Ezweni eliya ngokuya lixhumene, izindlela imiphakathi ebona futhi yenza ngayo ukuhlatshwa kwezilwane zembula okuningi mayelana nezimo zayo zamasiko, inkolo, nezimiso zokuziphatha. Isihloko esithi “Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokuhlatshwa Kwezilwane: Imibono Evela Ezizweni Eziyi-14,” sibhalwe ngu-Abby Steketee futhi sisekelwe ocwaningweni olunzulu lukaSinclair, M., Hotzel, MJ, Lee, NYP, et al., sihlola le mibono nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene . Ishicilelwe ngoMeyi 28, 2024, lolu cwaningo lunikeza ukubuka okumbalwa kokuthi abantu abavela ezifundeni ezahlukene babuka kanjani inhlalakahle yezilwane ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa, isihloko esithinta ngokujulile emingceleni.
Unyaka ngamunye, izilwane ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-73, ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi, zibulawa emhlabeni wonke, ngezindlela ezisukela ezimangalisayo ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa kuya umuntu engazi lutho . Lolu cwaningo luhlole abantu abangu-4,291 emazweni angu-14—oluhlanganisa amazwekazi ukusuka e-Asia kuya eNingizimu Melika—ukuze baqonde imibono yabo ngenhlalakahle yezilwane ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa. Okutholakele kwembula uhlaka oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimo zengqondo ezakhiwe yizici zamasiko, zenkolo, nezomnotho, kodwa futhi zigqamisa ukukhathazeka okucishe kufinyelele endaweni yonke ngokunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwezilwane.
Ucwaningo lugcizelela izikhala ezinkulu olwazini lomphakathi mayelana nemikhuba yokuhlaba, luveza imibono eyiphutha esabalele ngisho nasemazweni anemithetho eqinile yezenhlalakahle yezilwane. Isibonelo, ingxenye enkulu yabahlanganyeli base-US ibingazi ukuthi okumangalisayo kwangaphambi kokuhlaba kugunyaziwe futhi kwenziwa njalo. Naphezu kwalezi zikhala zolwazi, lolu cwaningo lwathola ukuthi ukuzwelana kwezilwane kuyintambo evamile, iningi labahlanganyeli kuwo wonke amazwe ngaphandle kwezwe elilodwa livuma ukuthi kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuhlupheka kwezilwane ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa.
Ngokuhlola le mibono eyahlukene, lesi sihloko asinikezi nje kuphela ukukhanya kwesimo somhlaba wonke senhlalakahle yezilwane kodwa futhi sidonsela ukunaka esidingweni semfundo yomphakathi engcono nokuba sobala ngaphakathi kohlelo lokudla. Imininingwane eqoqwe kusuka kulolu cwaningo inikeza isiqondiso esibalulekile kubakhi bezinqubomgomo, abagqugquzeli bezenhlalakahle yezilwane , kanye nabathengi abahlose ukugqugquzela imikhuba ebonisa ubuntu ekubulaweni kwezilwane emhlabeni wonke.
### Isingeniso
Emhlabeni oxhumene ngokwandayo, izindlela imiphakathi ebona futhi yenza ngayo ukuhlaba kwezilwane zembula okuningi mayelana nezimo zayo zamasiko, inkolo, nezimiso zokuziphatha. Isihloko esithi “Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokubulawa Kwezilwane: Imibono Evela Amazwe angu-14,” sibhalwe ngu-Abby Steketee futhi sisekelwe ocwaningweni olubanzi luka-Sinclair, M., Hotzel, MJ, Lee, NYP, et al., sihlolisisa lezi imibono nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene. Ishicilelwe ngoMeyi 28, 2024, lolu cwaningo lunikeza ukubuka okuhlukile kokuthi abantu abavela ezifundeni ezahlukene babuka kanjani inhlalakahle yezilwane ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa, isihloko esithinta ngokujulile emingceleni.
Unyaka ngamunye, ngaphezu kwezilwane eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-73, ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi, ziyabulawa emhlabeni wonke, ngezindlela ezisukela ekuhlatshweni okumangalisayo kuya ekubulaleni umuntu engazi lutho. Ucwaningo lwenze inhlolovo kubantu abangu-4,291 emazweni angu-14—okuhlanganisa amazwekazi kusuka e-Asia kuya eNingizimu Melika—ukuze baqonde imibono yabo ngenhlalakahle yezilwane ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa. Okutholiwe kuveza uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimo zengqondo ezibunjwe izici zamasiko, zenkolo, kanye nezomnotho, nokho futhi kugqamisa ukukhathazeka kwendawo yonke yokunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwezilwane.
