Inyama Nokungabi Khona Kokulungama: Ukuqonda Inyama Njengendaba Yokulungama Komphakathi

Ukudla inyama kuvame ukubhekwa njengokukhetha komuntu siqu, kodwa imiphumela yayo ifinyelela kude kakhulu nesidlo sakusihlwa. Kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwayo emapulazini efektri kuya emthonjeni wayo emiphakathini ehlukunyeziwe, imboni yenyama ixhunyaniswe kakhulu nochungechunge lwezindaba zobulungiswa bezenhlalo ezidinga ukunakwa okukhulu. Ngokuhlola izilinganiso ezahlukene zokukhiqizwa kwenyama, sithola inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokungalingani, ukuxhashazwa, kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo okwenziwa ngcono yisidingo somhlaba wonke semikhiqizo yezilwane. Kulesi sihloko, sihlola ukuthi kungani inyama ingeyona nje ukukhetha kokudla kodwa iyinkinga ebalulekile yobulungiswa bezenhlalo.

Kulo nyaka kuphela, kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani ayizigidi ezingu-760 (amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-800) ommbila kanye nesoya azosetshenziswa njengokudla kwezilwane. Nokho, iningi lalezi zilimo ngeke londle abantu nganoma iyiphi indlela enenjongo. Esikhundleni salokho, zizoya emfuyweni, lapho zizoguqulwa zibe yimfucuza, kunokuba zisekelwe ekudleni. Lokho okusanhlamvu, lawo masoya—izinsiza ezazingondla abantu abaningi—zichithwa enqubweni yokukhiqizwa kwenyama.

Lokhu kungasebenzi kahle okusobala kwenziwa kube kubi kakhulu yisakhiwo samanje sokukhiqizwa kokudla emhlabeni wonke, lapho iningi lomkhiqizo wezolimo emhlabeni liqondiswa ekudleni kwezilwane, hhayi ekusetshenzisweni ngabantu. Inhlekelele yangempela ukuthi, yize inani elikhulu lezitshalo ezidliwa ngabantu lisetshenziselwa ukukhulisa imboni yenyama, azihumushi ekuphepheni kokudla okukhulu. Eqinisweni, iningi lalezi zitshalo, ezazingondla izigidi zabantu, ekugcineni zinegalelo emjikelezweni wokuwohloka kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza okungazinzile, kanye nendlala eyandayo.

Kodwa inkinga ayikhona nje ukulahlwa kwemfucuza; imayelana nokukhula kokungalingani. I-United Nations (UN) kanye ne-Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) babikezela ukuthi isidingo senyama emhlabeni wonke sizoqhubeka nokwenyuka ngesilinganiso esingu-2.5% minyaka yonke eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Lesi sidingo esikhulayo senyama sizoholela ekwandeni okukhulu kwenani lokusanhlamvu kanye nesoya okumele kukhuliswe futhi kondliwe imfuyo. Ukuhlangabezana nalesi sidingo esikhulayo kuzoncintisana ngqo nezidingo zokudla zabampofu emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni esezivele zibhekene nokuntuleka kokudla.

Umbiko we-UN/OECD uveza isithombe esibi salokho okuzayo: Uma lo mkhuba uqhubeka, kuzoba sengathi amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-19 okudla, okwenzelwe ukudliwa ngabantu, azodluliselwa emfuyweni ngonyaka ozayo kuphela. Lelo nani lizokhula ngokushesha, lifinyelele ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-200 ngonyaka ekupheleni kwale minyaka eyishumi. Lokhu akuyona nje indaba yokungasebenzi kahle—yindaba yokuphila nokufa. Ukuphambukiselwa kwenani elikhulu kangaka lezitshalo ezidliwayo ekudleni kwezilwane kuzokwandisa kakhulu ukusweleka kokudla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimpofu kakhulu emhlabeni. Labo asebevele besengozini enkulu—labo abangenazo izinsiza zokuthola ukudla okwanele—bazothwala umthwalo omkhulu walesi sibhicongo.

Lolu daba aluyona nje inkinga yezomnotho; luyindaba yokuziphatha. Njalo ngonyaka, ngenkathi izigidi zamathani ezitshalo ziphakelwa imfuyo, izigidi zabantu ziyalamba. Uma izinsiza ezisetshenziselwa ukutshala ukudla kwezilwane zingaqondiswa ekondleni abalambile emhlabeni, zingasiza ekunciphiseni ukungavikeleki kokudla okukhona njengamanje. Esikhundleni salokho, imboni yenyama isebenza ngezindleko zabantu abasengozini kakhulu emhlabeni, iqhuba umjikelezo wobumpofu, ukungondleki kahle, kanye nokubhujiswa kwemvelo.

