E-United States, umdanso oyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwemboni yenyama kanye nepolitiki yombuso ungamandla anamandla futhi ngokuvamile awabongwa abumba indawo yezwe yezolimo. Umkhakha wezolimo wezilwane, ohlanganisa imfuyo, inyama, kanye nezimboni zobisi, unethonya elikhulu phezu kwezinqubomgomo zokukhiqiza ukudla zase-US. Leli thonya libonakala ngokunikela okukhulu kwezepolitiki, imizamo yokunxenxa enamandla, kanye nemikhankaso yobudlelwano bomphakathi yamasu ehloselwe ukubumba imibono yomphakathi kanye nenqubomgomo ukuze ivune bona.
Isibonelo esihle salokhu kusebenzisana Umthethosivivinywa Wepulazi, iphakethe lomthetho eliphelele elibusa futhi lixhase ngezimali izici ezihlukahlukene zezolimo zaseMelika. Ugunyazwa kabusha njalo ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, uMthethosivivinywa Wepulazi awuthinti amapulazi kuphela kodwa futhi nezinhlelo zikazwelonke zezitembu zokudla, izinhlelo zokuvimbela umlilo wequbula, kanye nemizamo yokonga i-USDA. Umthelela wemboni yenyama kulo mthetho ugcizelela umthelela wayo obanzi kwezombusazwe zase-US, njengoba amabhizinisi ezolimo efuna ngokujulile ukuze alolonge izinhlinzeko zomthethosivivinywa.
Ngale iminikelo yezimali eqondile, imboni yenyama izuza ezinsizeni zikahulumeni, lokho, ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, okungezona izizathu eziyinhloko zokukwazi ukuthengeka inyama. Kunalokho, izindlela zokukhiqiza ezisebenza kahle kanye 'nomqondo wokudla oshibhile' kwehlisa izindleko, kuyilapho izindleko eziphathelene nemvelo kanye nempilo zikhishwa ngaphandle futhi zithwalwa umphakathi.
Indima yezepolitiki yale mboni iphinde ifakazelwe yizindleko zayo ezinkulu zokunxenxa kanye noxhaso lwesu lwabangenele ukhetho lwezepolitiki, ikakhulukazi elivuna amaRiphabhulikhi. Lokhu kwesekwa kwezezimali kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela yomthetho ihambisana nezintshisakalo zemboni, njengoba kubonakala engxoxweni eqhubekayo mayelana ne-Proposition 12 yase-California, efuna ukuvala ukuvalelwa kwemfuyo ngokweqile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni yenyama itshala kakhulu ekubumbeni umbono womphakathi ngocwaningo oluxhaswe yimboni nezinhlelo zemfundo eziklanyelwe ukuphikisa ukulandisa okungekuhle mayelana nomthelela wemvelo wenyama. Imizamo efana ne-Dublin Declaration kanye nohlelo lwe-Masters of Beef Advocacy lubonisa ukuthi imboni ifuna kanjani ukugcina isithombe sayo esihle futhi ibe nomthelela ekuziphatheni kwabathengi.
umthelela ofanayo phakathi kwemboni yenyama nepolitiki yase-US iwubudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi futhi obunezici eziningi obuthinta kakhulu izinqubomgomo zezolimo, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Ukuqonda lokhu okuguquguqukayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni imithelela ebanzi yokukhiqizwa kokudla eMelika.
E-US, ukukhiqizwa kokudla kulawulwa futhi kuvinjwe uchungechunge lwemithetho, izimiso nezinhlelo ezisungulwe uhulumeni wobumbano. Lezi zinqubomgomo zidlala indima enkulu ekunqumeni impumelelo noma ukwehluleka kwamabhizinisi ezolimo, ngakho ngokwemvelo, amalungu emboni azama ukuthonya ukuthi lezi zinqubomgomo zibukeka kanjani. Ngenxa yalezi zikhuthazo, imboni yezolimo yezilwane ilolongela ezombusazwe zase-US ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi baseMelika abaqaphelayo, futhi inendima enkulu ekunqumeni ukuthi yikuphi ukudla okugcina kumapuleti ethu.
