I-Whale Massacre e-Faroe Islands

Isazi sezilwane uJordi Casamitjana sinikeza isifingqo sokubulawa kwemikhomo namahlengethwa okwenzeka minyaka yonke eziQhingini zaseFaroe.

Ngachitha isikhathi esithile eDenmark.

Angizange ngiye kwelinye izwe laseScandinavia, kodwa ngahlala isikhashana eDenmark eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 edlule. Kulapho, ngenkathi ngihlezi kwesinye sezikwele ezinkulu zaseCopenhagen, bude buduze nalapho kunesithombe esincane se-mermaid, lapho nganquma ukuthuthela e-UK.

Ngangithanda izwe, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi ngangingenalo ulwazi ngenkinga eyodwa yaseDanish okungenzeka ukuthi ingenze ngacabanga kabili ngaphambi kokubheka iDenmark njengekhaya engase libe khona. Ngangazi kakade ukuthi amaNorway, amaScandinavia akanye nawo, ayengelinye lamazwe ambalwa asele ayesahlanganyela obala ekudobeni imikhomo, kodwa ngangingazi ukuthi iDenmark ingelinye. Iningi lenu lingase lingazi, njengoba lingakaze lifakwe ohlwini lwamazwe abamba imikhomo. Kufanele babe, ngoba bazingela obala imikhomo namahlengethwa njalo ngonyaka - futhi hhayi nje abambalwa, kodwa ngaphezu kwe -1000 ngonyaka . Isizathu okungenzeka ukuthi awukaze uzwe ngalokhu ukuthi abazingeli imikhomo emikhulu futhi abazingeli inyama yabo ukuze bathengise, bamane nje abancane namahlengethwa ezinhlobo eziningana, futhi abakwenzi ezweni lakubo, kodwa endaweni “abangabanikazi” , kodwa okukude kakhulu (ngokwendawo nangokwesiko).

Iziqhingi zaseFaroe (noma iFaeroe) ziyiqoqo leziqhingi eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean kanye nendawo ezimele yoMbuso waseDenmark. Kodwa-ke, atholakala ebangeni elifanayo ukusuka e-Iceland, eNorway nase-UK, kude kakhulu neDenmark uqobo. Njengoba kwenzeka e-UK, amazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo naphezu kobubanzi bayo ngoba i-Gulf Stream ifudumeza amanzi azungezile. Abantu abahlala lapho, abakhuluma isiFaroese, ulimi oluhlobene eduze nesi-Icelandic, banomkhuba omubi kakhulu: grindadráp .

Lokhu ukuzingela okunonya kwenqwaba yemikhomo, isiko elinonya kakhulu elingcolise isithunzi saseDanish amashumi eminyaka. Babulala imikhomo ukuze basebenzise isikhumba, amafutha nenyama, bakudle endaweni. Naphezu kokungabi nampilo, badla inyama namafinyila alezi zilwane ezincelisayo emphakathini kwesinye sezitsha zabo zendabuko okuthiwa i -tvøst og spik. Kulesi sihloko, ngizofingqa ukuthi lo msebenzi ononya ogcwele igazi umayelana nani.

Obani Ama-Pilot Whales?

I-pilot whales ama-cetaceans e-parvorder Odontocetes (imikhomo enamazinyo ehlanganisa amahlengethwa, ama-porpoise, ama-orcas, nayo yonke eminye imikhomo enamazinyo) eyingxenye yohlobo lwe- Globicephala . Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela eziphilayo, i-pilot whale ende ( G. melas ) kanye ne-finned pilot whale ( G. macrorhynchus ), ebukeka ifana kakhulu, kodwa yangaphambili inkulu. Ubude bamaphiko e-pectoral ngokuhlobene nobude bomzimba obuphelele kanye nenani lamazinyo yilokho okwasetshenziswa ukuzehlukanisa, kodwa ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi lezi zici ziyefana kuzo zombili izinhlobo.

