Humane Foundation

Hlangana Nomakhelwane kaBrandon Keim: Ukubheka Izilwane Ngesihawu

Ukubuyekezwa Kwencwadi: 'Hlangana Nomakhelwane' NguBrandon Keim Ngobubele Uhlanganisa Indaba Ngezilwane

Ngasekupheleni kuka-2016, isigameko esihilela ihansi lase-Canada endaweni yokupaka izimoto e-Atlanta savusa ukubonakaliswa okudabukisayo kwemizwa nobuhlakani besilwane. Ngemuva kokuthi ihansi ishaywe yabulawa yimoto, umngane wayo oshade naye ⁣00 wayiswa nsuku zonke izinyanga ezintathu, ebenza kulokho okwabonakala kungukuphamba okulimele. Ngenkathi imicabango nemizwa eqondile yehansi kuseyimpicabadala, umbhali wesayensi nemvelo uBrandon Keim uphikisa encwadini yakhe entsha ethi, “Meet the Neighbors: Animal Minds and ⁣ Life in the More-Than-Human⁣ World,” ukuthi thina akufanele igwebe ukunikeza imizwa eyinkimbinkimbi njengosizi, uthando, kanye nobungane ezilwaneni. Umsebenzi kaKeim usekelwa indikimba ekhulayo yobufakazi obuveza izilwane ⁤njengezidalwa ezihlakaniphile, ezingokomzwelo, nezihlalisana nabantu—“abantu esikanye nabo abangenzeki ukuze bangabi abantu.”

Incwadi kaKeim icubungula okutholwe yisayensi okusekela lo mbono, kodwa idlulela ngalé kwentshisekelo yokufunda nje. ⁤Ukhuthaza uguquko lwesimilo endleleni esibona ngayo futhi sihlanganyele nezilwane zasendle. NgokukaKeim, izilwane ezinjengamahansi, ama-raccoon, nama-salamanders akuzona nje izakhamuzi okufanele ziphathwe noma amayunithi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo; bangomakhelwane bethu, abafanelwe ⁢ubuntu obusemthethweni, ukumelwa kwezepolitiki, kanye nenhlonipho ngezimpilo zabo.

Le ncwadi inselele ⁢ukunyakaza kwemvelo okungokwesiko, okuvame ukubeka phambili ukongiwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nempilo ye-ecosystema ngaphezu kwenhlalakahle⁢ yesilwane ngasinye. U-Keim uphakamisa i-paradigm entsha ehlanganisa ukukhathazeka ⁣kwesilwane ngasinye namanani ⁤akhona okongiwa. Ukubhala kwakhe kuyafinyeleleka​ futhi kugcwele ilukuluku elithobekile mayelana ⁤imithelela engaba khona yale mibono.

U-Keim uqala ukuhlola kwakhe⁤ endaweni yaseMaryland ⁤, egcwele izilwane naphezu kokubusa komuntu. Ukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bacabange ngemiqondo⁢ yezidalwa ⁤abahlangana nazo, kusukela kondlunkulu abakha ubungane kuya kwezimfudu ezikhulumayo ukuze zixhumanise ukufuduka. Isilwane ngasinye, usho kanje, singothile,” futhi ukuqaphela lokhu kungaguqula ukusebenzisana kwethu kwansuku zonke nezilwane zasendle.

Le ncwadi futhi ikhuluma nemibuzo esebenzayo nengokwefilosofi mayelana nendlela yokuhlonipha izilwane zasendle ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke kanye nezinhlelo zezombusazwe. U-Keim ubhekisela emsebenzini onethonya wezazi zefilosofi zezombusazwe u-Sue Donaldson kanye no-Will Kymlicka, abaphakamisa ukuthi izilwane kufanele zifakwe ezingxoxweni zomphakathi. Lo mbono oqinile awumusha ngokuphelele, njengoba⁤ amasiko amaningi omdabu kudala egcizelela ubudlelwano nezibopho nezinye izidalwa.