Izimboni okukhulunywa ngazo - ikakhulukazi imfuyo, izimboni zenyama nezobisi - zinethonya ngezindlela eziningi, ezinye ziqonde kakhulu kunezinye. Ngokungeziwe ekusebenziseni imali eningi ekunikeleni kwezombusazwe nasekunxenxeni abantu, baphinde bazame ukumisa imibono yomphakathi mayelana nemikhiqizo yabo , futhi balwe nokulandisa okungekuhle okungalimaza ukuthengisa kwabo noma kuthonye abenzi bezinqubomgomo.
Umthethosivivinywa Wepulazi
Esinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokuthi ukulima kwezilwane kuyithinta kanjani ipolitiki yase-US uMthethosivivinywa Wepulazi.
Umthethosivivinywa wePulazi uwumthetho ofinyelela kude olawula, oxhasa ngezimali futhi osiza imikhakha yezolimo yaseMelika. Idinga ukugunyazwa kabusha njalo eminyakeni emihlanu, futhi inikezwe ukubaluleka kwayo ekukhiqizweni kokudla kwaseMelika, ithathwa njengomthetho “okufanele kuphasiswe” e-United States.
Ngaphandle kwegama lawo, uMthethosivivinywa wePulazi uthinta kakhulu ngaphezu kwamapulazi nje . Ingxenye ebalulekile yenqubomgomo yombuso iyamiswa, ixhaswe futhi iqondiswe ngoMthethosivivinywa Wepulazi, okuhlanganisa uhlelo lukazwelonke lwezitembu zokudla, izinhlelo zokuvimbela umlilo wequbula kanye nezinhlelo zokongiwa kwe-USDA. Iphinde ilawule izinzuzo nezinsiza zezezimali ezahlukahlukene abalimi abazithola kuhulumeni wobumbano, njengemixhaso, umshwalense wezitshalo kanye nemalimboleko.
Indlela Izindleko Zangempela Zokulima Kwezilwane Ezixhaswa Ngayo
Izibonelelo ziyizinkokhelo uhulumeni wase-US azinikeza abalimi bezimpahla ezithile, kodwa naphezu kwalokho okungenzeka ukuthi uke wakuzwa, uxhaso alusona isizathu sokuthi inyama ithengeke. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ingxenye ephezulu yalezi zinkokhelo zomphakathi ziya embonini yenyama: njalo ngonyaka, abakhiqizi bemfuyo base-US bathola imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50 zamaRandi ezixhaso zikahulumeni, ngokusho kwencwadi kaDavid Simon ethi Meatonomics . Yimali eningi leyo, kodwa akusona isizathu esenza ukuthi inyama ingabizi futhi ibe ningi.
Izindleko zokutshala ummbila nokudla kwesoya, kanye nezindleko zokukhulisa izilwane ngokwazo, ikakhulukazi inkukhu kodwa nengulube, konke kusebenza ngendlela emangalisayo. Okuthile okubizwa nge-' cheaper food paradigm ' kuchaza ukuthi lokhu kudlala kanjani. Lapho umphakathi ukhiqiza ukudla okwengeziwe, ukudla kube kushibhile. Lapho ukudla kuncipha, abantu badla kakhulu, okwenza izindleko zokudla zehle nakakhulu. Ngokombiko we-Chatham House wango-2021, “uma sikhiqiza kakhulu, ukudla kuba okushibhile, futhi sikudla kakhulu.”
Khonamanjalo, izindleko ezisele ezihambisana nenyama yezimboni - umoya ongcolile, amanzi angcolile, ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nenhlabathi eyonakele, ukubala ezimbalwa - azikhokhwa yimboni yenyama.
I-US inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokudliwa kwenyama emhlabeni , futhi uhulumeni wase-US ukhuthaza ukudliwa kwenyama ngezindlela eziningi. Thatha ukudla kwasemini kwesikole, isibonelo. Izikole zomphakathi zingathenga ukudla kwasemini kuhulumeni ngesaphulelo, kodwa kuphela ohlwini olukhethwe kusengaphambili lokudla olunikezwa yi-USDA. Izikole zidingeka ngokomthetho ukuthi zinikeze abafundi bazo ubisi lobisi, kanti nakuba kungadingeki ukuba banikeze inyama, kufanele bafake amaprotheni kumamenyu abo - futhi njengoba kuvela, iningi lamaprotheni ohlwini lokudla lwe-USDA. yinyama .