Njengoba isidingo senyama siqhubeka nokukhula, uhlelo lokudla lomhlaba wonke luzobhekana nenkinga enzima kakhulu: ukuthi luqhubeke yini nokukhuthaza imboni yenyama, eseyivele ibangela inani elikhulu lokudla okulahliwe, ukuwohloka kwemvelo, kanye nokuhlupheka kwabantu, noma lushintshele ezinhlelweni ezizinzile nezilinganayo ezibeka phambili impilo yabantu kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla. Impendulo icacile. Uma izitayela zamanje ziqhubeka, sisengozini yokulahla ingxenye enkulu yesintu esikhathini esizayo esiphawulwa yindlala, izifo, kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo.

Ngenxa yalezi zibikezelo ezikhathazayo, kubalulekile ukuthi siphinde sihlole uhlelo lokudla lomhlaba wonke. Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa ukuthembela kwethu ekukhiqizweni kwenyama okudinga izinsiza eziningi futhi sishintshele ezindleleni eziqhubekayo nezinobulungiswa zokukhiqiza ukudla. Ngokwamukela ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni, ukukhuthaza imikhuba yokulima eqhubekayo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsiza zokudla zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo, singanciphisa umthelela wokwanda kwesidingo senyama, sinciphise imfucuza, futhi sisebenzele ikusasa elizinzile, elinobulungiswa, nelinempilo kubo bonke.

Ukuxhashazwa Kwabasebenzi Embonini Yenyama

Enye yezinhlobo zokungabi nabulungisa ezibonakala kakhulu futhi ezicashile embonini yenyama ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi, ikakhulukazi labo abasezindaweni zokulahlela nasemapulazini efektri. Laba basebenzi, abaningi babo abavela emiphakathini ehlukunyeziwe, babhekene nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima neziyingozi. Amazinga aphezulu okulimala, ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali anobuthi, kanye nokulimala kwengqondo kokucubungula izilwane ukuze zihlatshwe kuvamile. Iningi lalaba basebenzi bangabafuduki nabantu abansundu, abaningi babo abangenalo ukufinyelela ekuvikelweni okwanele kwabasebenzi noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni yokupakisha inyama inomlando omude wokubandlululwa, lapho abasebenzi abaningi bebhekene nokungalingani ngokohlanga nangokobulili. Umsebenzi unzima ngokomzimba, futhi abasebenzi bavame ukubekezelela amaholo aphansi, ukuntuleka kwezinzuzo, kanye namathuba ambalwa okuthuthuka. Ngezindlela eziningi, imboni yenyama yakhe inzuzo yayo ngemuva kwabasebenzi abasengozini abathwala umthwalo wemikhuba yayo enobuthi nengaphephile.

Ubandlululo Lwemvelo kanye Nomthelela Emiphakathini Yendabuko kanye Neyemali Ephansi

Umthelela wezolimo zasefektri emvelweni uthinta kakhulu imiphakathi encishwe amathuba, ikakhulukazi leyo eseduze nemisebenzi emikhulu yezolimo zezilwane. Le miphakathi, evame ukwakhiwa ngabantu bomdabu kanye nabantu abanombala, ibhekene nobunzima bokungcola okuvela emapulazini asefektri, okuhlanganisa ukungcoliswa komoya namanzi okuvela ekugelezeni komquba, ukukhishwa kwe-ammonia, kanye nokubhujiswa kwezindawo zemvelo zasendaweni. Ezimweni eziningi, le miphakathi isivele ibhekene namazinga aphezulu obumpofu kanye nokufinyelela okuncane ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, okwenza ibe sengozini enkulu yemiphumela elimazayo yokuwohloka kwemvelo okubangelwa ukulima kwasefektri.

Emiphakathini yabantu bomdabu, ukulima kwezimboni akumele nje kube usongo lwezemvelo kodwa futhi kuwukwephulwa kwezibopho zabo zamasiko nezingokomoya nomhlaba. Abantu abaningi bomdabu bebelokhu benokuxhumana okujulile nomhlaba kanye nezindawo zawo zemvelo. Ukwanda kwamapulazi ezimboni, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezibalulekile emlandweni wale miphakathi, kumelela uhlobo lokuhlala kwabantu behlala ezindaweni zemvelo. Njengoba izintshisekelo zezolimo zezinkampani zikhula, le miphakathi iyasuswa futhi ilahlekelwe amandla ayo okugcina imikhuba yendabuko yokusebenzisa umhlaba, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukubandlululwa kwayo kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho.