Ukuthi “Hlangana Nomakhelwane” akulona nje ubizo lokubona izilwane ngendlela ehlukile kodwa ukwenza ngendlela ehlukile, ukukhuthaza izinguquko zesikhungo ezifaka ⁢izilwane ezinqubweni zokuthatha izinqumo zezombusazwe. ‍ UKeim ubheka ikusasa lapho izilwane zinabavikeli, ⁢ abameli bamalungelo axhaswe nguhulumeni , ngisho nokumelwa ⁤emikhandlwini yedolobha kanye ⁤Nobumbano Lwezizwe.

Ngokuhlanganisa ubufakazi besayensi nombono onozwela, incwadi ka-Keim imema abafundi ukuthi bacabange kabusha ubudlelwano babo⁢nesilwane ⁢umhlaba, ⁤ukukhuthaza ukuphilisana okubandakanya kakhulu nokunenhlonipho.

Ngasekupheleni kuka-2016, ihansi laseCanada lashaywa labulawa yimoto endaweni yokupaka izimoto e-Atlanta. Ezinyangeni ezintathu ezalandela, umngane wakhe womshado wayebuyela kuleyo ndawo nsuku zonke, ehlezi eceleni komgwaqo emlindelweni wokulila noyimfihlakalo. Asazi kahle-hle ukuthi yini eyaqhubeka emqondweni waleli hansi - ukuthi wazizwa kanjani ngalowo amlahlekele. Kodwa, kusho umlobi wesayensi nemvelo uBrandon Keim , akufanele sesabe ukusebenzisa amagama afana nosizi, uthando nobungane. Ngempela, uyabhala, indikimba ekhulayo yobufakazi ipenda ezinye izilwane eziningi njengezidalwa ezihlakaniphile, ezingokomzwelo nezingokwenhlalo— “abantu esikanye nabo okungenzeka bangebona abantu.”

Lobu bufakazi bakha ingxenye yokuqala yencwadi entsha ka-Keim, ethi, Hlangana Nomakhelwane: Ingqondo Yezilwane Nokuphila Ezweni Elingaphezu Komuntu . Kodwa kuKeim, nakuba isayensi yengqondo yezilwane iyithakasela yona ngokwayo, okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isho ukuthini le sayensi: inguquko yokuziphatha ebuhlotsheni bethu nezilwane zasendle. Amahansi, ama-raccoon nama-salamanders akuzona nje izakhamuzi okufanele ziphathwe, amayunithi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo noma abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem: bangomakhelwane bethu, banelungelo lokuba umuntu osemthethweni , ukumelwa kwezombusazwe kanye nokuhlonipha izimpilo zabo.

Bekuyosho Ukuthini Ukuphatha Izilwane Njengomuntu Ngamunye

Ukunyakaza kwemvelo okungokwesiko kugxile kakhulu ekongiweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nempilo yonke ye-ecosystem, ngaphandle kokunaka kakhulu inhlalakahle yesilwane ngasinye (ngaphandle kokunye). Kodwa inani elikhulayo lezazi zezinto eziphilayo , izintatheli zezilwane zasendle kanye nezazi zefilosofi ziphikisana ngokuthi sidinga indlela entsha yokucabanga ngezilwane zasendle. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kuholela ekungqubuzaneni phakathi kwabalondolozi bemvelo bamalungelo ezilwane , mayelana nezimiso zokuziphatha zezinto ezifana nama-zoo nokubulawa kwezilwane okungezona ezomdabu .

U-Keim, nokho, akanandaba nokungqubuzana kunalokho okungenzeka; akafuni ukulahla izindinganiso zakudala zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nempilo ye-ecosystem, kodwa esikhundleni salokho wenezele ngokukhathalela abantu ngabanye, hhayi nje abasengozini yokushabalala noma abathakazelayo. Incwadi yakhe iyafinyeleleka futhi inenhliziyo enkulu, ibhalwe ngelukuluku lokuzithoba mayelana nokuthi le mibono ingasiholela kuphi. “Lapho izilwane zingena ezimisweni zethu zokuziphatha zemvelo…kuwumsebenzi ongakaqedwa,” uyabhala. "Lowo msebenzi uwela kithi."