Ukuthi Ukunxenxa Kwebhizinisi Lezolimo Kuwuthinta Kanjani Umthethosivivinywa Wepulazi
Umthethosivivinywa Wepulazi udonsa ukunakwa okukhulu nezinsiza lapho kufika isikhathi sokuwugunyaza kabusha. Amabhizinisi ezolimo anxenxa abenzi bezomthetho ngokungaphezi emzamweni wokubumba umthethosivivinywa (okuningi ngalokho kamuva), bese labo baphathi bezomthetho bese bephikisana ngokuthi umthethosivivinywa kufanele uhlanganise ini nokungafanele ukuhlanganise nani. Umthethosivivinywa wokugcina wePulazi waphasiswa ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2018; kusukela lapho, i-agribusiness isichithe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-500 emizamweni yokunxenxa ukuzama ukulungisa elandelayo, ngokocwaningo lwe-Union of Concerned Scientists.
ICongress iphakathi kokudingida uMthethosivivinywa Wepulazi olandelayo . Kulokhu, iphuzu elilodwa eliyinhloko lokungqubuzana i-Proposition 12, isiphakamiso sokuvota saseCalifornia esivimbela ukuvalelwa ngokweqile kwemfuyo futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, sivimbela ukuthengiswa kwenyama eyakhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ukuvalelwa ngokweqile. Zombili izinhlangothi zishicilele inguqulo yazo ehlongozwayo yoMthethosivivinywa Wezolimo olandelayo. Abenzi bomthetho baseRiphabhlikhi bafuna ukuthi uMthethosivivinywa Wepulazi ubandakanye inhlinzeko ezowuchitha lo mthetho, kuyilapho amaDemocrats engenakho lokho okuhlinzekwa esiphakamisweni sabo.
Indlela Imboni Yezolimo Yezilwane Ixhasa Ngayo Osopolitiki
Inguqulo yokugcina yoMthethosivivinywa Wepulazi inqunywa abenzi bomthetho, futhi abaningi balabo benzi bomthetho bathola iminikelo embonini yenyama. Lena enye indlela ukulima kwezilwane okuthinta ngayo ezombusazwe zase-US: iminikelo yezombangazwe. Ngokomthetho, izinkampani azikwazi ukunikeza imali ngokuqondile kubantu abazongenela ihhovisi likahulumeni, kodwa lokhu akuvimbeli njengoba kungase kuzwakale.
Ngokwesibonelo, amabhizinisi asenganikela kumakomiti esenzo sezombusazwe (ama-PAC) asekela amakhandidethi athile, noma okunye, asungule awawo ama-PAC angenza ngawo iminikelo yezombusazwe . Abasebenzi abacebile bezinkampani, njengabanikazi nama-CEO, bakhululekile ukunikela kumakhandidethi enhlangano njengabantu ngabanye, futhi izinkampani zikhululekile ukwenza izikhangiso zokweseka abathile. Kwezinye izifundazwe, amabhizinisi anganikela ngokuqondile kumakhandidethi ehhovisi lesifunda nelendawo, noma amakomiti eqembu lesifunda.
Konke lokhu kusekude ukusho ukuthi azikho izindlela ezishodayo zokuthi imboni - kulokhu, imboni yenyama neyobisi - yokuxhasa ngezimali abangenele ukhetho kwezepolitiki kanye nabaphathi bamahhovisi. Ngenxa yewebhusayithi yokulandelela umnikelo wezezimali I-Open Secrets, singabona ukuthi abadlali abakhulu embonini yenyama banikele kangakanani osopolitiki , nokuthi yibaphi abezombangazwe abanikele kubo.
Kusukela ngo-1990, izinkampani zenyama zenze imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-27 zamaRandi emalini yezepolitiki, ngokusho kwe-Open Secrets. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kokubili iminikelo eqondile eya kubakhandidethi kanye neminikelo kuma-PAC, amaqembu ezombusazwe wombuso namanye amaqembu angaphandle. Ngo-2020, imboni yenza imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3.3 zamarandi ngeminikelo yezepolitiki. Nokho, khumbula ukuthi lezi zibalo zivela ezinkampanini ezinkulu zenyama ezifana neSmithfield namaqembu afana neNorth American Meat Institute, kodwa amaqembu emboni yezokudla nawo anethonya, muva nje efuna umthetho omusha wokusheshisa lokho okubizwa nge-“climate-smart” izithasiselo zemboni yokuphakelayo , isibonelo.