Imikhomo yama-long-finned pilot whales ihlala emanzini abandayo futhi i-pilot whales emfishane ihlala emanzini ashisayo nasemanzini ashisayo. Ama-pilot whales abizwa ngokuthi ama-whale, kodwa angamahlengethwa olwandle, okwesibili ngobukhulu ngemva kwe-orcas (amanye ama-odontocete abizwa nangokuthi imikhomo, njengama-killer whales).

Imikhomo yama- long-finned pilot midala ifinyelela cishe ku-6.5 m ubude, kanti eyeduna iyimitha elilodwa ubude kunabesifazane. Izinsikazi ezinezinsika ezinde zinesisindo esingafika ku-1,300 kg kanti abesilisa bafinyelela ku-2,300 kg, kanti ama-pilot whales amafushane anezinsikazi ezindala ezifinyelela ku-5.5 m kanti abesilisa bafinyelela ku-7.2 m (isisindo esingafika ku-3,200 kg).

Imikhomo eyi-pilot ngokuvamile impunga emnyama, ensundu, noma emnyama, kodwa inezindawo ezikhanyayo ngemuva kwe-dorsal fin, ebekwe phambili ngemuva bese ishanela emuva. Ahlukaniswa kalula namanye amahlengethwa ngamakhanda awo, anekhabe elikhulu elinemibala egqamile (inqwaba yezicubu ze-adipose ezitholakala emabunzini ayo yonke imikhomo enamazinyo egxilisa futhi iguqule ukuphimisela futhi isebenze njengelensi yomsindo yokuxhumana kanye nezwi). Imikhomo yama- long-finned pilot whale inamakhabe ayindilinga amaningi kunabesifazane. Ama-pilot whale akhipha ukuchofoza ukuze athole ukudla, futhi ashaye amakhwelo nokuqhuma kwenhliziyo ukuze akhulume. Lapho besezimweni ezicindezelayo, bakhiqiza “ama-shrill” okuyizinhlobonhlobo zekhwela labo.

Wonke ama-pilot whale anenhlalo enkulu futhi angase ahlale ne-pod yawo yokuzalwa kukho konke ukuphila kwawo. Abesifazane abadala bavame ukwedlula amadoda amadala ku-pod, kodwa kunemikhomo yamaqembu ahlukahlukene. Imikhomo ihlangene izingela ikakhulukazi ama-squid, kodwa futhi i-cod, i-turbot, i-mackerel, i-Atlantic herring, i-hake, i-Argentina enkulu, i-blue whiting, ne-spiny dogfish. Angakwazi ukutshuza ajule ngamamitha angu-600, kodwa ukujula okuningi kungamamitha angama-30-60, futhi angakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha kulokho kujula, mhlawumbe ngenxa ye-metabolism ephezulu (kodwa lokhu kuwanika isikhathi esifushane sokutshuza kunezinye zasolwandle. izilwane ezincelisayo).

Ama-pods abo angaba makhulu kakhulu (abantu abayi-100 noma ngaphezulu) futhi ngezinye izikhathi babonakala behamba ngendlela umkhomo oholayo ofuna ukuya ngakhona (ngakho-ke igama elithi pilot whale njengoba kubonakala sengathi "liqhutshwa" ngumholi womkhomo). Zombili lezi zinhlobo zine-polygynous (iduna elilodwa liphila futhi lihlangana nezinsikazi eziningi kodwa insikazi ngayinye ishada kuphela nabesilisa abambalwa) njengoba kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane bahlala ku-pod kamama wabo impilo yonke futhi akukho ukuncintisana kwabesilisa kwabesifazane. Ama-pilot whales anesikhathi eside sokuzalwa sama-cetaceans, azala kanye eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemihlanu. Ithole lincelisa izinyanga ezingama-36-42. Abesifazane bemikhomo emifushane abayizimpiko bayaqhubeka benakekela amankonyane ngemva kokunqamuka kokuya esikhathini, into engavamile ngaphandle kwezinkawu. Ngokuvamile bayimizulane, kodwa abanye abantu bahlala unyaka wonke ezindaweni ezifana neHawaii nezingxenye zeCalifornia.