UKeim uyiqala le ncwadi kude nalokho esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi “ihlathi,” ngokuvakasha endaweni yaseMaryland “ebuswa abantu futhi echichima ukuphila kwezilwane.” Kunokuba avele aqambe amagama futhi aveze izinkulungwane zezidalwa azibonayo, usicela ukuba sicabange ngezingqondo zazo, ukuthi kunjani ukuba yilo.

Ondlunkulu besilisa abasebasha, siyafunda, bakha ubungane nabantu abathile, bechitha isikhathi nokuhlala eduze nabangane babo. Amadada asanda kuchanyuselwa abonakala eqonda imiqondo yokuhlolwa okufanayo nokuhlukile, okuphumelelayo okunzima kubantu abanezinyanga eziyisikhombisa ubudala. Izimfudu zicula “ukuze ziqondise ukufuduka nokunakekelwa kwabantwana bazo.” Ama-minnows anenkumbulo, amaxoxo angakwazi ukubala futhi izinyoka ze-garter ziyazazi, zihlukanisa iphunga lazo kunezinye izinyoka.

“Sonke isidalwa esisodwa ohlangana naso singothile , ” kubhala uKeim, futhi imiphumela ingavusa ukuhambahamba kwantambama: ingabe leyonyosi isesimweni esihle? Ingabe i-cottontail ijabulela ukudla kwakhe okunotshani? Lawo ma-swans asechibini angase "avote" - ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ama-whooper swans azoqala ukushaya ihuni ngaphambi kokundiza, futhi asuke kuphela lapho ama-honks efinyelela imvamisa ethile.

UKeim akafuni nje ukuthi sibheke izilwane zasendle ngendlela ehlukile, nokho; ufuna ukushintsha indlela esenza ngayo esikalini somuntu ngamunye nesesikhungo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuletha ezinye izilwane ekuthatheni izinqumo zezombusazwe - "Thina Bantu kufanele sifake nezilwane."

Ubeka indlela enethonya yezazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe u-Sue Donaldson kanye no-Will Kymlicka, ababhali bencwadi ka-2011 ethi Zoopolis: A Theory Political of Animal Rights . Ohlakeni lwabo, uKeim uyachaza, nakuba izilwane ezifuywayo kuphela njengezinja nezinkukhu ezizothola isikhundla esigcwele sokuba isakhamuzi, ondlunkulu nezingwejeje zasezindaweni ezingaphansi kwedolobha kufanele “zicatshangelwe futhi zimeleleke ngezinga elithile ezingxoxweni zomphakathi.” Lokhu kungasho “ukubulala [izilwane zasendle] ngenjongo yokudlala noma ukuzithokozisa akulungile; kanjalo nezingozi zokungcola, ukushayisana kwezimoto nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.”

Uma le mibono izwakala ingaqondakali noma ingenakwenzeka, uKeim ugcizelela ukuthi lokhu kuthembana akukusha. Amasiko amaningi oMdabu nawo agcizelela ubudlelwano obufanayo kanye nezibopho nezinye izidalwa, ezimele izilwane ezivumelwaneni nasekuthathweni kwezinqumo. Ethatha umbono omude, uKeim uyabhala, “ ukungabi nezilwane ezimelelwe kuwukungalaleli.”

Futhi lokho kuguquka kungenzeka kuyashintsha: Idolobha laseNew York, ngokwesibonelo, lineHhovisi likaMeya Lezenhlalakahle Yezilwane elimelela izidalwa ezifuywayo kanye nezasendle kuhulumeni wedolobha, likhuthaza iMisombuluko Engenanyama, ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni ezibhedlela nokwenza idolobha liyeke ukubulala. amahansi emapaki. Ngokuqagela okwengeziwe, uKeim uyabhala, ngolunye usuku singase sibone abavikeli bezilwane, abameli bamalungelo ezilwane abaxhaswe nguhulumeni, abamele izilwane emikhandlwini yamadolobha noma inxusa lezilwane le-UN.

