Ucwaningo olubalulekile lusanda kukhanyisa umhlaba oyinkimbinkimbi wezokuxhumana kwezilwane, lwembula ukuthi izindlovu zase-Afrika zinekhono elimangalisayo lokubizana ngamagama ahlukile. Lokhu okutholakele akugcizeleli nje kuphela inkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana kwezindlovu kodwa futhi kugqamisa izindawo ezinkulu, ezingakaziwa kusayensi yokuxhumana kwezilwane. Njengoba abacwaningi beqhubeka nokuhlolisisa ukuziphatha kokukhulumisana kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, izambulo ezimangalisayo ziyavela, zilungisa kabusha ukuqonda kwethu ngezilwane.
Izindlovu ziyisiqalo nje. Kusukela kumagundane emvukuzane anqunu anezwi elihlukile kuye kwezinyosi zoju ezenza imidanso eyinkimbinkimbi ukudlulisa ulwazi, ukuhlukahluka kwezindlela zokuxhumana nezilwane kuyamangalisa. Lokhu okutholakele kudlulela ngisho nasezidalweni ezifana nezimfudu, amagama azo aphimbo azo aphikisana nokuqagela kwangaphambilini mayelana nemvelaphi yokuxhumana okuzwayo, namalulwane, lapho ukungqubuzana kwawo kwephimbo kuveza inhlanganisela ecebile yokusebenzelana komphakathi. Ngisho namakati afuywayo, ngokuvamile athathwa njenganganakiwe, atholwe ebonisa izimpawu zobuso ezicishe zibe ngu-300, ezibonisa ukwakheka komphakathi okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho okwakuqashelwe ngaphambilini.
Lesi sihloko sihlola lezi zinto ezitholwe ezithakazelisayo, zihlolisisa imininingwane yokuthi uhlobo ngalunye luxhumana kanjani nokuthi lokhu kuziphatha kwembulani mayelana nezakhiwo zazo zomphakathi namakhono okuqonda. Ngale mininingwane, sizuza ukwazisa okujulile ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi nezivame ukumangala izilwane ezisebenzelana ngazo nezinye, ezinikeza amazwibela kumsuka wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wokuxhumana uqobo.
Ucwaningo olusanda kushicilelwa luthole ukuthi izindlovu zase-Afrika zinamagama zodwa , futhi zibizana ngamagama. Kuyinto ephawulekayo etholakele, njengoba izidalwa ezimbalwa kakhulu ezinaleli khono. Kuphinde kube yisikhumbuzo sokuthi uma kukhulunywa ngesayensi yokuxhumana kwezilwane , kusekuningi esingakwazi. Kodwa sifunda okwengeziwe nsuku zonke, futhi izifundo zakamuva kakhulu mayelana nokuxhumana kwezilwane zifinyelele iziphetho ezimangalisa ngempela.
Izindlovu zingesinye sezilwane ezinezindlela zokuxhumana ezibuyekezwayo kucatshangelwa ubufakazi obusha. Ake sibheke leso sifundo, kanye nezinye ezimbalwa.
Izindlovu Zibizana Ngamagama
Ngokuqinisekile, ukukhulumisana kwezindlovu bekungaba okuhlaba umxhwele ngisho noma zingenawo amagama azo. Izindlovu zase-Afrika zikhuluma zodwa ngokusebenzisa ukugoqa kwezwi kuma -larynx ukuze zenze ukuduma okungaguquki, okunemvamisa ephansi , okwaziwa ngokuthi i-infrasound. Ayizwakali kubantu, kodwa izindlovu zingayicosha ukusuka endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaphezudlwana nje kwangu-6, futhi ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi yile ndlela imihlambi yezindlovu ezizizukulwane eziningi ezigcina ngayo ukuhlangana futhi yazi lapho eya khona.
Kodwa isambulo sokuthi babhekisela komunye nomunye ngamagama ahlukile kuwukutholwa okungenzeka kubalulekile okungasiza ososayensi baqonde kangcono ukuthi ulimi luvela kanjani ebuchosheni. Ezinye izilwane ezimbalwa kuphela ezisebenzisa amagama zodwa, ngokwazi kososayensi - amapharakethi namahlengethwa namagwababa , uma sibala ezimbalwa - futhi zikwenza lokho ngokulingisa izingcingo zomunye. Izindlovu, ngokuphambene, zibonakala ziza namagama ezinye izindlovu ngokuzimela , ngaphandle kokulingisa ubizo lomunye, futhi leli yikhono okungekho silwane - ngaphandle kwabantu - ngaphambili okwakwaziwa ukuthi banalo.
