Eminyakeni yakamuva, ukulandisa okuphathelene nokudla kokhokho bethu basendulo kugcizelele kakhulu indlela yokuphila egxile enyameni, umbono obe nomthelela wokuthambekela kokudla kwesimanje njengokudla kwe-Paleo kanye ne-Carnivore. Lokhu kuhunyushwa kwesimanje kuphakamisa ukuthi abantu bakudala babethembele ekuzingeleni izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, behlisela ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo endimeni yesibili. Nokho, ucwaningo oluyisisekelo olwanyatheliswa ngo-June 21, 2024, lubekela le mibono inselele ngokwethula ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi eminye imiphakathi yakudala, ikakhulukazi leyo esesifundeni sase-Andes eNingizimu Melika, yayichuma ngokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni .
Olwenziwa ithimba labacwaningi okuhlanganisa u-Chen, Aldenderfer, kanye no-Eerkens, lolu cwaningo lucubungula imikhuba yokudla yabazingeli abaqoqayo kusukela Isikhathi sama-Archaic (eminyakeni engu-9,000-6,500 edlule) kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya okuzinzile kwe-isotope. Le ndlela ivumela ososayensi ukuthi bahlole ngokuqondile izinhlobo zokudla okudliwa ngokuhlaziya izakhi ezigcinwe ezinsalela zamathambo omuntu. Okutholwe kusukela kulokhu kuhlaziya, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane ezindaweni zokumbiwa, kunikeza ukuqonda okunokwethenjelwa okwengeziwe kwezidlo zasendulo.
Imiphumela yocwaningo iphakamisa ukuthi umbono wendabuko wabantu bokuqala njengabazingeli ngokuyinhloko ungase uhlanekezelwe ukugcizelelwa ngokweqile kwama-artifact ahlobene nokuzingela kumarekhodi emivubukulo. Lo mbono uba nzima nakakhulu ukuchema okungaba khona ubulili obekubukela phansi indima yokufuna izitshalo. Ngokunikeza ukukhanya ekudleni okucebile kwezitshalo kwemiphakathi yasendulo yase-Andean, lolu cwaningo limema ukubuyekezwa kokuqonda kwethu ukondleka komuntu kwangaphambi komlando futhi inselele ama-paradigms asindayo enyama abusa kokubili ukuchazwa komlando kanye nemikhuba yesimanje yokudla.
Isifinyezo Ngu: Dr. S. Marek Muller | Isifundo Soqobo Ngu: Chen, JC, Aldenderfer, MS, Eerkens, JW, et al. (2024) | Kushicilelwe: Juni 21, 2024
Izinsalela zabantu zakuqala ezivela esifundeni sase-Andes eNingizimu Melika zibonisa ukuthi imiphakathi ethile yabazingeli yayidla kakhulu ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni.
Ucwaningo lwangaphambili luveza ukuthi okhokho bethu basendulo babengabazingeli ababethembele kakhulu ekudleni izilwane. Lokhu kucatshangelwa kuye kwaphindwa ekudleni “kwemfashini” okudumile okufana ne-Paleo ne-Carnivore, okugcizelela ukudla kokhokho babantu futhi kukhuthaze ukudliwa kwenyama kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, isayensi yokudla kwangaphambi komlando ihlala ingacacile. Ingabe abantu basendulo babekuqakathekisa ngempela ukuzingela izilwane futhi bazingela izitshalo kuphela lapho kudingekile?
Ngokwababhali balolu cwaningo, ucwaningo ngalesi sihloko luvame ukuncika ebufakazini obungaqondile. Izazi zangaphambili zavubukula izinto ezinjengemikhonto nezinhloko zemicibisholo, amathuluzi amatshe, nezicucu zamathambo ezilwane ezinkulu futhi zenza kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuzingela okukhulu kwezilwane ezincelisayo kwakuyinto evamile. Kodwa-ke, okunye ukumba kusikisela ukuthi ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni nakho bekuyingxenye yokudla kwabantu bokuqala, okuhlanganisa nezifundo zezinsalela zamazinyo. Ababhali bayazibuza ukuthi ingabe ukumelelwa ngokweqile kwezinto zakudala ezihlobene nokuzingela ekumbiweni, kanye nokuchema kobulili, kuye kwakhulisa ukubaluleka kokuzingela.
Kulolu cwaningo, abacwaningi bahlole umbono wokuthi abazingeli abangabantu ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Andes eNingizimu Melika bathembele kakhulu ekuzingeleni izilwane ezincelisayo. Basebenzise indlela yocwaningo eqondile ebizwa ngokuthi ukuhlaziywa kwe-isotope okuzinzile - lokhu kuhilela ukutadisha izakhi ezithile ezinsalela zethambo lomuntu ukuze kuvele ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokudla ezazidliwa abantu basendulo. Baphinde baqhathanisa lolu lwazi nezinsalela zezitshalo nezilwane ezitholakala endaweni okumbiwe kuyo. Bathatha amathambo kubantu abangu-24 ababehlala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iPeru phakathi neNkathi Yasendulo (iminyaka eyi-9,000-6,500 ngaphambi kwamanje).
Abacwaningi bacabange ukuthi imiphumela yabo izokhombisa ukudla okuhlukahlukene okugcizelela ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, ngokuphambene nocwaningo lwangaphambilini, ukuhlaziywa kwamathambo kuphakamise ukuthi izitshalo zibusa ukudla kwasendulo esifundeni sase-Andes, okwenza phakathi kuka-70-95% wokusetshenziswa kokudla. Izitshalo ze-tuber yasendle (njengamazambane) zaziwumthombo omkhulu wezitshalo, kuyilapho izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zazidlala indima yesibili. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, inyama yezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izinyoni, nezinhlanzi, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo, yadlala indima encane kakhulu yokudla.
Ababhali banikeza izizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani inyama yezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ingase ingabi umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwezifundo zabo. Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu basendulo bazingela lezi zilwane izinkulungwane zeminyaka, baphelelwa izinsiza zezilwane, futhi balungisa ukudla kwabo ngendlela efanele. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu azizange zifike esifundeni kuze kube kamuva, noma ukuthi abantu abazange bazingele kakhulu njengoba abacwaningi babecabanga ngaphambili.
Incazelo yokugcina ukuthi abantu bakuqala base-Andean bazingela kakhulu izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, kodwa futhi bahlanganisa okuqukethwe okusekelwe ezitshalweni kwalezo zilwane (okuthiwa “i-digesta”) ekudleni kwabo. Kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kutholwe ukuthi iyiphi, uma ikhona, kulezi zincazelo okungenzeka kakhulu.
Sekukonke, lolu cwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi imiphakathi yase-Andean kusukela esikhathini sama-Archaic kungenzeka ukuthi ithembele kakhulu ezitshalweni kunalokho abacwaningi bangaphambili ababecabanga. Abameli bezilwane bangasebenzisa lokhu okutholakele ukubekela inselele ukulandisa okudumile okhokho bethu abangabantu ababehlale bethembele ekuzingeleni nasekudleni izilwane. Nakuba ukudla kwabantu kungase kuhluke kuye ngokuthi isifunda kanye nesikhathi esifundwayo, kubalulekile ukungacabangi ukuthi bonke abazingeli, kusukela kuzo zonke izikhathi zangaphambi komlando, balandela ukudla okukodwa (okunenyama).
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ngoFaunalyTics.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono ye Humane Foundation.