Nakuba uKeim engagxili kulokhu, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ukumelela izilwane ngokwezombangazwe kungaguqula ubudlelwano bethu nezilwane ezithunjiwe emapulazini, ezindaweni zokusebenzela kanye nasezigayweni zomdlwane, kanye nalezo eziphila ngokukhululeka. Phela, izilwane ezifuywayo nazo ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo , njengezinja namakati - uma kufanele sihloniphe izidingo nezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane zasendle, kufanele futhi sinakekele izingqondo ezifuywayo. U-Keim ngokwakhe uncoma izimfanelo zamagundane, akwazi ukuhamba ngesikhathi somqondo kanye nezenzo zokuzidela - uma kufanele siwavikele e-rodenticide, njengoba esho, kufanele futhi sivikele izigidi zamagundane agcinwe kumalebhu ocwaningo.

Ukusebenza Kwezimiso Zokuziphatha Ezintsha Zamalungelo Ezilwane

Umbhali uBrandon Keim ufunda incwadi yakhe ethi Meet the Neighbors nembuzi egudla incwadi.
Ikhredithi: Brandon Keim

Enye incwadi iveza ukuthi ukuziphatha kokuhlonipha izilwane zasendle kungase kubukeke kanjani ekusebenzeni. Sihlangana noBrad Gates nabanye abalawuli bezilwane zasendle abaphatha amagundane nama-racoon njengengaphezu nje “kwezinambuzane,” besebenzisa izindlela ezingabulali ukuze bakhuthaze ukuphilisana. Njengoba uGates egcizelela, kufanele sikubeke eqhulwini ukugcina izilwane zasendle zingangeni emizini yabantu, ukuvimbela ukungqubuzana ngaphambi kokuba kuqale. Kodwa ama-raccoon angaba nzima ukwedlula ubuhlakani: lapho esethole i-raccoon engumama owayefunde ukusebenzisa isivalo segaraji esisebenza ngogesi, esisebenzisela ukuyofuna ukudla njalo ebusuku, bese esivala futhi ngaphambi kokusa.

Kamuva encwadini, sivakashela i-Washington, DC's City Wildlife Hospital, enakekela izilwane zasemadolobheni okungenzeka ukuthi ziyizintandane yimoto, ezihlaselwe ezinye izilwane noma zashayiswa yibhayisikili. Kunokuba igxile kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezisengozini yokushabalala noma ezisongelwa, njengoba kwenza amanye amaqembu ezilwane zasendle, i-City Wildlife ithatha izilwane ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kumadada okhuni kuye kwezingwejeje nezimfudu zasebhokisini. UKeim ucabanga ngalo mehluko wendlela yokwenza njengoba ehlangana nama-hedgehogs amabili asengozini endleleni ematasa: “Ngangidinga usizo lwezilwane zasendle ezimbili ezithile - hhayi inani labantu, hhayi uhlobo lwezilwane, kodwa izidalwa ezivevezela ezandleni zami - futhi ayikho inhlangano yokongiwa kwemvelo... Usizo." Ngempela, uma uthi nhlá imizamo ye-City Wildlife, engasiza isibalo esincane sezilwane ngonyaka, ingase ibonakale iyisiphazamiso ezindleleni zokongiwa kwemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Kodwa, ngokusho kukaKeim kanye nabanye ochwepheshe abaxoxisana nabo, lezi zindlela ezahlukene zokubuka izilwane - njengezilwane okufanele zigcinwe, futhi njengabantu ngabanye okufanele bahloniphe - zingadla zodwa. Abantu abafunda ukunakekela ijuba elithile bangase bakwazise ngendlela entsha yonke impilo yezinyoni; njengoba uKeim ebuza, “ingabe umphakathi ongayiboni i-mallard eyodwa njengefanele ukunakekelwa ngempela uzovikela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, noma?”