Ucwaningo lugcizelela izikhala ezinkulu olwazini lwasesidlangalaleni mayelana nezinqubo zokuhlaba, luveza imibono eyiphutha esabalele ngisho nasemazweni anemithetho eqinile yenhlalakahle yezilwane. Isibonelo, ingxenye enkulu yabahlanganyeli base-US babengazi ukuthi ukuhlaba umxhwele kwangaphambi kokuhlaba kugunyaziwe futhi kwenziwa njalo. Ngaphandle kwalezi zikhala zolwazi, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukuzwela izilwane—uchungechunge olufanayo, ngobuningi babahlanganyeli kuwo wonke ngaphandle kwezwe elilodwa elivumayo ukuthi kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuhlupheka kwezilwane ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa.
Ngokuhlola le mibono eyahlukahlukene , indatshana ayinikezi nje kuphela ukukhanya kwesimo somhlaba wonke senhlalakahle yezilwane kodwa futhi igcizelela isidingo semfundo yomphakathi engcono nokucaca ngaphakathi kwesistimu yokudla. Imininingwane eqoqwe kusuka kulolu cwaningo inikeza isiqondiso esibalulekile kubakhi bezinqubomgomo, abagqugquzeli bezenhlalakahle yezilwane , kanye nabathengi abahlose ukugqugquzela imikhuba yobuntu ekubulaweni kwezilwane emhlabeni wonke.
Isifinyezo Ngu: Abby Steketee | Isifundo Soqobo Ngu: Sinclair, M., Hotzel, MJ, Lee, NYP, et al. (2023) | Kushicilelwe: May 28, 2024
Imibono nezinkolelo mayelana nokuhlatshwa kwezilwane ziyehluka ngokwamazwe, kodwa inhlalakahle yezilwane ngesikhathi sokuhlaba ibalulekile kubantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Izilwane ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-73 (ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi) ziyabulawa unyaka nonyaka emhlabeni wonke, futhi izindlela zokuhlaba ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokwezifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, izilwane ziyamangala ngaphambi kokuba zihlatshwe ukuze zinciphise ukuhlupheka. Isayensi yamanje iphakamisa ukuthi ukuhlaba umxhwele kwangaphambi kokuhlaba, uma kusetshenziswe ngendlela efanele, kuwumkhuba ongcono kakhulu wokuhlinzeka ngezinga elithile lenhlalakahle phakathi nenqubo yokuhlaba. Kodwa kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, izilwane zibulawa zisazi ngokugcwele, futhi umbono womphakathi wokuhlatshwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba akwaziwa. Kulolu cwaningo, abacwaningi bazimisele ukukala imibono nolwazi mayelana nokuhlatshwa emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuze kuthathwe imibono eyahlukene, abacwaningi benze inhlolovo kubantu abangu-4,291 emazweni angu-14 phakathi kuka-April no-Okthoba 2021: Australia (250), Bangladesh (286), Brazil (302), Chile (252), China (249), India (455), Malaysia ( 262), Nigeria (298), Pakistan (501), Philippines (309), Sudan (327), Thailand (255), UK (254), kanye United States (291). Iningi (89.5%) lalo lonke isampula libike ukuthi lidle izilwane.
Inhlolovo yayinemibuzo engu-24 eyahunyushelwa ezilimini ezifanele umphakathi ovamile ezweni ngalinye kwayi-14. Abacwaningi basebenzise izindlela ezimbili zokuphatha lolu cwaningo: Emazweni angu-11, abacwaningi bakhetha ngokungahleliwe abantu ezindaweni zomphakathi ukuze babhekane nobuso nobuso lolu cwaningo; emazweni amathathu, abacwaningi benza lolu cwaningo nge-inthanethi.
Omunye umphumela obalulekile wocwaningo ukuthi iningi lababambe iqhaza kuwo wonke amazwe ngaphandle kwaseBangladesh bavumelana nalesi sitatimende, “kubalulekile kimina ukuthi izilwane azihlupheki ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa.” Abacwaningi bahumushe lo mphumela njengobufakazi bokuthi ububele ezilwaneni buyisici somuntu cishe esitholakala emhlabeni wonke.
Okunye okufanayo phakathi kwamazwe kwakuwukuntula ulwazi ngokuhlaba. Isibonelo, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabahlanganyeli e-Thailand (42%), Malaysia (36%), UK (36%), Brazil (35%), nase-Australia (32%) baphendule ngokuthi abazi noma izilwane babephaphama ngesikhathi behlatshwa. Ukwengeza, cishe u-78% wabahlanganyeli e-US babeqiniseka ukuthi izilwane azizange zimangele ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa nakuba ukumangala kwangaphambi kokuhlaba kudingwa umthetho futhi kwenziwa njalo e-United States. Abacwaningi bagcizelele ukuthi umphakathi jikelele ubeka ithemba elikhulu ohlelweni lokudla (isb, abakhiqizi, abathengisi, kanye nohulumeni) naphezu kokudideka okusabalele mayelana nokuhlaba.