Ukuhlupheka Kwezilwane Nokungalingani Kokuziphatha

Inhliziyo yemboni yenyama ikhona ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane. Ukulima kwasefektri, lapho izilwane zikhuliswa khona ziboshiwe futhi zingaphansi kwezimo zobuntu, kuyindlela yonya oluhlelekile. Imiphumela yokuziphatha yalokhu kuphathwa ayigcini nje ngokuphathelene nenhlalakahle yezilwane kodwa futhi ibonisa ukungalingani okubanzi kwezenhlalo nokokuziphatha. Ukulima kwasefektri kusebenza ngemodeli ebheka izilwane njengempahla, inganaki ukubaluleka kwazo njengezidalwa ezinengqondo ezikwazi ukuhlupheka.

Lokhu kuxhashazwa okuhleliwe ngokuvamile akubonakali kubathengi, ikakhulukazi eNyakatho yomhlaba wonke, lapho imboni yenyama isebenzisa khona amandla ezomnotho nawezepolitiki ukuzivikela ekuhlolweni komphakathi. Kubantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abasemiphakathini encishisiwe, ukuhlupheka kwezilwane kuba ukungabi nabulungisa okufihliwe, okungenakuphunyuka ngenxa yemvelo egcwele imakethe yenyama yomhlaba wonke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwenyama emazweni acebile kuhlobene namaphethini okungalingani emhlabeni wonke. Izinsizakusebenza ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni inyama—njengamanzi, umhlaba, kanye nokudla—zabiwe ngokungalingani, okuholela ekunciphiseni izinsizakusebenza zemvelo emazweni ampofu. Lezi zifunda, ngokuvamile ezibhekene nokuntuleka kokudla kanye nokungazinzi komnotho, azikwazi ukuthola izinzuzo zezinsizakusebenza ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwenyama ngobuningi.

Ukungalingani Kwezempilo Okuhlobene Nokusetshenziswa Kwenyama

Ukungalingani kwezempilo kungenye isici sezinkinga zobulungiswa bezenhlalo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwenyama. Inyama ecutshunguliwe kanye nemikhiqizo yezilwane efuywa efektri kuye kwahlotshaniswa nezinkinga ezahlukene zezempilo, okuhlanganisa nesifo senhliziyo, ukukhuluphala, kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Emiphakathini eminingi yabantu abahola kancane, ukufinyelela kokudla okungabizi futhi okunempilo kulinganiselwe, kuyilapho inyama eshibhile, ecutshunguliwe itholakala kalula. Lokhu kunegalelo ekungalinganini kwezempilo okukhona phakathi kwabantu abacebile nabancishwe amathuba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yezolimo zasefektri emvelweni, njengokungcola komoya namanzi, nayo inegalelo ezinkingeni zezempilo emiphakathini eseduze. Izakhamuzi ezihlala eduze kwamapulazi asefektri zivame ukubhekana namazinga aphezulu ezinkinga zokuphefumula, izimo zesikhumba, nezinye izifo ezihlobene nokungcola okukhishwa yile misebenzi. Ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwalezi zingozi zezempilo kugcizelela ukuhlangana kobulungiswa bezenhlalo, lapho ukulimala kwemvelo nokungalingani kwezempilo kuhlangana khona ukuze kwandise umthwalo kubantu abasengozini.

Ukuqhubekela Ekusasa Elisekelwe Ezitshalweni

Ukubhekana nezinkinga zobulungiswa bezenhlalo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwenyama kudinga ushintsho oluhlelekile. Enye yezindlela ezinomthelela kakhulu zokubhekana nalezi zinkinga ukunciphisa isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane nokushintshela ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni. Ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni akugcini nje ngokunciphisa umonakalo wemvelo obangelwa ukulima efektri kodwa futhi kusiza ekubhekaneni nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi ngokunciphisa isidingo sokukhiqizwa kwenyama okuxhaphazayo. Ngokusekela ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ezitshalweni, abathengi bangaphonsela inselelo ukungalingani okugxilile embonini yenyama.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kungasiza ohlelweni lokudla lomhlaba wonke olulinganayo. Ngokugxila ezitshalweni ezinikeza ukudla okunomsoco ngaphandle kokubhujiswa kwemvelo okubangelwa ezolimo zezilwane, uhlelo lokudla lomhlaba wonke lungaya emikhubeni eqhubekayo nelungile. Lolu shintsho luphinde lunikeze ithuba lokusekela imiphakathi yabomdabu emizamweni yabo yokubuyisa umhlaba nezinsizakusebenza zezinhlobo zezolimo eziqhubekayo, ngesikhathi esifanayo kunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa imisebenzi emikhulu yezolimo zezimboni.