8 Izimfihlo Zemboni Yamaqanda Zidaluliwe

Imboni yamaqanda ingenye yezimboni ezinonya kakhulu ezimbonini zokuxhashazwa kwezilwane . Nanka amaqiniso ayisishiyagalombili le mboni engafuni umphakathi wazi.

Izimboni zokuxhashazwa kwezilwane zigcwele izimfihlo.

Ezweni lapho abantu abaningi sebeqale kancane kancane ukuthola ubuqiniso bemibono ye -carnist ababegxiliswe kuyo, ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yezilwane ebangela ukuhlupheka kwabanye futhi ilimaze imvelo yinto engasenziwa ngokusobala okuphelele. Abaxhaphazi bezilwane bayazi ukuthi amaqiniso amaningi mayelana nezinqubo zebhizinisi zalezi zimboni azodinga ukufihlwa uma i-carnism izophumelela futhi isinde ekuphazamisekeni komnyakazo okhulayo we-vegan.

UBeatle Paul McCartney wake wathi, “ Ukube izindawo zokuxhelwa bezinezindonga zamangilazi, wonke umuntu ubengadla imifino .” Kodwa-ke, ukube wayengumuntu odla inyama, kungenzeka ukuthi wasebenzisa ezinye izibonelo zezindawo zokuxhashazwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo, njengamapulazi efektri yezimboni zobisi namaqanda.

Imishini yokusakaza inkulumo-ze yemboni yamaqanda iye yakha umfanekiso ongamanga wokuthi “izikhukhukazi ezijabulile ezihlala mahhala” zihambahamba emapulazini futhi zinikeza abalimi “amaqanda amahhala” njengokungathi “azisawadingi.” Ngisho nabadla imifino abaningi, abangasaweli emangeni emboni yenyama, bakholelwa lokhu kukhohlisa.

Kulo nyaka, njengengxenye yomkhankaso wabo othi “Cage-free Isn’t Cruelty-free”, inhlangano yamalungelo ezilwane yase-UK i-Animal Justice Project yashicilela imiphumela yenhlolovo abayithumele ku- YouGov eyayibuza abathengi ukuthi bazi kangakanani ngemboni yamaqanda. Ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi abathengi base-UK babazi okuncane kakhulu ngonya lwale mboni kodwa baqhubeka nokudla amaqanda kungakhathaliseki.

Imboni yamaqanda ingenye yezimboni ezinegazi eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni . Ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda emhlabeni wonke kudlule amathani ayizigidi ezingu-86.3 zama-metric ngo-2021, futhi kuye kwakhula ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngo-1990 . Kunezikhukhukazi ezizalelayo eziyizigidigidi ezingu-6.6 emhlabeni wonke , ezikhiqiza amaqanda angaphezu kwesigidi sezigidi ezingu-1 unyaka ngamunye. Isilinganiso senani lezinkukhu ezibekela amaqanda e-US ngo-Agasti 2022 sasiyizigidi ezingu -371 . I-China ihamba phambili ngokukhiqiza i-India, i-Indonesia, i-USA, iBrazil, neMexico.

Uma kubhekwa izinga lonya lwemboni yamaqanda ezilwaneni, maningi amaqiniso encamela ukuthi umphakathi ungawazi. Nazi eziyisishiyagalombili nje zazo.

1. Iningi lamatshwele angamaduna azalelwa embonini yamaqanda abulawa ngokushesha ngemva kokuchanyuselwa

Ngenxa yokuthi izinkukhu zamaduna aziwakhiqizi amaqanda, imboni yamaqanda “ayinawo amandla” azo, ngakho-ke abulawa ngokushesha ngemva kokuchanyuselwa njengoba imboni ingafuni ukumosha noma yiziphi izinsiza ezizondlayo noma ukuzinikeza umuzwa wokunethezeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, njengoba cishe u-50% wamatshwele achanyuselwe emaqandeni kungaba yiduna, imboni yamaqanda yomhlaba wonke ibhubhisa amatshwele angamaduna asanda kuzalwa angu-6,000,000,000 njalo ngonyaka. Lolu daba luyafana kubakhiqizi bamaqanda abakhulu basefekthrini noma emapulazini amancane, njengoba sikhuluma ngohlobo lwepulazi, amatshwele angamaduna awasoze akhiqiza amaqanda, futhi angeke abe phakathi kwezinhlobo ezisetshenziselwa inyama (okubizwa ngokuthi izinkukhu ze-broiler) ).

