihangayiko, kandi batange imirire ikwiye n’ubuvuzi bw’amatungo. Gukurikirana no kugenzura buri gihe ibimenyetso byose byindwara cyangwa indwara mubikoko ningirakamaro mugutahura hakiri kare no gutabara vuba. Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere uburezi no gukangurira abahinzi borozi ku bijyanye n'indwara zoonotique n'akamaro ko gufata ingamba zo gukumira bishobora kugira uruhare runini mu kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa n'izi ndwara. Imbaraga zifatika hagati y’abahinzi, abaveterineri, n’inzego zibishinzwe zibishinzwe ni ngombwa mu gushyiraho ibidukikije birambye kandi bitekanye aho kwanduza indwara zonotike bigabanuka, bikarinda ubuzima bw’inyamaswa n’ubuzima bw’abantu.
Ubworozi n'ubuzima ku isi
Mu rwego rw’ubuzima ku isi, ubworozi bw’amatungo bwagaragaye nk’ahantu hateye impungenge bitewe n’ingaruka zishobora gutera indwara zonotic. Indwara za Zoonotique nizo zishobora kwanduza inyamaswa n'abantu, bikaba byangiza ubuzima rusange. Kuba hafi y’abantu n’inyamaswa mu bworozi bw’amatungo bitera ahantu heza ho kwanduza no kongera izo ndwara. Byongeye kandi, imiterere yibikorwa bya kijyambere y’ubworozi bwa kijyambere byongera ibyago, kuko umubare munini w’inyamaswa uba hamwe, bigatuma amahirwe yatera virusi ikwirakwira vuba. Kumenya no gusobanukirwa ayo masano ni ngombwa kugirango hategurwe ingamba zifatika zo gukumira no kurwanya indwara, amaherezo arengera ubuzima bw’abantu n’inyamaswa.
Imikoranire yabantu ninyamaswa n'indwara birakwirakwira
Imikoranire y’abantu n’inyamaswa igira uruhare runini mu gukwirakwiza indwara z’inyamaswa, ishimangira ko hakenewe gusobanukirwa byimazeyo iyi mibanire itoroshye. Iyo abantu bahuye cyane ninyamaswa, haba mubikorwa byubuhinzi, ubucuruzi bwibinyabuzima, cyangwa gutunga amatungo yo mu rugo, hari amahirwe menshi yo kwandura indwara. Indwara ya virusi irashobora kwandura binyuze mu guhura n’inyamaswa zanduye, kurya ibikomoka ku nyamaswa zanduye, cyangwa guhura n’imyanda y’inyamaswa. Byongeye kandi, kwangiriza ibikorwa byabantu ahantu nyaburanga bituma abantu bahura n’ibinyabuzima byo mu gasozi bishobora kubamo indwara zitazwi. Kwiga imbaraga zimikoranire yabantu ninyamaswa ningaruka zabyo mugukwirakwiza indwara ningirakamaro mugutezimbere ingamba zifatika zo gukumira no kugabanya icyorezo kizaza.
Akamaro ko gucunga neza imyanda
Gucunga neza imyanda bifite akamaro kanini mubikorwa byubworozi kugirango ubuzima n’umutekano by’inyamaswa n'abantu. Imyanda y’amatungo, nk’ifumbire n’ibikoresho byo kuryamaho, irashobora kuba irimo indwara ziterwa na virusi hamwe n’ibidukikije byangiza ubuzima iyo bidacunzwe neza. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bukwiye bwo gucunga imyanda, nko kubika neza, gufata neza, no kujugunya, abahinzi barashobora kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara no kwanduza ibidukikije. Ibi birimo ingamba nko gufumbira ifumbire, igogorwa rya anaerobic, no gukoresha neza ifumbire mvaruganda kugirango hongerwe intungamubiri nyinshi kandi bigabanye irekurwa ry’ibintu byangiza mu kirere, mu mazi, no mu butaka. Byongeye kandi, gucunga neza imyanda bigira uruhare mu iterambere ry’ubuhinzi muri rusange kugabanya ingaruka ku mutungo kamere no guteza imbere ubuzima bwiza bw’amatungo y’ubuhinzi ndetse n’abaturage baturanye.
Imbaraga zifatika zo kurwanya indwara
Kugenzura neza ikwirakwizwa ryindwara zoonotic, imbaraga zifatika ni ngombwa. Ibi bisaba ubufatanye no guhuza abafatanyabikorwa banyuranye barimo ibigo bya leta, inzobere mu matungo, imiryango yita ku buzima rusange, n’abahinzi borozi. Mugukorera hamwe, izi nzego zirashobora gusangira amakuru, ibikoresho, nubuhanga kugirango tumenye kandi dukemure icyorezo cy’indwara. Imbaraga zifatanije zirashobora kandi koroshya ishyirwa mubikorwa rya sisitemu yo kugenzura imiterere yindwara no kumenya ibimenyetso byose byo kuburira hakiri kare. Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere ubufatanye hagati yinzego zinyuranye birashobora guteza imbere ubushakashatsi nibikorwa byiterambere, biganisha kubisubizo bishya byo kurwanya no gukumira indwara. Ubwanyuma, muguhuza ubumenyi nubutunzi bwabo, imbaraga zubufatanye zirashobora kugira uruhare runini mukugabanya ingaruka ziterwa nindwara zoonotic no kurengera ubuzima rusange.
