Impaka zishingiye ku burenganzira bw’inyamaswa n’imibereho myiza y’inganda zinyama zabaye ikibazo kandi gikomeje. Mugihe icyifuzo cyibikomoka ku nyama gikomeje kwiyongera, ni nako igenzura ryerekeye gufata neza inyamaswa mu gihe cyo gutanga inyama. Hamwe n’abaharanira inyamanswa n’imiryango isaba ko hashyirwaho imyitwarire myiza n’ubumuntu, inganda z’inyama zahuye n’igitutu cyo gukemura ibyo bibazo. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, habaye imurikagurisha niperereza byinshi byagaragaje urumuri rwakorewe inyamaswa n’ubunyamaswa mu mirima y’uruganda no kubaga. Ibi byakuruye ikiganiro ku isi yose ku bijyanye n’imyitwarire y’inganda zinyama no gufata neza inyamaswa. Nubwo bamwe bavuga ko inyamaswa zigomba kugira uburenganzira nk’abantu, abandi bemeza ko kurya inyama ari ikintu gisanzwe kandi gikenewe mu mibereho y’abantu. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasesengura ikibazo kitoroshye kandi cy’impande nyinshi z’uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa n’imibereho myiza mu nganda z’inyama, dusuzume impande zombi impaka tunashakisha ibisubizo by’uburyo bwakoreshwa mu buryo bw’ikiremwamuntu n’imyitwarire myiza y’inyama.
Imyitwarire yimyitwarire ikikije ubuhinzi bwuruganda.
Guhinga mu ruganda bimaze igihe kinini byibandwaho cyane, bitera kwibaza ku bijyanye no kuvura inyamaswa, ingaruka ku bidukikije, ndetse n’ubuzima bw’abantu. Kimwe mubibazo byibanze byimyitwarire bijyanye no kwifungisha nubuzima bwinyamaswa mumirima yinganda. Amatungo akunze kubikwa ahantu huzuye abantu kandi badafite isuku, ntibashobora kwishora mubikorwa bisanzwe cyangwa kubona ahantu hafunguye. Ibi bitera kwibaza kubyerekeye imyitwarire myiza nubuzima bwibanze bwinyamaswa. Byongeye kandi, ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bugira uruhare mu kwangiza ibidukikije binyuze mu gukoresha cyane umutungo nk’amazi n’ubutaka, ndetse no kurekura umwanda mu kirere no mu mazi. Ingaruka ku bidukikije byaho ndetse n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye ni ngombwa. Urebye ku buzima bw’umuntu, gukoresha cyane antibiyotike mu buhinzi bw’uruganda bigira uruhare mu kuzamuka kwa bagiteri zirwanya antibiyotike, bikaba byangiza ubuzima bw’abaturage. Izi mpungenge zishingiye ku buhinzi bw’uruganda zigaragaza ko hakenewe gusuzumwa neza imikorere iriho no gushyira mu bikorwa ubundi buryo burambye kandi bw’ikiremwamuntu mu nganda z’inyama.
Ingaruka zo guharanira uburenganzira bwinyamaswa.
Imbaraga mu guharanira uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa zagize uruhare runini mu kuzamura imyumvire y’imibereho y’inyamaswa mu nganda z’inyama. Abaharanira inyungu bamuritse imiterere n’ubumuntu bitagaragara mu mirima y’uruganda, bituma igenzurwa ryiyongera kandi risaba ko inyamaswa zitaweho. Kubera izo mbaraga, habayeho kwiyongera kugana ubundi buryo bwo guhinga, nk'ubuhinzi-mwimerere ndetse na sisitemu y’ubuntu, ishyira imbere imibereho y’inyamaswa kandi igaha inyamaswa ubuzima bwiza. Guharanira uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa nabyo byagize ingaruka ku myitwarire y’abaguzi, aho umubare w’abantu ugenda wiyongera bahitamo ibiryo bishingiye ku bimera kandi bagashaka ibicuruzwa bituruka ku moko kandi bitarangwamo ubugome. Binyuze mu buvugizi bwabo no mu bukangurambaga, abaharanira uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa bagize uruhare runini mu guhindura impinduka mu nganda z’inyama no guteza imbere uburyo bw’impuhwe kandi burambye ku buhinzi bw’inyamaswa.
Uruhare rw'amabwiriza ya leta.