Amagundane Emvukuzane Anqunu Anamaphimbo
Ngisho noma ayengabukeki njengabafokazi, amagundane emvukuzane enqunu ayezoba ezinye zezidalwa eziyinqaba emhlabeni. Amagundane angaboni, angenabo uboya angaphila ngaphandle komoyampilo kuze kufike emaminithini angu-18 ngokushintsha i-fructose esikhundleni se-glucose , ikhono elivame ukugcinelwa izitshalo. Bayakwazi ukubekezelela ubuhlungu obuphakeme ngendlela engavamile , bacishe bavikeleke ngokuphelele emdlavuzeni , futhi mhlawumbe okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu, ababulawa ukuguga .
Kodwa kukho konke lokhu okuxakayo, ucwaningo lwakamuva luthole ukuthi amagundane emvukuzane enqunu anento eyodwa afanayo nabantu, ngaphandle kokuba nezinwele ezincane zomzimba: amagama.
Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi amagundane emvukuzane enqunu ayatshiyoza futhi ayancinza ukuze axhumane namanye, kodwa ucwaningo lwango-2021 lwathola ukuthi ikoloni ngalinye linendlela yalo ehlukile , nokuthi amagundane imvukuzane angakwazi ukusho ukuthi elinye igundane likuliphi iqoqo ngokusekelwe ekukhulumeni kwawo. Ukuphimisa kwanoma iyiphi ikoloni kunqunywa “indlovukazi; ” uma eseshonile futhi eshintshwa, ikoloni izosebenzisa indlela entsha yokukhuluma. Esimeni esingenakwenzeka ukuthi igundane lemvukuzane eliyintandane lithathwe ikoloni elisha, lizosebenzisa indlela yokuphimisa yekoloni elisha.
Izinyosi Zoju Zixhumana Ngokudansa
“Umdanso we-waggle” uzwakala njengomkhuba we-TikTok, kodwa empeleni igama lemboni yezindlela eziyinhloko izinyosi zoju ezixhumana ngazo zodwa. Uma inyosi esebenza ngokudla ukudla ithola izinsiza ezingase zibe usizo kubalingani bayo esidlekeni, ikhuluma ngalokhu ngokuzungeza ngokuphindaphindiwe ngephethini yomfanekiso wesishiyagalombili, inyakazisa isisu sayo njengoba iya phambili. Lona umdanso we-waggle.
Imvelo yalo mdanso iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi idlulisela ulwazi olubalulekile kwezinye izinyosi; isibonelo, isiqondiso sokuhamba kwezinyosi sibonisa isiqondiso sensiza okukhulunywa ngayo. Kuze kube muva nje, nokho, ososayensi bebengazi ukuthi umdanso we-waggle yikhono izinyosi ezizalwa nalo, noma ezifunda kontanga yazo.
Njengoba kuvela, impendulo incane kokubili. Ucwaningo lwango-2023 lwathola ukuthi uma inyosi yoju ingabuki abadala bayo benza umdanso we-waggle isencane, ngeke ikwazi ukuwenza kahle njengomuntu omdala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinyosi zoju zifunda ukuxhumana zodwa ngendlela efanayo nabantu. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi uma ingane ingezwa ulimi olwanele ngaphambi kokuba ibe neminyaka eyodwa, izoba nzima ukukhuluma ulimi olukhulunywayo isikhathi eside. ukuphila kwabo .
Izimfudu Zembula Ukuthi Ukucula Kwaqala Ngasekuqaleni Kunokuba Ososayensi Babecabanga
Zimfudu : akusiwo wonke lawo mazwi. Okungenani, yilokho ososayensi ababekucabanga kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlule , lapho umfundi ofundela ubudokotela eNyuvesi yaseZurich eqala ukwenza ukuqoshwa okulalelwayo kofudu lwakhe olufuywayo . Ngokushesha waqala ukuqopha ezinye izinhlobo zezimfudu kanye - ezingaphezu kuka-50, eqinisweni - futhi wathola ukuthi zonke zenza imisindo ngemilomo yazo.
Lezi kwakuyizindaba emhlabeni wesayensi, njengoba ngaphambili kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izimfudu aziyisimungulu, kodwa kwaholela ekutholakaleni okukhulu kakhulu. Ucwaningo lwangaphambili lwaluphethe ngokuthi ukuphimisela ngokwako kwavela ngokuzimela ezinhlotsheni eziningana zezilwane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa lapho lolo cwaningo lubuyekezwa ukuze luchaze izimfudu, lwathola ukuthi ukuphimisela empeleni kwavela ohlotsheni olulodwa lwezinhlanzi (inhlanzi ene-lobe-finned Eoactinistia foreyi ) - nokuthi yavela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 ngaphambili kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili.
Amalulwane Athanda Ukuxabana
Amalulwane ayizilwane ezihlala ezindaweni eziningi, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi anekhono lokukhulumisana. Kodwa muva nje ososayensi sebeqalile ukunquma amagama elulwane , futhi njengoba kuvela, ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini.