Ngeshwa, ama-pilot whales avame ukuvaleleka emabhishi (inkinga abadobi abasebenzisa imikhomo) kodwa akwaziwa kahle ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka. Abanye bathi ukulimala kwengaphakathi lendlebe ngenxa yokungcoliswa komsindo olwandle yimbangela. Baphila iminyaka engaba ngu-45 kwabesilisa kanye neminyaka engama-60 kwabesifazane kuzo zombili izinhlobo.

Ngo-1993, ucwaningo lwalinganisela ukuthi kwakukhona ingqikithi yama-pilot whale angu-780,000 amafushane futhi ahlala isikhathi eside eNyakatho ye-Atlantic. I-American Cetacean Society (ACS) ilinganisela ukuthi kungase kube nesigidi esisodwa se-pilot whales esifushane esingu-200,000 emhlabeni.

The Grind

Igama elithi Grindadráp (Gala ngamafuphi) yigama lesiFaroese elisuselwa ku -grindhvalur, okusho ukuthi imikhomo yomshayeli, futhi dráp , okusho ukubulala, ngakho-ke akungabazeki ukuthi lo msebenzi uhlanganisani. Lokhu akukusha. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka kwenzeka, njengoba kunobufakazi bemivubukulo bokuthola umkhomo ngendlela yamathambo omshayeli we-whale atholakala ezinsalela zasendlini kusukela cishe ngo-1200 CE. Amarekhodi abonisa ukuthi kakade bekunemithetho elawula lokhu kuzingelwa kwemikhomo ngo-1298. Nokho, umuntu angalindela ukuthi lo mkhuba ngabe usuphelile manje. Kunalokho, ngo-1907, umbusi nosherifu waseDenmark bakhiqiza uhlaka lokuqala lwemithetho yokudotshwa kwemikhomo yeziphathimandla zaseDenmark eCopenhagen, futhi ngo-1932, kwethulwa umthetho wokuqala wesimanje wokudotshwa kwemikhomo. Ukuzingela imikhomo bekulokhu kulawulwa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi futhi kubhekwa njengomsebenzi osemthethweni eziqhingini.

Ukuzingela kwenzeka ngezinye izikhathi kusukela ngoJuni kuya ku-Okthoba ngendlela ebizwa ngokuthi "ukushayela" okwenzeka kuphela lapho izimo zezulu zilungile. Into yokuqala okuzodingeka yenzeke ngezinsuku ezinhle zokuzingela ukubona i-pilot whale pod eduze nosebe. (ikakhulukazi ovela ohlotsheni lwemikhomo emide ene-pilot, i-Globicephala melas, okuyiyona ehlala eduze kweziqhingi, lapho idla khona ama-squid, i-Argentina enkulu kanye ne-blue whiteing). Uma lokho kwenzeka, izikebhe zibhekisa amabombo emikhomo futhi ziyiqhubekisele ogwini kwenye yezindawo ezingu-30 ezinomlando zokuzingela imikhomo, lapho izobulawa khona ngobuningi ishiya ulwandle nesihlabathi kungcoliswe igazi.

Ukushayela kusebenza ngokuzungeza imikhomo eyi-pilot ngezikebhe eziyisiyingi esibanzi, bese amatshe axhunywe emigqeni aphonswa emanzini ngemva kwemikhomo yomshayeli ukuze avinjwe ukubaleka. Izilwane zifakwa ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu njengoba zijahwa amahora amaningana ziye ogwini. Uma imikhomo isigudluzwe ogwini, ayikwazi ukuphunyuka, ngakho-ke iba semseni wabantu abayilindile emabhishi bephethe zonke izinhlobo zezikhali. Lapho kunikezwa umyalo, imikhomo yomshayeli ithola ukujula okukodwa endaweni yomhume eyenziwe ngommese okhethekile womkhomo obizwa ngokuthi i-mønustingari, onomthelela wokunqamula umgogodla (uma kwenziwa kahle) nokukhubaza izilwane. Lapho le mikhomo inganyakazi, izintamo zayo zivuleka ngomunye ummese ( grindaknívur ) ukuze igazi eliningi ngangokunokwenzeka liphume emikhomoni (abathi iyasiza ekulondolozeni inyama) ekugcineni ibabulale. I-Sea Shepherd irekhode izehlakalo lapho ukubulawa kwemikhomo ngayinye noma amahlengethwa kuye kwathatha imizuzu emi-2 futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, kufika kumaminithi angu-8 . Ngaphezu kokucindezeleka kokujaha nokubulawa, imikhomo izobona amalungu e-pod yayo ebulawa phambi kwamehlo ayo, enezela ukuhlupheka okwengeziwe ekuhluphekeni kwayo.