Amatshwele angamaduna abulawa ngosuku olufanayo azalwa ngalo , kungaba ngokuminyanisa, ukushaywa umoya noma ukuphonswa ephila emshinini wokugaya onesivinini esikhulu. Ukuqothula izigidi zamaphuphu abesilisa aphilayo kuze kube sekufeni kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokubulala amatshwele esilisa, futhi ngisho noma amazwe ambalwa eseqalile ukuvimbela lo mkhuba, njenge- Italy neJalimane , kusavamile kwezinye izindawo, njenge-US . .

2. Izinkukhu eziningi embonini yamaqanda zifuywa emapulazini emboni

Cishe izinkukhu eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha zifuywa emhlabeni wonke ukuze kukhiqizwe amaqanda acishe abe yizigidi eziyi-1 trillion ukuze adliwe abantu unyaka ngamunye, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho abantu abaningi abakucabangayo, iningi lazo lihlala emapulazini emboni lapho izidingo zabo eziyisisekelo zingahlangatshezwana nazo. Okuwukuphela kwento ebalulekile embonini yamaqanda inzuzo ephezulu, futhi inhlalakahle yonke yezilwane ibhekwa njengesibili.

Iningi lezinkukhu ezizalelayo kula mapulazi zigcinwa ezindlini zamabhethri . Isikhala esinikezwe inyoni ngayinye singaphansi kobukhulu bephepha elingu-A4 futhi ucingo oluphansi lulimaza izinyawo zazo. E-US, i-95%, cishe izinyoni eziyizigidi ezingu-300, zigcinwa kulezi zikhungo ezingenabuntu. Njengoba zigcwele ngokweqile, azikwazi ukwelula amaphiko azo futhi ziyaphoqeleka ukuthi zichame futhi zikhiphe indle. Baphinde baphoqeleke ukuthi bahlale nezinkukhu ezifile noma ezifayo ezivame ukushiywa zibole.

Ubukhulu bamakheji ebhethri lapho izinkukhu eziningi ezizalelayo zigcinwa khona emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga buyahlukahluka kuye ngemithetho, kodwa ngokuvamile mancane kakhulu, anendawo esebenzisekayo ngesikhukhukazi ngasinye esingama-intshi angama-square angama-90. E-US, ngaphansi kwezindinganiso eziqinisekisiwe ze-UEP, isistimu yekheji yebhethri kufanele ivumele ama-intshi ayisikwele angu-67 – 86 esikhala esisebenzisekayo inyoni ngayinye .

3. Azikho izinkukhu “ezingenamakheji” ezifuywa imboni yamaqanda

Zonke izinkukhu namaqhude axhashazwa imboni yamaqanda agcinwa evalelwe ngaphandle kokuthanda kwawo emakhejini ohlobo oluthile noma olunye, ngisho nezinkukhu ezibizwa ngokudukisa ngokuthi “izinkukhu zamahhala”.

Amakheji amabhethri ezinkukhu aqala ukusetshenziswa ngokwejwayelekile ngeminyaka yawo-1940 kanye nawo-1950, futhi namuhla izinkukhu eziningi zisagcinwa kumakheji amabhethri amancane. Kodwa-ke, nakuba amazwe amaningana ewavimbile amakheji okuqala ebhethri ezinkukhu, asavumela amakheji "anothisiwe" amakhudlwana, kodwa asemancane. I-EU, ngokwesibonelo, yenqabela amakheji ebhethri akudala ngo-2012 nge-Council of the European Union Directive 1999/74/EC, esikhundleni sawo ngamakheji “anothisiwe” noma “anefenisha”, enikeza indawo ethe xaxa kanye nezinye izinto zokwakha izidleke (ngazo zonke izinhloso. kanye nezinjongo zisengamakheji ebhethri kodwa ngokuzenza zibe zinkulu futhi ziguqule amagama azo, osopolitiki bangakwazi ukukhohlisa izakhamuzi zabo ezithintekayo ngokuthi bathi zibavimbile). Ngaphansi kwalo myalelo, amakheji athuthukisiwe kufanele okungenani abe ngamasentimitha angu-45 (amayintshi angu-18) ukuphakama futhi kufanele anikeze isikhukhukazi ngasinye indawo okungenani engu-750 square centimeter (116 square inches) yendawo; Amasentimitha-skwele angu-600 (93 sq in) alokhu kufanele kube “indawo esebenzisekayo” – enye i-150 square centimeters (23 sq in) ingeyebhokisi lesidleke. I-UK iphinde isebenzise imithethonqubo efanayo . Amakheji athuthukisiwe manje kufanele anikeze yesikwele esingu-600 cm inyoni ngayinye, isengaphansi kosayizi wephepha elingu-A4 ngalinye.

