Izisulu Ze-Bycatch: Ukulimala Kwezivumelwano Zokudoba Kwezimboni

Uhlelo lwethu lwamanje lokudla lunembangela yokufa kwezilwane zasemhlabeni ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyisi-9 ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, lesi sibalo esishaqisayo simane nje sikhomba ububanzi bokuhlupheka ohlelweni lwethu lokudla, njengoba sikhuluma ngezilwane zasemhlabeni kuphela. Ngaphezu kwamanani asemhlabeni, imboni yokudoba ibangela umonakalo odabukisayo ezilwaneni zasolwandle, ezibulala izigidi zezigidi zezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle unyaka ngamunye, ukuze zidliwe abantu ngokuqondile noma njengezingozi ezingahlosiwe zokudoba.

I-Bycatch ibhekisela ekubanjweni kwezinhlobo okungahlosiwe ngazo ngesikhathi sokudoba ngenjongo yokudayisa. Lezi zisulu ezingahlosiwe zivame ukubhekana nemiphumela emibi, kusukela ekulimaleni nokufa kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi, okusikhanyisela ngomonakalo wesibambiso odalwe izinqubo zokudoba zezimboni.

Kungani imboni yokudoba imbi?

Imboni yokudoba ivamise ukugxekwa ngemikhuba eminingana enomthelela omubi kuzinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Nazi ezinye izizathu zokuthi kungani imboni yokudoba, ithathwa njengeyinkinga:

I-Bottom Trawling: Ukudoba ngaphansi kuhlanganisa ukuhudula amanetha asindayo phansi olwandle ukuze ubambe izinhlanzi nezinye izinhlobo zasolwandle. Lo mkhuba uyingozi kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlala olwandle, njengoba ungalimaza imvelo ethambile njengezixhobo zamakhorali, imibhede yotshani basolwandle, nezingadi zezipontshi. Ukudoba ngaphansi kungase kubangele ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile zezinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle, okuholela ekwehleni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nempilo ye-ecosystem.

Ukulimala kwe-Ocean Floor: Ukusetshenziswa kwegiya elisindayo lokudoba, okuhlanganisa amanethi aphansi nama-dredges, kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu olwandle. Lezi zindlela zokudoba zingaphazamisa inhlabathi, ziphazamise imijikelezo yezakhi zomzimba, futhi ziguqule ukwakheka komhlaba ongaphansi kolwandle, okuholela emiphumeleni yesikhathi eside yemvelo. Ukulimala phansi kolwandle kungase futhi kube nomthelela kweminye imisebenzi yasolwandle, efana nemikhumbi yezentengiselwano kanye ne-diving yokuzijabulisa.

Ukudoba Ngentambo Emide: Ukudoba ngodobo olude kuhilela ukubeka imigqa enamahhuku okuyeyeleka amabanga amade ukuze ubambe izinhlanzi ezifana ne-tuna, i-swordfish, noshaka. Nakuba le ndlela ingase isebenze kahle kakhulu, iphinde ihlotshaniswe namazinga aphezulu okubanjwa kwe-bycatch, okuhlanganisa nezinhlobo ezingahlosiwe ezifana nezimfudu zasolwandle, izinyoni zasolwandle, nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Ukudoba ngodobo olude nakho kungaba nomthelela ekudobeni ngokweqile nasekuncipheni kwenani lezinhlanzi, okusongela ukusimama kwesimiso semvelo sasolwandle kanye nempilo yemiphakathi edobayo.

I-bycatch: I-bycatch ibhekisela ekubanjweni kwezilwane okungahlosiwe ngazo ngesikhathi sokudoba. I-bycatch iyinkinga ebalulekile embonini yokudoba, okuholela ekufeni okungadingekile kwezigidi zezilwane zasolwandle unyaka ngamunye. I-bycatch ingahlanganisa izinhlobo ezinjengamahlengethwa, izimfudu zasolwandle, izinyoni zasolwandle, noshaka, abaningi babo abasengozini noma abasengozini. Ukubanjwa ngokungakhethi kwezinhlanzi ezidotshwayo kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yezemvelo, kuphazamise ulwembu lokudla kwasolwandle futhi kubeke engcupheni ukuqina kwemvelo yasolwandle.

Sekukonke, imboni yokudoba igxekwa ngenxa yemikhuba yayo engapheli, enomthelela ekucekeleni phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokuncipha kwezinhlobo zasolwandle.

Iyini I-Fisheries Bycatch

Ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi kubhekiselwa ekubanjweni ngokungenhloso kanye nokufa okulandelayo kwezinhlobo zasolwandle okungahlosiwe ngazo ezigibeni zokudoba. Lesi simo senzeka lapho ukudoba kuqondiswe ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezithile kodwa ngokungazi kubambe ezinye izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. I-bycatch ingahlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingahlosiwe, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, izimfudu zasolwandle, izinyoni zasolwandle, ama-crustaceans, nezilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla.