Amabwiriza ya leta afite uruhare runini mu kurinda no guteza imbere inyamaswa mu nganda z’inyama. Aya mabwiriza ashyiraho umurongo ngenderwaho n’ibipimo abayikora bagomba kubahiriza kugira ngo inyamaswa zita ku bantu mu buzima bwabo bwose. Inzego za Leta zifite inshingano zo gukurikirana no kubahiriza aya mabwiriza, gukora ubugenzuzi kugira ngo hubahirizwe kandi hafatwe ingamba zikwiye ku barenga ku mategeko. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa no gushyira mu bikorwa ayo mabwiriza, guverinoma zishobora kuryozwa inganda z’inyama kubikorwa byazo no guteza imbere imibereho y’inyamaswa. Byongeye kandi, amabwiriza ya leta arashobora kandi gufasha muguhuza imikorere yinganda, kwemeza ko abayikora bose bujuje urwego rumwe rwimibereho myiza yinyamaswa. Ibi ntabwo bigirira akamaro inyamaswa gusa ahubwo binaha abaguzi gukorera mu mucyo no kwizera kubicuruzwa baguze. Muri rusange, amabwiriza ya leta ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu kurengera uburenganzira bw'inyamaswa n'imibereho myiza y'inganda.
Inshingano z'umuguzi mu gushyigikira imibereho myiza.
Abaguzi bafite kandi uruhare runini mu gushyigikira imibereho y’inyamaswa mu nganda z’inyama. Ni ngombwa ko abaguzi bamenya imiterere y’inyamaswa zororerwa no gutunganyirizwa umusaruro w’inyama. Muguhitamo neza no gushaka ibikomoka ku nyama zakozwe hakurikijwe amahame y’imibereho myiza y’inyamaswa, abaguzi barashobora kohereza ubutumwa bwumvikana mu nganda ko baha agaciro kandi bagashyira imbere imibereho myiza y’inyamaswa. Ibi birashobora gukorwa mugushakisha ibirango cyangwa ibyemezo byerekana ko byubahiriza amahame yihariye y’imibereho y’inyamaswa, gushyigikira abahinzi b’ibanze n’ibihingwa bashyira imbere ibikorwa by’ikiremwamuntu, no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’inyama muri rusange bashyiramo ubundi buryo bushingiye ku bimera mu mirire yabo. Abaguzi bakeneye cyane ku isoko, kandi mu gushyigikira byimazeyo imibereho y’inyamaswa mu byemezo byabo byo kugura, abaguzi barashobora guhindura impinduka nziza kandi bagashishikariza inganda gushyira imbere gufata neza inyamaswa.
Ubundi buryo bwo gukora inyama gakondo.
Kwibanda ku burenganzira bw’inyamaswa n’imibereho myiza y’inganda zinyama byatumye abantu barushaho gushishikarira ubundi buryo bwo gukora inyama gakondo. Bumwe muri ubwo buryo ni insimburangingo zishingiye ku bimera, bikozwe mu bintu nka soya, amashaza, n'ibihumyo. Ibicuruzwa bigamije kwigana uburyohe, imiterere, nuburyo bugaragara bwinyama gakondo, bitanga uburyo bushimishije kubashaka kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho ibyo kurya byamatungo. Ubundi buryo bwo gukurura abantu ni inyama zifite umuco cyangwa zikuze muri laboratoire, zikorwa no guhinga ingirabuzimafatizo zinyamaswa. Ubu buryo bukuraho ibikenewe byo kubaga amatungo no kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije zijyanye n'ubuhinzi gakondo. Mugihe bikiri mu ntangiriro, ubundi buryo bufite ubushobozi bwo guhindura inganda zinyama zitanga amahitamo arambye kandi yubumuntu kubakoresha.
Impamyabumenyi yimibereho yinyamaswa n'ibirango.
Impamyabumenyi n'ibirango bigira uruhare runini mu gukorera mu mucyo no gukorera mu mucyo mu mibereho y’inyamaswa mu nganda z’inyama. Izi mpamyabumenyi zitanga abaguzi amakuru yingirakamaro kubijyanye nuburyo amatungo yarezwe hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa mukubyara umusaruro. Kurugero, ibirango nka "Impamyabumenyi Yemewe" na "Imibereho Yinyamanswa Yemejwe" byerekana ko inyamanswa zororerwa mubidukikije zishyira imbere imibereho yabo, harimo no kubona ahantu hanze, imirire ikwiye, hamwe nubwisanzure bwo guhangayika bitari ngombwa cyangwa kwifungisha. Izi mpamyabumenyi ziyobora abaguzi bashyira imbere ibikorwa byubuhinzi bwimyitwarire nubumuntu. Muguhitamo ibicuruzwa bifite ibyemezo, abaguzi barashobora kugira uruhare runini mugutezimbere ubuzima bwiza bwinyamanswa munganda zinyama.