Ngokwesiko, noma yimuphi umkhomo ongazange uvaleleke ogwini wawugwazwa ku-blubber ngehhuku elicijile wabe usudonselwa ogwini, kodwa kusukela ngo-1993, kwadalwa umkhoma oshubile obizwa ngokuthi i- blásturongul ukuze ubambe imikhomo ehlala ogwini inganyakazi ngezimbobo zayo futhi uyidonsele ogwini. Imikhonto namahabhu avinjelwe ekuzingeleni kusukela ngo-1985. Kusukela ngo-2013, bekusemthethweni kuphela ukubulala imikhomo uma isogwini noma ibambelele olwandle, futhi kusukela ngo-2017 kuphela amadoda alinde emabhishi ane-blásturkrókur, mønustingari ne-grindaknívur. bavunyelwe ukubulala imikhomo (akusavunyelwe ukubhuqa imikhomo ngenkathi isolwandle). Okwenza kube yi-macabre kakhulu ukuthi ukubulawa kwenzeka emabhishi kubukwa ngokugcwele izibukeli eziningi, naphezu kokuthi kuyingcaca esabekayo kangakanani.

Amankonyane nezinsana ezingakazalwa nazo ziyabulawa, kucekele phansi imikhaya yonke ngosuku olulodwa. Ama-pods wonke ayabulawa, naphezu kokuba imikhomo yomshayeli ivikelwe ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwe-European Union (iDenmark eyingxenye yayo). I-Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 yokuvikela izilwane ngesikhathi sokubulawa idinga ukuthi izilwane zigwenywe kunoma ibuphi ubuhlungu obungagwemeka, ukucindezeleka, noma ukuhlupheka ngesikhathi sokubulawa kwazo.

Ukubanjwa okukhulu kwemikhomo yokushayela ngesizini eyodwa emashumini eminyaka amuva nje bekungabantu abayi-1,203 ngo-2017, kepha kusukela ngo-2000 isilinganiso bekuyizilwane ezingama-670. Ngo-2023, inkathi yokuzingela imikhomo yaqala e-Faroe Islands ngoMeyi, kwathi ngoJuni 24 kwase kubulewe izilwane ezingaphezu kuka-500

Ngomhla ^zizi kuNhlaba kwabizwa i-Gland yokuqala ka-2024, lapho imikhomo engama-40 , yahudulelwa ogwini, futhi yabulawa edolobheni lase-Klaksvik. Ngomhla lu-1 ^{kuNhlangulana} , kwabulawa imikhomo engaphezu kuka-200 eduze kwedolobha laseHvannasund.

Amanye amaCetaceans Abulawa Eziqhingini ZaseFaroe

Ezinye izinhlobo zama-cetaceans ama-Faroese avunyelwe ukuzingela ihlengethwa lase-Atlantic elimhlophe emaceleni ( Lagenorhynchus acutus ), ihlengethwa elivamile le-bottlenose ( Tursiops truncatus ), ihlengethwa elinomlomo omhlophe ( Lagenorhynchus albirostris ), kanye nechweba le-porpoise ( Phocaena ). Okunye kwalokhu kungase kubanjwe ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-pilot whales njenge- bycatch , kanti amanye angase aqondiswe uma ebonwa phakathi nenkathi yokudotshwa kwemikhomo.

Kusukela ngo-2000 isilinganiso senani lamahlengethwa anezinhlangothi ezimhlophe abanjwa ngonyaka sibe ngu-298. Ngo-2022, uhulumeni wase-Faroe Islands wavuma ukunciphisa inani lamahlengethwa abanjwa ngesikhathi sokubulawa kwawo kwaminyaka yonke komshayeli womkhomo. Ngemuva komkhankaso oqoqe abantu abasayiniwe abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.3, uhulumeni waseFaroe umemezele ukuthi uzovumela kuphela ukubulala amahlengethwa angama-500 anezinhlangothi ezimhlophe eceleni kwemikhomo yendabuko enezimbobo ezinde ebulawa cishe ngama-700 ngonyaka.