Umbuzo Wefilosofi Wokuhlupheka Kwezilwane Zasendle

Lezi zinhlelo ziyisibonelo esithembisayo uma kuziwa ekunakekeleni izilwane zasendle zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni, kodwa izinkulumo-mpikiswano zingadala ingxabano uma kuziwa ezindaweni eziwugwadule. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphathwa kwezilwane zasendle e-United States kuxhaswa kakhulu ukuzingela , okucasula kakhulu abameli bezilwane. U-Keim uphusha i-paradigm entsha engancikile ekubulaleni. Kodwa, njengoba ebhala, izindlela zokulwa nokuzingela zivame ukukhuthaza ukuhlehla okubi.

I-Keim iphinde inselele indlela ebusayo ezilwaneni ezingezona ezomdabu, okuwukuzithatha njengabahlaseli nokuzisusa, ngokuvamile ezibulalayo. Nalapha futhi, uKeim ugcizelela ukuthi akufanele silahlekelwe umbono wezilwane njengabantu ngabanye , futhi uphakamisa ukuthi akubona bonke abahlaseli abangalungile ku-ecosystem.

Mhlawumbe ingxoxo yencwadi evusa inkanuko kakhulu iza esahlukweni sokugcina, lapho uKeim engabheki nje okuhle ezimpilweni zezilwane zasendle - kodwa ezimbi. Esebenzisa umsebenzi wesazi sezimiso zokuziphatha u-Oscar Horta, uKeim uhlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi izilwane zasendle eziningi empeleni zilusizi: ziyalamba, zihlushwa izifo, ziyadliwa futhi iningi aliphili ukuze zizalane. Lo mbono ongemuhle, uma uyiqiniso, uveza imiphumela ecindezelayo: ukucekela phansi indawo yasendle kungase kube kuhle kakhulu, kusho isazi sefilosofi uBrian Tomasik , ngoba kuvikela izilwane ezizayo ekuphileni okugcwele ukuhlupheka.

U-Keim uthatha le mpikiswano ngokungathi sína, kodwa, ephefumulelwe isazi sezimiso zokuziphatha uHeather Browning , uphetha ngokuthi lokhu kugcizelelwa kobuhlungu kushiya ngaphandle yonke intokozo ekuphileni kwezilwane zasendle. Kungase kube nezinjabulo ezitholakala “ekuhloleni, ekunakeni, ekufundeni, ekubukeni, ekunyakazeni, nasekusebenzeleni ukuzivivinya,” futhi mhlawumbe ezikhona nje— ezinye izinyoni, ubufakazi busikisela , zijabulela ukucula ngenxa yazo. Ngempela, ingxenye enkulu yencwadi kaKeim ukuthi izingqondo zezilwane zigcwele futhi zicebile, ziqukethe okungaphezu nje kobuhlungu.

Nakuba singadinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze sazi ukuthi ubuhlungu noma ubumnandi bukhona, u-Keim uyasivumela, lezi zinkulumo-mpikiswano ezinjengameva akufanele zisivimbele ekusebenzeni lapha namanje. Ulandisa okuhlangenwe nakho okusiza izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni ukuba ziwele umgwaqo ngokuphepha, zijabulela “ngalowo mzuzu wokuhlangana nexoxo noma intulo.” Isihloko sencwadi yakhe siqonde ukubaluleka: laba omakhelwane bethu, abakude noma abafokazi kodwa ubudlelwano obufanele ukunakekelwa. “Ngamunye engingawusindisa uwukucwayiza kokukhanya kulo mhlaba, uhlamvu lwesihlabathi esikalini sokuphila.”

Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku-SeintMedia.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono yesisekelo Humane Foundation.

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