Abamukeli nabahlomuli bale mali iningi labo bekungamaRiphabhulikhi. Nakuba izilinganiso zishintshashintsha unyaka nonyaka, ukuthambekela okujwayelekile bekulokhu kuvumelana: kunoma yimuphi umjikelezo wokhetho, cishe amaphesenti angama-75 emali yemboni yezolimo yezilwane iya kumaRiphabhulikhi nasemaqenjini alondolozayo, kanti amaphesenti angu-25 aya kumaDemocrats nasemaqenjini enkululeko.
Isibonelo, phakathi nomjikelezo wokhetho lwango-2022 - okwakamuva kakhulu okutholakala kuzo idatha egcwele - imboni yenyama neyobisi inikeze ama-dollar ayi-1,197,243 kwabangenele ukhetho baseRiphabhulikhi namaqembu alondolozayo, kanye no-$310,309 kwabangenele ukhetho lweDemocratic Alliance namaqembu enkululeko, ngokusho kwe-Open Secrets.
Ithonya Lezombangazwe Ngokunxenxa
Iminikelo yezepolitiki ingenye yezindlela izimboni zemfuyo, zenyama nezobisi ezithinta ngayo abenzi bomthetho base-US kanye nokuma kwemithetho yase-US. Ukunxenxa okunye.
Ama-lobbyists empeleni angabalamuli phakathi kwezimboni nabenzi bomthetho. Uma inkampani ifuna kuphasiswe noma kuvinjwe umthetho othile, izoqasha umgqugquzeli ukuthi ahlangane nabenzi bomthetho abafanelekile, futhi izame ukubakholisa ukuthi baphasise noma bavimbele umthetho okukhulunywa ngawo. Isikhathi esiningi, ama-lobbyists ngokwabo abhala umthetho futhi "bawuphakamise" kubenzi bomthetho.
Ngokusho kwe-Open Secrets, imboni yenyama isisebenzise imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-97 zamaRandi ekunxenxeni abantu kusukela ngo-1998. Lokhu kusho ukuthi phakathi nekota yekhulu edlule, imboni ichithe imali ephindwe kathathu ekunxenxeni abantu imali njengoba beyisebenzisa ekunikeleni ngepolitiki.
Indlela Imboni Yezolimo Yezilwane Ewubumba Ngayo Umbono Womphakathi
Nakuba indima yemali kwezombusazwe kungafanele ilulazwe, abenzi bomthetho bayathonywa nayimibono yomphakathi. Kanjalo, izimboni zenyama nezobisi zichithe isikhathi nemali ebalulekile zizama ukubumba umbono womphakathi , futhi ikakhulukazi, umbono womphakathi ozungeza umthelela wemvelo wenyama.
Noma ngabe uyisika kanjani, ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yezimboni kubi emvelweni. Leli qiniso belilokhu lithola ukunakwa okwengeziwe kwabezindaba muva nje, futhi imboni yenyama, yona, izama kanzima ukudaka amanzi esayensi.
'Isayensi' Exhaswe Ngemboni
Enye indlela okwenziwa ngayo lokhu ukusabalalisa izifundo ezipenda imboni ngendlela enhle. Leli yisu elijwayelekile lezepolitiki elisetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi; mhlawumbe isibonelo esibi kakhulu i-Big Tobacco , okuthe kusukela ngawo-1950 yakha izinhlangano zonke futhi yaxhasa ngezimali izifundo ezingenakubalwa ezehlisa imithelela emibi yezempilo yokubhema ugwayi.
Embonini yenyama, isibonelo esisodwa salokhu into ebizwa ngokuthi i- Dublin Declaration of Scientists on the Societal Role of Livestock . Ishicilelwe ngo-2022, iSimemezelo saseDublin siyidokhumenti emfushane egqamisa lokho elikushoyo ngezinzuzo zezempilo, ezemvelo nezenhlalo yezolimo zezilwane ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenyama. Ithi izimiso zemfuyo “ziyigugu kakhulu emphakathini ukuba zingaba isisulu sokwenza lula, ukunciphisa noma ukushisekela,” futhi “kumelwe ziqhubeke zigxilile futhi zamukelwa kabanzi emphakathini.”