Ngokuphathelene nezinkukhu "ezikhululekile", zigcinwa ezindaweni ezibiyelwe, noma amashede amakhulu, womabili asengamakheji. Lezi zinhlobo zokusebenza zingase zikhohlise abathengi ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi izinyoni zinendawo enkulu yokuzulazula, kodwa zigcinwa ezindaweni eziminyene kakhulu kangangokuthi indawo etholakalayo yenyoni ngayinye ihlala incane kakhulu. Imithetho yase-UK idinga izinyoni ezifuywayo ukuthi okungenani zibe nendawo engaphandle engu -4 m ² , kanti inqolobane yangaphakathi lapho izinyoni zihlala khona futhi zizalela amaqanda zingaba nezinyoni ezifika kweziyisishiyagalolunye nge-square metre, kodwa lokhu akulutho uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho inkukhu yasendle. (i-jungle fowl esekhona e-India) izoba nebanga layo elincane lasekhaya.

4. Zonke izinkukhu ezifuywa yimboni yamaqanda sezishintshiwe ngofuzo

Izinkukhu ezifuywayo zafuywa e-jungle fowl eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia futhi zasakazwa entshonalanga zibheke eNdiya, e-Afrika, futhi ekugcineni zaya eYurophu ngokuhweba nokunqotshwa kwezempi. Ukufuywa kwezinkukhu kwaqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-8 000 edlule e-Asia lapho abantu beqala ukuzigcinela amaqanda, inyama, nezimpaphe futhi beqala ukusebenzisa izindlela zokukhetha zokwenziwa ezaqala kancane kancane ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo zezinyoni zaze zaba izinhlobo ezifuywayo.

Ushintsho lokuqala olubalulekile ekuziphatheni kwezinkukhu ezifuywayo lwenzeka phakathi nenkathi ephakathi lapho ukuzalaniswa okukhethekile kobukhulu bomzimba omkhulu nokukhula ngokushesha kwaqala eYurophu nase-Asia. Ngesikhathi se-mediaeval sekwephuzile, izinkukhu ezifuywayo zase ziphindwe kabili ngosayizi womzimba uma ziqhathaniswa nokhokho bazo basendle. Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lamashumi amabili lapho izinkukhu ze-broiler zavela khona njengohlobo oluhlukile lwenkukhu efuyelwe ukukhiqizwa kwenyama. Ngokusho kukaBennett et al. (2018) , ama-broilers wesimanje okungenani aphindwe kabili ngosayizi womzimba kusukela esikhathini se-mediaeval sekwephuzile kuze kube manje, futhi akhule afika ngokuphindwe kahlanu ngomzimba kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka okukhethwa kokwenziwa, izinkukhu zenyama yesimanje zinemisipha yebele emikhulu kakhulu, ethatha cishe u-25% wesisindo somzimba wazo, uma kuqhathaniswa no- 15% we-red jungle fowl .

Kodwa-ke, izinkukhu ezifuywa amaqanda nazo zadlula ohlelweni lokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokukhetha okwenziwe, kodwa kulokhu hhayi ukukhiqiza izinyoni ezinkulu, kodwa ukwandisa isibalo samaqanda ezingawabekela. Izinyoni zasehlathini zizalela amaqanda ngenjongo yokuzala kuphela, njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, ngakho zizokhiqiza amaqanda angu-4-6 kuphela ngonyaka (ama-20 kakhulu). Nokho, izinkukhu ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo manje zikhiqiza amaqanda aphakathi kuka-300 no-500 ngonyaka. Zonke izinkukhu zesimanje, ngisho nalezo ezisemapulazini atholakala mahhala, ziwumphumela walokhu kuguqulwa kofuzo.