Ngemva kokuhlaziya imisindo yelulwane ecishe ibe ngu-15,000 ehlukene, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukuphimisela kwezwi elilodwa kungaqukatha ulwazi mayelana nokuthi ilulwane lesipikha lingubani, isizathu sokuphimisela kwezwi, ukuziphatha kwamanje kwelulwane kanye nomamukeli ohlosiwe wocingo. Kunokuba asebenzise “amagama” omunye komunye njengoba kwenza izindlovu, amalulwane asebenzisa iphimbo elihlukile “lamagama” afanayo ukuze abonise ukuthi akhuluma nobani—njengokusebenzisa ithoni ehlukile kumqashi wakho kunakubazali bakho.
Ucwaningo luphinde lwathola ukuthi uma amalulwane ekhuluma ajwayele ukuxabana. Ososayensi bakwazile ukuhlukanisa ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-60 ophimbo lwelulwane lube olulodwa lwezigaba ezine : izingxabano ngokudla, izingxabano endaweni ye-perch, izingxabano ngendawo yokulala kanye nezingxabano ngokukhwelana. Isigaba sokugcina bekungamalulwane esifazane abenqaba ukunxeshezelwa ngabafuna ukushela.
Amakati Anezimo Zobuso Ezicishe Zibe Ngu-300 Ezihlukene
Amakati avame ukucatshangwa njengangobuso betshe futhi amelene nomphakathi, kodwa ucwaningo lwango-2023 lwathola ukuthi lokhu ngeke kuqhubeke eqinisweni. Isikhathi esingangonyaka, abacwaningi baqopha ukuxhumana kwamakati angu-53 ahlala endaweni yokudlela yamakati e-Los Angeles, ebhala ngokucophelela futhi ebhala amakhodi ukunyakaza kwawo kobuso.
Bathole ukuthi lezi zinsikazi zikhombisa ukunyakaza kobuso okuhlukene okungu-26 ngenkathi zihlangana zodwa - izindebe ezihlukene, imihlathi ewayo, izindlebe eziyisicaba nokunye - nokuthi lokhu kunyakaza kuhlangana komunye nomunye ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukwenza isimo sobuso esigqagqene esingu-276. (Uma kuqhathaniswa, izimfene zikwazi ukusho izinto ezihlukahlukene ezingu-357.)
Abacwaningi baphinde bathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-45 ezinkulumo eziboniswa amakati anobungane, kuyilapho amaphesenti angu-37 ayenolaka futhi amaphesenti angu-18 ayengacacile. Iqiniso lokuthi izinkulumo eziningi zekati zazinobungane liphakamisa ukuthi ziyizidalwa ezihlala nabantu abaningi kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambilini. Abacwaningi basola ukuthi bathathe lezi zindlela zokuhlalisana kubantu ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwasekhaya.
Umugqa Ophansi
Kusekuningi esingakwazi ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zomhlaba zixhumana kanjani zodwa, futhi ezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana ngezilwane ziqhelelene nezethu kangangokuthi kunzima ngathi ukuzihlanganisa nazo nganoma iyiphi indlela enengqondo. .
Kodwa ngokuvamile, ucwaningo luthola ukuthi izilwane zixhumana ngezindlela ezingafani nezethu. Njengamagundane emvukuzane enqunu, sinezwi elihlukile elisuselwe lapho sivela khona. Njengamaqembu amakhorali, sihlanganisa abangani bethu ukuze babambe ukudla lapho ithuba lifika. Futhi njengamalulwane, sihlasela abantu abasishayayo uma bengenasithakazelo.
Ulwazi lwethu lokukhulumisana ngezilwane lukhula unyaka nonyaka, futhi abanye baye basikisela ukuthi lolu lwazi lungase lugcine luholela emithethweni enamandla yenhlalakahle yezilwane . Ephepheni lango-2024 elishicilelwe ku-Fordham Law Review, oprofesa ababili baphikisana ngokuthi izilwane ezikwazi ukudlulisa imizwelo nemibono eyinkimbinkimbi kubantu - noma, ukukubeka ngendlela ehlukile, izilwane esikwazi ukukucacisa nokuhumusha ukuxhumana kwazo - kufanele zinikezwe ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kwezomthetho. .
“[Lezi zivikelo] ngeke nje ziguqule indlela umthetho osebenzelana ngayo nezinhlangano ezingezona ezomuntu,” kubhala ababhali, “kodwa futhi zichaze kabusha ubuhlobo bomuntu nomhlaba wemvelo, zithuthukise uhlaka lwezomthetho nolwezimiso zokuziphatha olubonisa kakhudlwana izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila ezihlakaniphile. emhlabeni wethu.”
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