Imibono mayelana nokubulala yayihlukahluka kuye ngamazwe. Esicini ngasinye kwezilandelayo zokuhlatshwa, ababambiqhaza balinganise ukunethezeka kwabo, inkolelo, noma abakuthandayo esikalini esivela ku-1-7:
- Induduzo ekufakazeni ngokubulawa —iThailand yayinenduduzo ephansi (1,6); IPakistan yayinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu (5.3).
- Inkolelo yokuthi ukuhlatshwa okumangalisayo kungcono esilwaneni —iPakistan yayinenkolelo ephansi kunazo zonke (3.6); I-China yayinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu (6.1).
- Inkolelo yokuthi ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa okumangalisayo kunciphisa ukunambitheka kwesilwane (okungukuthi, ukunambitheka “kwenyama”)— I-Australia yayinenkolelo ephansi kakhulu (2.1); IPakistan yayinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu (5.2).
- Ukuthanda ukudla izilwane ezazishaqekile ngaphambi kokuba zihlatshwe —iBangladesh yayinokukhetha okuphansi kakhulu (3.3); I-Chile yayinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu (5.9).
- Ukuthanda ukudla izilwane ezibulewe kusetshenziswa izindlela zenkolo zokuhlaba (okungukuthi, izizathu ezingokwenkolo zokugcina isilwane siqaphela ngokugcwele lapho kuhlatshwa)—I-Australia yayinokukhetha okuphansi kakhulu (2,6); I-Bangladesh yayinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu (6.6).
Abacwaningi baphakamise ukuthi umehluko wezindawo ezinkolelweni ubonisa izici eziyinkimbinkimbi zamasiko, ezenkolo, nezomnotho. Isibonelo sesici samasiko ukuchayeka ezimakethe ezimanzi e-China. Isibonelo sesici sezenkolo ukuchazwa kokuhlatshwa kwe-halal emazweni aneningi lamaSulumane. Isici esisodwa sezomnotho isimo sokuthuthuka: emazweni anobumpofu obukhulu njenge-Bangladesh, ukukhathazeka ngokubhekana nendlala yabantu kungase kudlule ukukhathazeka ngenhlalakahle yezilwane.
Sekukonke, ulwazi nemibono mayelana nokuhlatshwa kuyahlukahluka ngokwendawo—yize ukukhathazeka ngokunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwezilwane ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa kwakuvamile ocwaningweni oluyi-13 kweziyi-14.
Lolu cwaningo lunikeza ukuqhathanisa okuwusizo kwemibono mayelana nokuhlatshwa kwezilwane ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Nokho, lolu cwaningo lwalunemikhawulo eminingana. Okokuqala, imiphumela ingase ithintwe ukuchema kokufiseleka komphakathi . Okwesibili, izibalo zabantu ababambiqhaza zingase zehluke kubantu bamazwe ngamazwe. Isibonelo, u-23% wabahlanganyeli base-Australia babika ukuthi abazange badle izilwane, kodwa kuphela i-12% yenani labantu base-Australia abangazidli izilwane. Umkhawulo wesithathu ukuthi ucwaningo kungenzeka lwehlulekile ukuthatha amasiko amancane nezigodi (isb., izindawo zasemakhaya uma ziqhathaniswa nezindawo zasemadolobheni). Futhi, okwesine, kungenzeka kube nezinkinga ngokuhumusha kocwaningo ngoba ulimi oluhlobene nenhlalakahle yezilwane lunomehluko ocashile—kodwa ophawulekayo.
Naphezu kwemikhawulo, lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kunesidingo somhlaba wonke sokufundisa abantu ngokuhlaba. Ukuze uthole imfundo ephumelelayo, abameli bezilwane kudingeka baqonde izinkolelo zesifunda futhi bakhe ukusebenzisana kwendawo. Lapho bexhumana nabantu bendawo, abameli bezilwane bangagcizelela inkolelo evamile, ehlanganyelwe yokunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwezilwane ngesikhathi sezindaba zokuhlatshwa. Bangakwazi futhi ukunaka ngokukhethekile ulimi lwesifunda oluhlobene nenhlalakahle yezilwane. Ngaphakathi kwale ndlela enenhlonipho, yokusebenzisana, abameli bezilwane banganikeza ulwazi olunembile mayelana neqiniso lokuhlaba kanye nemikhuba emangalisayo ezindaweni ezithile nasemazweni.
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