5. Izikhukhukazi ziyahlupheka uma zikhiqiza amaqanda embonini yamaqanda

Izikhukhukazi ezizalela amaqanda embonini yamaqanda akuyona inqubo elungile. Kubangela ukuhlupheka ezinyonini. Okokuqala, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo imboni eye yakwenza ezilwaneni ukuze ziziphoqelele ukuba zikhiqize amaqanda amaningi ngaphezu kwalawo angenziwa inyoni yasendle kuzibangela ukuba zicindezeleke kakhulu emzimbeni, njengoba kudingeka ziqhubeke nokuphambukisa izinsiza ezibonakalayo ukuze ziqhubeke zikhiqiza amaqanda. Izinga eliphakeme ngokungekona ngokwemvelo lokubekela amaqanda ezinkukhu ezishintshwe izakhi kubangela izifo ezivamile nokufa .

Khona-ke, ukweba iqanda esikhukhukazini esinomzwelo wemvelo wokusivikela (asazi ukuthi sivundile noma cha) nakho kuzobabangela ukucindezeleka. Ukuthatha amaqanda azo kwenza izikhukhukazi zikhiqize amaqanda engeziwe, okwandisa ukucindezeleka komzimba nokucindezeleka kwengqondo emjikelezweni ongapheli onomphumela omubi onqwabelana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Siphinde sibe nayo yonke imikhuba eyingozi eyengeziwe eyenziwa yimboni ekubekeni izinkukhu ezizalelayo. Isibonelo, ukuzijwayeza " ukukhanda ngenkani ", indlela yokwandisa "ukukhiqiza" okushintsha izimo zokukhanyisa futhi kuvimbele ukufinyelela kwamanzi / ukudla ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, okudala ukucindezeleka okukhulu ezinkukhu.

Futhi, izinkukhu zivame “ukunqunulwa uqhwaku” (ukukhipha isihloko soqhwaku ukuze zingagqoki zodwa), ngokuvamile ziba nenkemba eshisayo futhi aziqedi ubuhlungu . Lokhu kuholela ebuhlungu obungapheli obungapheli futhi kuvame ukuvimbela amatshwele ukuthi angakwazi ukudla noma ukuphuza ngendlela efanele.

6. Zonke izinyoni embonini yamaqanda zizobulawa zisencane

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, nakuba abantu bengase bafunde ukuthi amaqanda amaningi athengiselwa umphakathi manje awavundile ngakho awekho amatshwele angawakhulisela, kunezibalo eziphakeme zokufa kwenkukhu ngeqanda kunangaphambili, njengoba imboni yamaqanda ibulala zonke ezizalelayo. izikhukhukazi emva kweminyaka emi-2-3 zokuphoqwa ukuba zikhiqize amaqanda, futhi zibulala ngokuhlelekile wonke amatshwele angamaduna (okungaba u-50% wawo wonke amatshwele achanyuselwe) ngemva nje kokuchanyuselwa (njengoba angeke akhiqize amaqanda lapho ekhula futhi engasenayo. uhlobo lwenkukhu yokukhiqiza inyama). Ngakho-ke, noma ubani ogwema ukudla inyama ngenxa yokukubheka njengesono, i-Karma , noma nje engenasimilo ngenxa yokuhlotshaniswa nokubulawa kwezidalwa ezinemizwa, kufanele futhi agweme ukudla amaqanda.

Emapulazini amaningi (ngisho nalawo atholakala mahhala) izinkukhu zihlatshwa nje zinezinyanga eziyi-12 kuya kweziyi-18 lapho ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda kwazo kuncipha, futhi ziyakhathala (ngokuvamile ziphuke amathambo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa i-calcium). Endle, izinkukhu zingaphila iminyaka engu-15 , ngakho labo ababulawa imboni yamaqanda basebancane kakhulu.

7. Amaqanda enkukhu akuyona imikhiqizo yezempilo

Amaqanda ane-cholesterol ephezulu kakhulu (iqanda elinosayizi ojwayelekile liqukethe ngaphezu kwamamiligremu angama-200 e-cholesterol) namafutha agcwele (cishe ama-calories angaba ngu-60% emaqandeni asuka emafutheni, amaningi awo angamafutha agcwele) angavala imithambo futhi akwazi kuholela esifweni senhliziyo. Ucwaningo lwango-2019 lwathola ukuhlangana okubalulekile phakathi kwengozi ephezulu yesifo senhliziyo kanye namamiligremu angama-300 e-cholesterol asetshenziswa ngosuku .