Ibibazo
Ni irihe sano riri hagati yo guhinga amatungo no kuvuka indwara zonotic?
Isano iri hagati yubworozi nubworozi bwindwara zoonotic iragoye. Ubworozi bw'amatungo burashobora gushyiraho uburyo bworoshya kwanduza indwara ziva mu nyamaswa ku bantu. Uburyo bukomeye bwo guhinga, nk’ubucucike bukabije n’isuku nke, birashobora kongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara. Byongeye kandi, kuba abantu hafi y’amatungo byongera amahirwe yo kwandura indwara. Amatungo arashobora gukora nk'ikigega cya virusi zonotike, zishobora kwanduza abantu binyuze mu guhura cyangwa gukoresha ibicuruzwa byanduye. Icyakora, ni ngombwa kumenya ko indwara zose zo mu bwoko bwa zoonotic zidafitanye isano n’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo, kuko zimwe zishobora no guturuka ku nyamaswa cyangwa ahandi.
Nigute indwara zoonotic zikwirakwira ku nyamaswa kugeza ku bantu mu rwego rwo guhinga amatungo?
Indwara za Zoonotique zirashobora gukwirakwira kuva ku nyamaswa kugera ku bantu mu rwego rwo guhinga amatungo binyuze mu nzira zitandukanye. Kwandura mu buryo butaziguye bishobora kubaho binyuze mu guhura n’inyamaswa zanduye cyangwa amazi y’umubiri, nk'amacandwe cyangwa umwanda. Kwanduza mu buryo butaziguye bishobora kubaho binyuze mu guhura n’ibintu byanduye, ibikoresho, cyangwa ibiribwa. Imikorere idahwitse y’isuku, ingamba z’umutekano muke, hamwe n’ubucucike bukabije mu mirima birashobora kongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara. Bimwe mubikorwa byubuhinzi nkamasoko atose cyangwa kuba hafi yubwoko butandukanye bwinyamanswa birashobora kandi koroshya kwanduza indwara zoonotic. Isuku ikwiye, inkingo, hamwe na protocole ikaze y’ibinyabuzima ni ngombwa mu gukumira ikwirakwizwa ry’izi ndwara.
Ni izihe ngero zimwe na zimwe z’indwara zoonotique zikomoka ku bworozi?
Ingero zimwe na zimwe z’indwara zoonotique zikomoka ku bworozi bw’amatungo zirimo ibicurane by’ibiguruka (ibicurane by’inyoni), ibicurane by’ingurube (ibicurane by’ingurube), indwara ya virusi ya Ebola, syndrome y’ubuhumekero bwo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati (MERS), n’igituntu cy’igituntu. Izi ndwara zirashobora kwanduza abantu binyuze mu guhura n’inyamaswa zanduye cyangwa amazi y’umubiri, kurya inyama zanduye cyangwa ibikomoka ku mata, cyangwa guhura n’ibidukikije byanduye nk’imirima cyangwa ibagiro. Uburyo bukwiye bw’isuku, gukingira inyamaswa, no gukurikirana buri gihe ni ngombwa mu gukumira no kugenzura ikwirakwizwa ry’izi ndwara mu bworozi.
Ni ibihe bintu bishobora kuba mubikorwa byo guhinga amatungo bigira uruhare mu kwanduza indwara zoonotic?
Bimwe mubintu bishobora kuba mubikorwa byubuhinzi bworozi bigira uruhare mu kwanduza indwara zonotike harimo ubucucike bukabije n’isuku nke mu mazu y’amatungo, kutagira ingamba zikwiye z’umutekano muke, kuba hafi y’abantu n’inyamaswa, no gukoresha antibiyotike mu matungo. Izi ngingo zirashobora koroshya ikwirakwizwa rya virusi hagati yinyamaswa n’abantu, bikongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zoonotic. Byongeye kandi, ubucuruzi ku isi no gutwara amatungo birashobora kandi kugira uruhare mu gukwirakwiza indwara zoonotique. Kubera iyo mpamvu, gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga neza ubuhinzi n’ingamba zikomeye z’umutekano muke ni ngombwa mu kugabanya kwanduza indwara zonotike mu bworozi.
Nigute abahinzi borozi bashobora kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara zoonotic kugirango barinde ubuzima bwabantu n’inyamaswa?
Abahinzi borozi barashobora kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara zonotike bashyira mubikorwa ingamba zitandukanye. Muri byo harimo gukora protocole nziza y’ibinyabuzima, nko kubungabunga ibidukikije bifite isuku n’isuku ku nyamaswa, kubuza abashyitsi, no kwanduza ibikoresho buri gihe. Gahunda zisanzwe zo gukurikirana ubuzima no gukingira amatungo zirashobora kandi gufasha kwirinda ikwirakwizwa ry’indwara. Byongeye kandi, abahinzi bagomba guteza imbere imicungire ikwiye kandi bakita ku mutekano no kujugunya ibikomoka ku nyamaswa. Gufatanya nabaveterineri n’ibigo nderabuzima rusange ni ngombwa mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zifatika zo kugenzura no kurwanya indwara. Hanyuma, kwigisha abahinzi n'abakozi ibijyanye n'indwara zoonotic n'ingamba zo gukumira zishobora kugira uruhare mu kurengera ubuzima bw'abantu ndetse n’inyamaswa.