Ukukhula okusheshayo kwezolimo efektri kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuwohlokeni komhlaba kanye nokugxekwa kwezingxenye eziningi zomhlaba. Njengoba isidingo semikhiqizo yenyama nemikhiqizo yobisi siyaqhubeka ukukhuphuka, amapulazi efektri asephenduke umthombo oyinhloko wokukhiqizwa kokudla, esikhundleni izindlela zokulima zendabuko. Ngenkathi lokhu kusebenza kwezimboni kungabonakala kusebenza kahle futhi kungabizi kakhulu, umthelela wabo emvelweni akusimeme. Ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwemfuyo ezikhaleni ezivalekile kuholele ekunciphiseni komhlaba kanye nokuchithwa komhlaba, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwenhlabathi evundile, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nemithombo yemvelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izindlela lapho amapulazi efektri afaka khona ukuthi afake ngazo ukuwohloka komhlaba kanye nokugxekwa komhlaba futhi axoxe ngemiphumela engaba khona yeplanethi yethu. Ngokuhlola izimbangela nemiphumela engaphansi kwalolu daba, sethemba ukuthi sizokhanyisa ngesidingo esiphuthumayo sezindlela zokukhiqiza zokudla ezizinzile neziziphatha. Kubalulekile ukuthi sibhekane nalolu daba lokucindezela futhi sithathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze zinciphise imiphumela elimazayo yokulima efektri ezweni lethu nasendaweni yethu.
Ukweqa ngokweqile kuholela ekuguguleni kwenhlabathi
Imikhuba eminingi yedraziso iye yaqashelwa njengomshayeli oyinhloko wokuguguleka kwenhlabathi, okufaka isandla ekucekelweni komhlaba kanye nokuqala kokuchithwa kwendlala. Lapho imfuyo ivunyelwe ngokuqhubekayo ukuba idle indawo ngale ndawo yayo yokuphatha, ikhava yezimila ingenakunganele ukuvikela inhlabathi ekuguguleka komoya namanzi. Ukususwa njalo kwezitshalo ngokugqashuna kuvimbela ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo nokukhula kwezimila, kwandisa inkinga. Ngenxa yalokhu, ingaphezulu liba sengozini yokuguguleka, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwenhlabathi evundile, kunciphise amandla okubamba amanzi, kanye nokuncipha kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Le miphumela elimazayo igcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo samasu wokuphatha amadlelo aqinile ukuvikela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi futhi alondoloze impilo kanye nokukhiqiza komhlaba wethu.
I-Chemical Runoff ingcolisa imithombo yamanzi
Ukugeleza kwamakhemikhali kusuka kumapulazi efektri kungenye onomthelela omkhulu ekungcoleni imithombo yamanzi. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo, ama-pesticides, kanye nama-antibiotices ezolimo zezimboni kuholela ekungcoleni kwemifula eseduze, amachibi kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Imvula kanye nokunisela kubangela ukuthi la makhemikhali ageze amasimu futhi abe yimizimba yamanzi, lapho aqongelela khona futhi aqongelela futhi abeka izinsongo ezinkulu zemvelo yemvelo yasemanzini nempilo yabantu. Ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus kusuka kumanyolo kungadala ama-algal blooms alimazayo, anciphise amazinga omoya-mpilo emanzini nasekufezeni impilo yasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-antibiotic asetshenziswa epulazini lemfuyo kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamagciwane alwa namagciwane, ikhwalithi yokuyekethisa yamanzi kanye nempilo yomphakathi. Kubalulekile ukuthi amapulazi efektri amukele imikhuba eqhubekayo, efana nezinhlelo ezifanele zokulawulwa kwemfucuza kanye nokufakwa kwamakhemikhali okwehlisiwe, ukunciphisa imiphumela elimazayo yokugeleza kwamakhemikhali emithonjeni yamanzi.
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi komhlaba wonke amadlelo
Ukwanda kwamapulazi efektri nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekunciphiseni komhlaba kanye nokuchithwa kohlanga. Omunye wabashayeli abakhulu balesi simo ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngenhloso yokwakha umhlaba odlayo. Njengoba amahlathi asulwa ukwenza indlela yemfuyo, isembozo sezimila zemvelo esiza ukuvikela ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi futhi ukugcina ukuzala kwenhlabathi kulahlekile. Lokhu kuphumela ekukhulisweni kwenhlabathi okukhulayo, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwezakhi zomzimba kanye nokonakaliswa komhlaba jikelele. Ngokwengeziwe, ukususwa kwezihlahla kuphazamisa umjikelezo wamanzi, okunciphile i-evapotronspirt kanye nokunciphisa ukungena kwemvula, kukhulisa ukuvalwa kwendawo. Ukulahleka kwemvelo yehlathi kanye nokuguqulwa komhlaba kwezolimo ezinamandla zezolimo zezolimo zinikela ekulimaleni nasekuchithweni kwamazwe avundile, kubeka usongo lwezinto eziphilayo, imiphakathi yasendaweni, kanye nokuqina kwesikhathi eside kwemvelo yethu yemvelo. Kubalulekile ukubhekana nalezi zingqinamba ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezizinzile zokulawulwa komhlaba kanye nokukhuthaza amanye amamodeli ezolimo abeka phambili impilo yemvelo nokuqina.