Ucwaningo lwango-2021 e-US lubonise ukuthi amaqanda angaba nomthelela ekubulaweni okuphezulu kwezimbangela kanye nokufa komdlavuza. Yaphetha ngalokhu okulandelayo: “ Ukudla kwamaqanda ne-cholesterol kwakuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwezimbangela, i-CVD, nokufa komdlavuza. Ukwanda kokufa okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwamaqanda kwakuthonywe kakhulu ukudla kwe-cholesterol. " Lolu cwaningo lwathola ukuthi ukwengezwa kwesigamu seqanda ngosuku kwakuhlotshaniswa nokufa kwabantu abaningi ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo, umdlavuza, nazo zonke izimbangela .

Ngokwemvelo, imboni yamaqanda ibilokhu izama ukucindezela lonke lolu cwaningo futhi yakha ucwaningo oludukisayo oluzama ukufihla iqiniso. Nokho, konke sekudaluliwe manje. I-Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine eyanyatheliswa ku-American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine isibuyekezo esihlola zonke izifundo zocwaningo ezishicilelwe kusukela ngo-1950 kuya ku-March 2019 ezihlola umphumela wamaqanda kumazinga e-cholesterol yegazi futhi yahlola imithombo yezimali kanye nomthelela wayo ekutholweni kwesifundo. Baphethe ngokuthi u- 49% wezincwadi ezixhaswe yimboni zibike iziphetho ezingqubuzana nemiphumela yocwaningo lwangempela.

8. Imboni yamaqanda ilimaza kakhulu imvelo

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwezimboni zezinkukhu zenkomo noma i-broiler, ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda kunokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu okuncane, kodwa kusephezulu. Ososayensi baseNyuvesi yase-Oviedo , eSpain, bathola ukuthi i-carbon footprint ngamaqanda ayishumi nambili yayilingana no-2,7kg we-carbon dioxide, eyachazwa “njengenani elifana nokunye ukudla okuyisisekelo okuvela ezilwaneni njengobisi . Ucwaningo lwango-2014 lwaphetha ngokuthi ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa embonini yamaqanda kwenza isilinganiso sokufudumala komhlaba esingaba ngu-2.2 kg wamaqanda e-CO2e/dozen (okuthatha isisindo seqanda esimaphakathi esingu-60 g), kanti u-63% walokhu kukhishwa okuvela ekudleni kwezinkukhu. Akubonakali kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezingobo ezingenazo ikheji namakheji ebhethri ngokomthelela wazo wemvelo.

Amaqanda abekwe kusigaba sokudla ^kwesi -9 okunophawu lwemvelo oluphakeme kakhulu (ngemuva kwenyama yamawundlu, izinkomo, ushizi, izingulube, amasalmon afuywayo, amaturkey, izinkukhu, nezinhlanzi ze-tuna ezifakwe ethini). Olunye ucwaningo olusekelwe esilinganisweni somsebenzi wokulima wamahhala waseCanada kanye nomsebenzi omkhulu ovalelwe eNew Jersey wathola ukuthi ikhilogremu eyodwa yamaqanda ikhiqiza i-4.8 kg ye-CO2 . Yonke imifino, isikhunta, ulwelwe, namaqanda esikhundleni seqanda kungaphansi kwalelo nani ngekhilogremu.

Sibe sesiba neminye imiphumela engemihle emvelweni, njengokungcoliswa komhlabathi namanzi . Umquba wezinkukhu uqukethe ama-phosphates, okuba ukungcola okuyingozi uma ungakwazi ukumuncwa umhlabathi bese ungena emifuleni nasemifudlaneni emazingeni aphezulu. Ezinye izikhungo zamaqanda aqinile zigcina izinkukhu ezingaba ngu-40,000 eshede elilodwa (futhi zinenqwaba yamashede epulazini elilodwa), ukuze ukuchithwa kwemfucuza kungene emifuleni eseduze, imifudlana namanzi angaphansi komhlaba uma engalahlwanga kahle. .

Ungakhohliswa abaxhaphazi bezilwane abahlukumezayo kanye nezimfihlo zabo ezimbi.

Sayina Isithembiso Sokuba I-Vegan Impilo Yonke: https://drove.com/.2A4o