Akamaro ko gukorera mu mucyo.
Mu rwego rw’uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa n’imibereho myiza mu nganda z’inyama, gukorera mu mucyo bigira uruhare runini mu kwimakaza ikizere no kubazwa ibyo bakora. Gufungura no kuba inyangamugayo kubyerekeranye nuburyo inyamaswa zororerwa no gutunganyirizwa ni ngombwa mu kwemerera abaguzi guhitamo neza. Hamwe no kubona amakuru mucyo, abaguzi barashobora gusuzuma imyitwarire nubumuntu ikoreshwa nabafatanyabikorwa binganda. Uku gukorera mu mucyo gutuma hasuzumwa byinshi kandi bigashishikariza abakora inganda gushyira imbere imibereho y’inyamaswa no kunoza ibikenewe. Byongeye kandi, gukorera mu mucyo biteza imbere ibiganiro n’ubufatanye hagati y’abafatanyabikorwa, bigatanga amahirwe yo guhanga udushya no guteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye kandi bw’ikiremwamuntu. Mu gushyira imbere gukorera mu mucyo, inganda zirashobora kubaka icyizere, guteza imbere ikizere cy’umuguzi, kandi amaherezo zikorohereza impinduka nziza zigana ku burenganzira bw’inyamaswa n’imibereho myiza.
Inzira zo gushyigikira imyitwarire.
Kugira ngo dushyigikire imyitwarire mu rwego rw’uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa n’imibereho myiza mu nganda z’inyama, hari ibikorwa byinshi abantu n’imiryango bashobora gukora. Ubwa mbere, abaguzi barashobora guhitamo neza bahitamo ibicuruzwa byemejwe nimiryango izwi cyane ishinzwe imibereho myiza yinyamaswa. Izi mpamyabumenyi, nk'ikirango cyemewe cy’inyamanswa cyangwa ikirango cyemewe cya Humane, cyerekana ko inyamaswa zororerwa kandi zitunganywa zikurikiza amahame mbwirizamuco. Mugura ibyo bicuruzwa byemejwe, abaguzi barashobora gushyigikira byimazeyo no gushishikariza imyitwarire iboneye mubikorwa byinganda. Byongeye kandi, kugirana ibiganiro byeruye nabahinzi borozi n’aborozi bashyira imbere imibereho y’inyamaswa birashobora gutanga ubushishozi kandi bikagira uruhare mu guteza imbere imyitwarire. Byongeye kandi, gushyigikira ingufu zishinga amategeko no guharanira amategeko akomeye y’imibereho y’inyamaswa birashobora kugira uruhare runini mu kuzamura urwego rw’inganda. Muguhuza imbaraga nabantu bahuje ibitekerezo hamwe nimiryango, birashoboka gushyiraho ijwi rusange risaba impinduka kandi riteza imbere impuhwe nyinshi zinyamaswa munganda zinyama.
Mu gusoza, ikibazo cyuburenganzira bwinyamanswa n'imibereho myiza munganda zinyama nikibazo gikomeye kandi kinini. Nubwo rwose hari ibibazo byimyitwarire bijyanye no kuvura inyamaswa mugikorwa cyo gutanga inyama, hariho kandi ibitekerezo byubukungu nibikorwa bifatika bigomba kwitabwaho. Nkabaguzi, ni ngombwa kuri twe kumenyeshwa no guhitamo neza kubyerekeye inyama dukoresha, ndetse no guharanira amahame meza n’amabwiriza mu nganda. Ubwanyuma, twese ni twe tugomba kugira uruhare mugushinga inganda zinyama kandi zirambye kugirango ubuzima bwiza bwinyamaswa ndetse nibidukikije bibeho.
Ibibazo
Nigute abaharanira uburenganzira bwinyamaswa bavuga ko barwanya imyitwarire y’inyamaswa mu nganda z’inyama?
Abaharanira uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa bavuga ko barwanya imyitwarire y’inyamaswa mu nganda z’inyama bagaragaza ubugome n’imibabaro bigira mu buhinzi bw’uruganda. Bavuga ko inyamaswa zororerwa ku nyama zikunze gukorerwa ibintu byinshi kandi bidafite isuku, gutemwa bisanzwe, ndetse n’uburyo bwo kubaga ubumuntu. Abaharanira inyungu kandi bashimangira uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa, bakavuga ko bakwiriye kubahwa kandi ko badafatwa nkibicuruzwa gusa byo kurya abantu. Bashyigikira ubundi buryo bwo guhitamo ibiryo, nkibiryo bishingiye ku bimera, kandi bagashyiraho amategeko akomeye no kubahiriza amategeko kugira ngo inyamaswa zibeho neza mu nganda z’inyama.