Lesi sinyathelo sathathwa ngoba ngo-2021, amahlengethwa angu-1,500 abulawa kanye nemikhomo yokushayela olwandle i-Skalabotnur beach e-Eysturoy, eyeqa ingqikithi yeminyaka eyi-14 edlule. Umkhawulo wawuhloselwe ukuthi udonse iminyaka emibili kuphela, kuyilapho iKomidi Lezesayensi le-NAMMCO, i-North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission, libheke ukubanjwa okusimeme kwamahlengethwa anezinhlangothi ezimhlophe.

Lo mkhawulo wawunophawu kakhulu ngoba, ngaphandle kokuthinta amahlengethwa kuphela hhayi imikhomo yomshayeli, kusukela ngo-1996 kube neminye iminyaka emithathu kuphela lapho kwabulawa khona amahlengethwa angaphezu kuka-500 (2001, 2002, kanye no-2006), ngaphandle kokuphakama okungajwayelekile kuka-2021. hlaba. Kusukela ngo-1996, kubulawe amahlengethwa angama-270 anamacala amhlophe

Umkhankaso Wokulwa Nogaya

Kube nemikhankaso eminingi ezama ukumisa i-Grind futhi isindise imikhomo. I-Sea Shepherd Foundation, futhi manje i -Captain Paul Watson Foundation (eyayisungula kamuva nje ngemva kokuxoshwa kwayo yangaphambili, njengoba yangichazela engxoxweni yakamuva ) bebelokhu behola imikhankaso enjalo iminyaka eminingi.

Ukaputeni wezilwane ezidla inyama u-Paul Watson ubambe iqhaza ekulweni nokuzingelwa kwemikhomo yase-Faroese kusukela ngawo-1980, kodwa waqinisa imizamo yakhe ngo-2014 ngenkathi u-Sea Shepherd ethula i-"Operation GrindStop". Izishoshovu zazigada emanzini e-Faroe zizama ukuvikela imikhomo namahlengethwa ajahwa abantu baseziqhingini. Ngonyaka olandelayo benza okufanayo “nge-Operation Sleppið Grindini”, okwaholela ekuboshweni okuningana . Inkantolo yaseFaroese yathola izishoshovu ezinhlanu zase-Sea Shepherd zinecala, zaqala zabahlawulisa ukusuka ku-5,000 DKK kuya ku-35,000 DKK, kwathi i-Sea Shepherd Global yahlawuliswa u-75,000 DKK (ezinye zalezi zinhlawulo zashintshwa lapho kudluliswa icala).

Ngomhla ^ziyisi kuJulayi 2023, kaJohn Paul DeJoria ovela eCaptain Paul Watson Foundation wafika endaweni engaphandle komkhawulo wendawo wamamayela ayi-12 wamaFaroese ngenkathi uhlonipha isicelo sokungangeni emanzini aseFaroe kuze kube yilapho kubizwa “Gciza”, okwenzeka. ngomhlaka-9 ^kuJulayi . Ngenxa yalokho, uJohn Paul DeJoria waya endaweni okwakuhlatshwe kuyo eduze kwaseTorshavn. Ngeshwa, ayikwazanga ukumisa ukubulawa kwemikhomo engama-78 phambi kwamehlo amakhulu abagibeli bemikhumbi ehamba ngomkhumbi emkhunjini i-Ambition. Ukaputeni uPaul Watson uthe, " Abasebenzi be-John Paul DeJoria basihlonipha isicelo sokuthi bangangeni emanzini aseFaroe kodwa isicelo singaphansi kwesidingo sokusindisa izimpilo zezidalwa ezihlakaniphile nezizaziyo."