Umanyolo wezimboni uqeda izakhamzimba zenhlabathi
Umanyolo wezimboni, ovame ukusetshenziswa efemini efektri, utholakele ukufaka isandla ekunciphiseni kwezakhi zomhlabathi. Lawa manyolo avame ukwakhiwa amakhompiyutha okwenziwa ahlinzeka izakhi ezithile zezakhi ezithile ezitshalweni ngamanani amakhulu. Ngenkathi zingakhulisa isivuno sezitshalo esikhathini esifushane, zingaba nemiphumela elimazayo empilweni yesikhathi eside yenhlabathi. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamanyolo wezimboni kungaphazamisa ukulinganisela kwezenhlalo emhlabathini, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwezinto ezibalulekile njenge-nitrogen, phosphorus kanye ne-potassium. Ngenxa yalokhu, inhlabathi iba kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, edinga imithamo ephakeme ngisho nemithamo ephakeme ukuze ithuthukise ukukhula kwezitshalo. Lokhu kuncika kumanyolo wokwenziwa akuwona kulimaza amandla enhlabathi yenhlabathi ukusekela impilo yezitshalo kodwa futhi kunomthelela ekungcoleni kwamanzi njengoba la makhemikhali enze izidumbu zamanzi eziseduze. Kubalulekile ukuhlola izindlela ezizinzile zezolimo ezihlose ukubuyisela nokugcina ukuzala kwenhlabathi ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuthembela kumanyolo wezimboni.
Ukusetshenziswa kabi komhlaba kuholela ekuchithekeni
Imikhuba yokusebenzisa umhlaba eyeqile futhi engafanele ibuye ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekubambeni ukuwohloka komhlaba kanye nokuchithwa kohlanga. Imikhuba engaphephile efana nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukugcwala ngokweqile, kanye namasu angafanele okulawulwa komhlaba akhumule umhlaba wesembozo sawo semvelo, asishiya sisengozini yokuguguleka nokuwohloka. Lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni yi-topsoil ephezulu, ebalulekile ekusekeleni ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nokugcina impilo yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukususwa kwezindawo zemifino kwaphazamisa umjikelezo wamanzi wemvelo, okuholela ekutheni kube khona ukugibela okuphezulu kanye nokuncipha kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba. Ngaphandle kwesembozo esivikelayo sezimila, izwe litholakala ekuguguleni komoya nasekuguguleni kwamanzi, liphinde lisheshise inqubo yokuchithwa kwendlala. Ukulwa nalolu daba, ukusebenzisa izindlela zokulawulwa kokulawulwa komhlaba ezinzile, njengokuqedwa kwamahlaya, amadlelo ajikelezayo, nezindlela zokonga inhlabathi, zibalulekile ekulondolozeni nasekubuyiseleni impilo yamazwe ethu.
Umthelela Omuhle E-Ecosystems yasendaweni
Umthelela omubi wamapulazi efektri kwimvelo yemvelo unwebeka ngaphezu kokonakalisa kwenhlabathi nokuqothuka. Le misebenzi yezolimo yezimboni-izimboni ivame ukuba nomphumela wokungcola kwemithombo yamanzi ngokuhamba kwamanyolo, ama-pesticides kanye nokungcola kwezilwane. Lokhu kungcoliswa kungenela imifula, amachibi, kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yasemanzini nasezinhlanganweni eziphilayo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kanye nama-hormone okukhula emikhunjini yokulima efektri nakho kungahle kube nomphumela ekuthuthukisweni kwamagciwane alwa namagciwane, ubeka engozini enkulu yebhalansi yemvelo yendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zemvelo kube izinkambu ezinkulu ze-monoculture noma imisebenzi yokudla yezilwane ezivaliwe iphazamisa izindawo zemvelo zezinhlobo zendabuko, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokungalingani kwemvelo. Kubalulekile ukubhekana nale miphumela elimazayo futhi wamukele izindlela zokulima ezizinzile nezemvelo zokunciphisa ukulimala okulimazelwe emvelo yendawo.
Ekuphetheni, kusobala ukuthi izindlela zokulima ezolimo zefekthri zinomthelela omkhulu ekunciphiseni komhlaba kanye nokuchithwa komhlaba. Ukusuka ekugcwalisekeni kukamanyolo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane eziholela ekuguguleni kwenhlabathi, ekunciphiseni kwezinsizakusebenza zemvelo kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zasendle, lezi zindlela zokulima izimboni azisimeme ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kubalulekile ukuthi ohulumeni futhi abantu baqaphele imiphumela yokuxhasa ukulima efektri futhi esikhundleni salokho bagxile ezindleleni ezizinzile nezinokuziphatha zokukhiqiza ukudla. Kuphela ngokuthatha isenzo kanye nokusebenzisa izinguquko esingasebenzela ukulondolozela ukulondolozwa komhlaba weplanethi yethu nezinsizakusebenza zezizukulwane ezizayo.