Ni ubuhe buryo bumwe busanzwe mu nganda zinyama zifatwa nkubumuntu ku nyamaswa?
Bimwe mubikorwa bisanzwe mubikorwa byinyama bifatwa nkubumuntu ku nyamaswa harimo kwifungisha cyane ahantu hato, nk'akazu ka batiri ku nkoko cyangwa ibisanduku byo gusama ku ngurube; gukoresha buri gihe antibiyotike na hormone zo gukura; inzira zibabaza nka dehorning cyangwa debeaking nta anesthesia; nuburyo bwo kubaga bushobora gutera imibabaro idakenewe, nko gukora neza cyangwa gufata nabi. Iyi myitozo yateje impungenge imyitwarire kandi bituma abantu basaba ko abantu bafata inyamaswa mu nganda zinyama.
Nigute amategeko agenga imibereho myiza yinyamaswa atandukana mubihugu bitandukanye mu nganda zinyama?
Amategeko n’imibereho y’inyamaswa aratandukanye cyane mu bihugu bitandukanye mu nganda zinyama. Ibihugu bimwe bifite amategeko akomeye n’amategeko yubahirizwa ashyira imbere imibereho y’inyamaswa, afite amahame akomeye y’imiturire, ubwikorezi, n’ubwicanyi. Ibindi bihugu birashobora kugira amategeko adakomeye cyangwa adakurikizwa, biganisha ku nyamaswa zishobora kuba zujuje ubuziranenge. Urwego rwo kwita ku mibereho y’inyamaswa narwo ruratandukanye mu muco, aho ibihugu bimwe byibanda cyane ku gufata abantu ku nyamaswa kurusha ibindi. Byongeye kandi, ubucuruzi bw’isi yose n’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga / ibyoherezwa mu mahanga birashobora kugira ingaruka ku mibereho y’inyamaswa mu nganda z’inyama, kubera ko ibihugu bishobora kugira ibisabwa bitandukanye ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga.
Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora guterwa no kudakemura ibibazo by’imibereho y’inyamaswa mu nganda zinyama?
Ingaruka zishobora guterwa no gukemura ibibazo byimibereho yinyamaswa munganda zinyama ni nyinshi. Ubwa mbere, irashobora gutuma abantu barushaho kwamaganwa no kwamagana abaguzi, bikangiza izina n’umutungo w’abatunganya inyama. Icya kabiri, birashobora gutuma kugabanuka kwicyizere rusange nicyizere muruganda muri rusange. Byongeye kandi, kwirengagiza imibereho y’inyamaswa birashobora kuganisha ku myitwarire n’imyitwarire, bigatera umubabaro nicyaha mubaguzi. Byongeye kandi, irashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, kuko ubuhinzi bukomeye bushobora kugira uruhare mu kwanduza no gutema amashyamba. Ubwanyuma, kudakemura ibibazo byimibereho yinyamanswa birashobora gutuma habaho igenzurwa ryamabwiriza ningaruka zishobora guterwa namasosiyete atubahiriza.
Hariho ubundi buryo bwo guhinga cyangwa ubundi buryo bushyira imbere imibereho yinyamaswa mugihe gikeneye inyama?
Nibyo, hari ubundi buryo bwo guhinga nuburyo bukoreshwa bushyira imbere imibereho yinyamaswa mugihe zikeneye inyama. Bumwe muri ubwo buryo ni ubuhinzi bushingiye ku nzuri, aho inyamaswa zemerewe kurisha urwuri rufunguye, zikabaha ibidukikije bisanzwe kandi byiza. Ubu buryo buteganya ko inyamaswa zifite umwanya wo kwimuka, kubona umwuka mwiza, nimirire itandukanye. Ubundi buryo ni ubuhinzi bushya, bwibanda ku kuzamura ubuzima bwubutaka n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, kugabanya ibikenerwa byinjira no kuzamura imibereho y’inyamaswa. Byongeye kandi, hari ubushake bugenda bwiyongera ku nyama zikuze cyangwa zifite umuco, zirimo kubyara inyama ziva mu ngirabuzimafatizo zinyamaswa zitarinze cyangwa zica inyamaswa, zitanga ubundi buryo butagira ubugome.