Manje sekukhona umfelandawonye obizwa ngokuthi Stop the Grind (STG) owakhiwe yinhlalakahle yezilwane, amalungelo ezilwane , nezinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo, ezifana ne-Sea Shepherd, Shared Planet, Born Free, People's Trust For Endangered Species, Blue Planet Society, British Divers Marine. Rescue, Viva!, The Vegan Kind, Marine Connection, Marine Mammal Care Centre, Shark Guardian, Dolphin Freedom UK, Peta Germany, Mr Biboo, Animal Defenders International, One Voice for the Animals, Orca Conservancy, Kyma Sea Conservation, Society For Dolphin I-Conservation Germany, Wtf: Where's The Fish, The Dolphin's Voice Organisation, kanye ne-Deutsche Stiftung Meeresschutz (Dsm).

Ngaphezu kwezindaba zenhlalakahle yezilwane nezokongiwa kwezilwane mayelana nemikhomo namahlengethwa, umkhankaso we-STG uphinde uthi umsebenzi kufanele ume ngenxa yama-Faroese. Kuwebhusayithi yabo, singafunda:

“Iziphathimandla zezempilo eZiqhingini zaseFaroe zeluleke umphakathi ukuthi uyeke ukudla imikhomo eyi-pilot. Ucwaningo ngokudliwa kwenyama yomkhomo seluveze ukuthi ingadala izinkinga ezingathi sína zezempilo njengokungakwazi ukuzivikela komzimba kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme ezinganeni. Kuphinde kwaxhunyaniswa nokulimala kokuthuthukiswa kwemizwa yengane, ukwanda kwamazinga esifo sikaParkinson, izinkinga zokujikeleza kwegazi, ngisho nokungazali kubantu abadala. Ngo-2008, u-Pál Weihe kanye no-Høgni Debes Joensen, ababeyizikhulu zezokwelapha zase-Faroe Islands ngaleso sikhathi, bathi inyama yomshayeli womkhomo kanye ne-blubber iqukethe inani eliningi le-mercury, ama-PCB, kanye nokuphuma kwe-DDT okwenza ingaphephile ukusetshenziswa abantu. I-Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority incose ukuthi abantu abadala banciphise ukudla kwabo inyama yomkhomo namabhulabhu ekudleni okukodwa nje ngenyanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane abakhulelwe, omama abancelisayo, nalabo abahlela ukukhulelwa bayelulekwa ukuba bangayidli nhlobo inyama yomkhomo.”

Eminye imikhankaso isuselwe ekunxenxeni izinguquko ezivumelwaneni zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhulula i-Grind emthethweni wokuvikela ojwayelekile. Isibonelo, imikhomo namahlengethwa avikelwe ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sokulondolozwa kwamaCetaceans Amancane ase-Baltic, Northeast Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS, 1991) kodwa asisebenzi eziqhingini zaseFaroe. I-Bonn Convention (Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979) nayo iyabavikela, kodwa iziQhingi zase-Faroe azikhululwa ngesivumelwano neDenmark.

I-whaling akulungile kuwo wonke amazinga angenzeka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezihilelekile, yiziphi amazwe azenzayo, futhi iyini inhloso yokuzingela. Naphezu kwemizamo eminingana yokuvimbela ukudotshwa kwemikhomo emhlabeni jikelele, kanye nempumelelo eyingxenye ezingeni likazwelonke nelamazwe ngamazwe, kukhulu kakhulu ukukhululwa kanye namazwe "akhohlakele" abonakala ebambelele ekhulwini le-18 ^lapho umkhomo usathandwa. NgoJuni 2024, uhulumeni wase -Iceland wagunyaza ukuzingela kwemikhomo engaphezu kwe-100 , naphezu kokumiswa okwesikhashana ngonyaka odlule ngenxa yokuqashelwa konya lokuzingela imikhomo ngombiko othunyelwe uhulumeni. Ilandela iJapan, i-Iceland iyizwe lesibili emhlabeni ukuvumela ukushushumbiswa kwemikhomo ukuthi kuqale kabusha kulo nyaka. INorway kube ngelinye lamazwe “akhohlakele” axakwe ngokubulala ama-cetaceans.

IDenmark kufanele ishiye ngemuva le kilabhu embi.