Inkinga yezinhlanzi ezidotshwayo ziveza ukukhathazeka okubalulekile kokuziphatha nokongiwa. Ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngomonakalo ongadingekile owenziwe ezidalwa ezinozwela ngenxa yemisebenzi yokudobela inzuzo. Izilwane eziningi ezibanjwe njengezidotshwa zingaba sengozini yokulimala noma ziyafa ngenxa yokubhajwa ezinsizeni zokudoba noma ukufuthaniselwa lapho zilahlwa emanzini. Ngokokongiwa kwemvelo, ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ezingasoliwe kubangela usongo ekusindeni kwezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala nezisengozini. Izinhlobo ezifana nezimfudu zasolwandle, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, kanye nezinyoni zasolwandle ezithile zisengozini enkulu yokufa ngenxa yezinhlanzi ezidotshwayo, okwenza isimo sazo sesibalo sabantu esivele sibucayi kakhulu.

Imizamo yokubhekana nezinhlanzi ezidotshwayo ngokuvamile zibandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokunciphisa izinhlanzi ezingabanjwanga. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla zokudoba ezikhethekile kanye namasu aklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukubanjwa okungahlosiwe, okufana nemishini yokukhipha ufudu (TEDs) kuma-shrimp trawl noma izintambo ezithusa izinyoni emikhunjini yokudoba ngentambo ende. Ukwengeza, izinyathelo zokulawula ezifana nezabelo zokudoba, imikhawulo yegiya, nokuvalwa kwezindawo kungase kusetshenziswe ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela yokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ezingasoliwe ezinhlotsheni zezilwane ezibucayi nemvelo.

Ukulahleka okumoshayo kwezilwane zasolwandle ngokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ngokudotshwa ngendlela engafanele kungase kubangelwe izici ezimbalwa, ngayinye enomthelela ebukhulu benkinga:

• Izikhali Zokudoba Ezingakhethiwe: Izinhlobo ezithile zezimpahla zokudoba, njengama-gillnet nama-trawl, zidume kabi ngokungakhethi. Lezi zinhlobo zamagiya zibamba izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyizinhlobo ezihlosiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobo ezingahlosiwe, okuhlanganisa nezisengozini noma ezisengozini, ngokuvamile ziba izisulu zemisebenzi yokudoba zingahlosile.
• Ukuphathwa Kwezindawo Zokudoba Okungafanele: Izinqubo zokuphatha izindawo zokudoba ezingenele zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni indaba yokubamba izinhlanzi ezingabanjwanga. Ukungaphathi kahle kungaholela ekudobeni ngokweqile, lapho ingcindezi yokudoba idlula amazinga esimeme, iqede isibalo sezinhlobo ezihlosiwe futhi iphazamise imvelo yasolwandle. Ukudoba ngokweqile akunciphisi kuphela ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezihlosiwe kodwa futhi kunomthelela ekwandeni kwezinhlanzi ezidotshwayo njengoba abadobi bengase basebenzise izindlela ezingakhethi kakhulu ukuze kugcinwe amazinga okubanjiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithethonqubo engasebenzi kanye nezindlela zokuphoqelela ziyahluleka ukubhekana nenkinga yezinhlanzi ezingabanjwanga ngendlela efanele, ezivumela ukuthi iqhubeke futhi idlondlobale.
• Ukungaqwashisi Noma Ukukhathazeka: Ukuntula ulwazi noma ukukhathazeka phakathi kwabadobi mayelana nobukhulu benkinga yokubamba izinhlanzi ezingasogwini kuqhubeza nokuba khona kwayo. Abadobi abaningi bangase bangayiqondi ngokugcwele imiphumela yemvelo yezinhlanzi ezidotshwayo noma bangase babeke eqhulwini izinzuzo zezomnotho zesikhashana kunokusimama isikhathi eside. Ukwengeza, ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe olwazini noma izinsiza kwezinye izinqubo zokudoba ezinciphisa ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ezingasogwini kungase kuphazamise imizamo yokuxazulula le nkinga. Ngaphandle kokushintsha kwesimo sengqondo nokuqwashisa embonini yokudoba, imizamo yokunciphisa izinhlanzi ezidotshwayo zingase zibhekane nokungazweli kanye nokungalawuleki.

Izindlela Zokudoba Ezimbi Kakhulu Ngokuphathelene Nokudotshwa Kwezinhlanzi

Ezinye zezindlela zokudoba ezivame ukuphumela ekudobeni okungasolwandle i-longlining, trawling, kanye ne-gillnetting.