FAQ
Ngabe amapulazi emboni afanele afaka kanjani isandla ekuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuwohloka komhlaba?
Amapulazi efektri afaka isandla ekuguguleni kwenhlabathi kanye nokuwohloka komhlaba ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, ukugcwala ngokweqile kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nama-pesticides kungaholela ekuguguleni kwenhlabathi njengoba lezi zinto zilonda ukwakheka kwenhlabathi futhi zinciphise amandla alo okubamba amanzi. Okwesibili, umquba owedlulele okhiqizwa amapulazi efektri, lapho engalawulwa kahle, angabalekela emizimbeni yamanzi aseduze, okuholela ekungcoleni okwenziwe ngezakhi kanye nokuwohloka kwenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusulwa komhlaba wokwakhiwa kwamapulazi efektri kungaholela ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi kanye nokubhujiswa kwezindawo zemvelo, kukhulisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokuwohloka komhlaba. Sekukonke, imikhuba emikhulu futhi engavikeleki yokulima efektri ifaka isandla ekucekeleni kwempilo yenhlabathi neyomhlaba.
Yiziphi izindlela ezithile zokulima ezisetshenziswa emapulazini asefekthri ezinomthelela ekuchithekeni?
Amapulazi efektri afaka isandla ekuqothulweni kwezinkonzo ezithile zokulima ezinjengokugunda, ukunisela ngokweqile, nokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Ukweqa ngokweqile kwenzeka lapho imfuyo igxile endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwezimila nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Ukunisela okwedlulele kudambisa izinsiza zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukwehlisa amatafula amanzi futhi kubangele ukuhlwanyelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulazi efektri avame ukusula izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba zokulima, okuholela ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi. Lokhu kususwa kwezihlahla kuholela ekunciphiseni ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukukhuphuka kwenhlabathi kwenhlabathi, kanye nokulahleka kwemvelo ebalulekile esiza ukuvimbela ukuwala.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezinambuzane zokubulala izibulala-zinambuzane efektri yokulima umthelela ukonakala komhlaba?
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezokulima efektri zingaba nomthelela ekunciphiseni komhlaba ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, lawa makhemikhali angangena emhlabathini futhi angcolise amanzi asemhlabathini, okuholela ekungcoleni kwamanzi futhi athinte impilo yezitshalo, izilwane nabantu. Okwesibili, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo kungaholela ekulweni nomsoco, kubangele ukuncipha kokuzala kwenhlabathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo kanye nesidingo samakhemikhali amaningi okugcina izivuno. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-pesticides angabulala izidalwa ezizuzisayo, ezinjengezinhlangothi zomhlaba kanye namagciwane, ezisiza ukugcina ukwakheka kwenhlabathi okunempilo kanye nokuhamba ngemsoco. Sekukonke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezokulima efektri kungasheshisa ukuwohloka komhlaba nokulimaza ukuqina kwendlela yezolimo ende.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamahlathi kudlala yiphi indima ekwandisweni kwamapulazi efektri kanye negalelo lalo ekuchithekeni?
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kudlala indima enkulu ekwandisweni kwamapulazi efektri futhi kunomthelela ekutholeni ukulahla. Lapho amahlathi esulwa ngezinhloso zezolimo, njengokusungula isikhala esithe xaxa samapulazi efektri, kuholela ekubhujisweni kwezindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene futhi ziphazamisa ama-ecosystem endawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunomthelela ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni diokde emkhathini, kwandisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukulahleka kwezihlahla kunciphisa nekhono lomhlaba ukugcina umswakama, okuholela ekukhuphukeni kwenhlabathi okukhulayo kanye nokusabalala kwezimo ezinjengogwadule. Sekukonke, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunciphisa ukwanda kwamapulazi efektri futhi kunomthelela ekunciphiseni, kubeka izinselelo ezinkulu zemvelo.
Ngabe amapulazi emboni afanele anengxenye kanjani ekunciphiseni kwezinsizakusebenza zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nomthelela wayo ekuwohlokeni komhlaba?
Amapulazi efektri anikela ekunciphiseni kwezinsizakusebenza zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nokuwohloka komhlaba ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile nokungcola. Lawa mapulazi adinga amanani amakhulu amanzi okunisela, ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane, kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile kudicilela phansi izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukutholakala kwemiphakathi ezungezile kanye nemvelo yemvelo. Ngokwengeziwe, imfucuza ekhiqizwa amapulazi efektri, kufaka phakathi umanyolo womquba kanye nomanyolo wamakhemikhali, kungangcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nge-runoff kanye ne-seepage. Lokhu kungcoliswa kubuye kwenzeke ikhwalithi yezinsizakusebenza zamanzi futhi ingalimaza imvelo eseduze. Sekukonke, imikhuba emihle yokulima efektri inikela ngokusetshenziswa okungagcineki kwemithombo yamanzi nokuwohloka komhlaba.