I-Longlining , eyaziwa nangokuthi i-trolling, ihlanganisa ukuthumela amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamahhuku adotshwa ngomugqa owodwa wokudoba, ngokuvamile ofinyelela kumamayela angu-28 ukusuka emikhunjini emikhulu ukuya olwandle. Le ndlela ibamba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zasolwandle, okuhlanganisa izimfudu zasolwandle, oshaka, izinhlanzi ezingahlosiwe, nama-tuna asemancane. Ngeshwa, izilwane zasolwandle ezibanjwe kule migqa zivame ukuba nokulimala okubulalayo, noma zopha zize zife ngenkathi zilenga ezingwegweni noma zife lapho zidonselwa emkhunjini. Izinhlanzi ezidotshwayo, okuhlanganisa nezinhlanzi ezidotshwe ezingxenyeni zemizimba yazo ngaphandle komlomo, ngokuvamile zigcina izingozi ezibulalayo futhi zivame ukujikijelwa olwandle. Ucwaningo lubonise amazinga okufa aphezulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezidotshwayo, kanti i-Chinook salmon ibhekene nezinga lokufa elingu-85% ngemva kokubanjwa kolayini be-trolling ngase-Alaska, kanti u-23% wabo uboshwe ngeso. Ngokushaqisayo, cishe isilwane esisodwa kweziyisihlanu ezibanjwe emigqeni yokunyathela singoshaka, abaningi babo abakhuthazelela umkhuba omubi wokukhipha amaphiko abo ukuze kuthathwe isobho le-shark fin ngaphambi kokuba siphonswe olwandle ukuze babhekane nokufa isikhathi eside nokubuhlungu.

Ukudoba kuhilela ukuhudula amanetha amakhulu ngaphansi kolwandle, ukubamba cishe yonke into esendleleni yawo, kuhlanganise nezixhobo zamakhorali nezimfudu zasolwandle. La manetha, ngokuvamile adonswa phakathi kwemikhumbi emibili emikhulu, abamba zonke izilwane zasolwandle endleleni yawo. Lapho amanetha esegcwele, akhushulelwa emikhunjini, okuholela ekukhungathekeni nasekufeni kabuhlungu kwezilwane eziningi. Abadobi babe sebehlunga phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe, bagcine uhlobo olufunwayo futhi balahle izilwane ezingahlosiwe, okungenzeka ukuthi sezifile ngesikhathi ziphonswa olwandle.

I-Gillnetting ihlanganisa ukusetha amaphaneli aqondile amanetha emanzini, okungabamba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zasolwandle njengama-cetaceans, izinyoni zasolwandle, izimvu zamanzi, nama-elasmobranch. Ngokungafani nezinye izindlela zokudoba, ama-gillnet aboshelwe phansi olwandle, awenze akwazi ukuntanta emanzini. Nakuba iklanyelwe ukubamba izinhlanzi ezinosayizi othize kuphela ngokuzifaka ngezinyosi zazo, izinto ezincane ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-gillnet zibenza bacishe bangabonakali nakwezinye izilwane. Lokhu kubangela ingozi enkulu kuquqaba lwezinyoni zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho inqwaba yazo iphumule noma inyakaziswa, njengoba ngokuvamile azikho izinguquko zokunciphisa ukubanjwa kwezinyoni zasolwandle okuye kwabonakala kuwusizo.

Kungani ukubamba okungabanjwanga kungaba yinkinga?

I-bycatch idala inkinga enezici eziningi, ezithinta kokubili izici zemvelo nezomnotho zemvelo yasolwandle kanye nemiphakathi edobayo:

• I-Ecological Impact: I-bycatch ingaphazamisa i-ecosystem yasolwandle ngokususa izinhlobo ezingahlosiwe kuwebhu yokudla. Izilwane ezilahlwayo ngokuvamile ziyafa, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuphazamiseka okungenzeka ku-ecosystem dynamics. I-bycatch ingalimaza indawo yokuhlala ebalulekile, njengezixhobo zamakhorali kanye nezingadi zezipontshi, kubeke engcupheni impilo yemvelo yasolwandle.
• Imiphumela Yezomnotho: I-bycatch ingaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho kubadobi nasemiphakathini yabo. Amazinga aphezulu okudotshwa okungalindelekile angaholela ekuvalweni kwezindawo zokudoba noma ekumisweni kwezabelo, kunciphise ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezihlosiwe kanye nokunciphisa imali engenayo yabadobi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi okungalindelekile kungaba nomthelela ekudobeni ngokweqile ngokususa izinhlobo zezinhlanzi okungahlosiwe, ukunciphisa imizamo yokwakha kabusha izinhlanzi futhi kucekele phansi ukusimama kwesikhathi eside kwezokudoba.
• Umthelela Ezilwaneni Ezivikelekile: I-Bycatch iwusongo oluthile ezilwaneni ezivikelekile njengamahlengethwa, izimfudu zasolwandle, nemikhomo. Lezi zilwane zingase zihileleke egiyeni lokudoba noma zilimale ngenxa yokubanjwa okungalindelekile, okuholela ekwehleni kwenani labantu kanye nokuvimbela imizamo yokululama. Ukubanjwa kwezinhlobo ezivikelwe kungaholela ezindleleni zokulawula kanye nenhlawulo kubadobi, okuqhubekisele phambili umthwalo wezomnotho emiphakathini edobayo.

Sekukonke, i-bycatch imele inselele eyinkimbinkimbi negcwele yonke indawo edinga imizamo ehlangene yokubhekana nayo. Amasu asebenzayo okunciphisa izinhlanzi ezingasolwandle kufanele acabangele kokubili izici zemvelo nezomnotho, okuhloswe ngazo ukunciphisa umthelela wemisebenzi yokudoba ezinhlotsheni ezingahlosiwe kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukusimama kwesikhathi eside kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye nempilo yemiphakathi edobayo.