Lo mbhalo ekuqaleni wasayinwa ososayensi abacishe babe ngu-1,000, okuwunikeza umoya wokwethembeka. Kodwa iningi lalabo sosayensi banobudlelwane nemboni yenyama ; ingxenye yesithathu yabo ayinalo ulwazi olufanele lwesayensi yezemvelo noma yezempilo, futhi okungenani ishumi nambili kubo liqashwe ngokuqondile imboni yenyama .
Noma kunjalo, iSimemezelo saseDublin sasakazwa ngokulangazela yilabo abasembonini yenyama futhi sathola ukunakwa okubalulekile kwabezindaba , okuningi kwakho okuvele kuphindaphinde izimangalo zabasayina ngaphandle kokuphenya ubuqiniso balezo zimangalo.
Uxhaso Lwezinhlelo 'Zezemfundo'
Khonamanjalo, i-National Cattlemen's Beef Association, inhlangano eyinhloko yokunxenxa imboni yenyama yenkomo, idale uhlelo lwezemfundo mbumbulu olubizwa ngokuthi i-Masters of Beef Advocacy , noma i-MBA ngamafuphi (bona ukuthi benzeni lapho?). Kuyisifundo esisebenzayo sokuqeqesha abagqugquzeli, abafundi kanye nabanye abangaba abasakazi benkomo yenkomo, futhi ibahlinzeka ngamasu okukhuza isimangalo (esifanele) sokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yenkomo kuyingozi emvelweni. Bangaphezu kuka-21,000 abantu “asebephothule” lolu hlelo kuze kube manje.
Ngokusho kwentatheli ye-Guardian ethole “i-MBA” yayo (uhlelo alunikezi amadigri empeleni), ababhalisile bakhuthazwa ukuba “bahlanganyele ngokuqhubekayo nabathengi ku-inthanethi nokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi ngezihloko zemvelo,” futhi banikezwa amaphuzu okukhuluma kanye ne-infographics ukuze babasize. yenza njalo.
Lesi akusona isikhathi kuphela lapho abakhiqizi benyama beqale khona umkhankaso wobudlelwano nomphakathi osanda kugqama kwezemfundo. Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, imboni yengulube ihlanganyele namanyuvesi omphakathi ukwethula into ebizwa ngokuthi “I-Real Pork Trust Consortium,” uchungechunge lwezinhlelo ezihloselwe ukuvuselela isithunzi somphakathi sale mboni. Lesi bekuyisibonelo sakamuva nje semboni yenyama esebenzisana namanyuvesi omphakathi ngenhloso yokugcina yokukhuthaza ukudliwa kwenyama kanye nokuqinisa imboni yenyama.
Ukuhlanganisa Wonke Lawa Mathonya
Izimboni zemfuyo, inyama nezobisi zizama ukuthonya inqubomgomo yase-US ngezindlela eziningi ezisobala. Okunzima ukukubona ukuthi le mizamo iphumelela kangakanani. Akwenzeki ngempela ukudweba umugqa oqondile phakathi, ake sithi, umnikelo emkhankasweni wepolitiki kanye nevoti lalowo sopolitiki esiqeshini somthetho, njengoba ingekho indlela yokwazi ukuthi bebezovota kanjani ngaphandle kwalowo mnikelo.
Nokho, ngobubanzi, kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi izimboni okukhulunywa ngazo zibe nomthelela okungenani obalulekile kwezepolitiki nenqubomgomo yase-US. Uxhaso olukhulu olunikezwa uhulumeni wase-US kubakhiqizi bezolimo bebonke, kanye nemboni yenyama ngokukhethekile, iyisibonelo salokhu.
Impi yamanje ngeSiphakamiso 12 nayo iyisibonelo esiwusizo. Imboni yenyama ibiphikisana kakhulu neProp 12 kusukela ngosuku lokuqala , njengoba inyusa kakhulu izindleko zayo zokukhiqiza . Abenzi bomthetho baseRiphabhulikhi yibona abamukela kakhulu iminikelo yezombusazwe evela embonini yenyama, futhi manje, abenzi bomthetho baseRiphabhulikhi bazama ukuqeda iSiphakamiso se-12 ngoMthethosivivinywa Wepulazi .
Ukuzama ukulinganisa ithonya lemboni embonweni womphakathi kunzima kakhulu, kodwa futhi, singabona izimpawu zomkhankaso wayo wokukhipha ulwazi olusha. NgoMeyi, izifundazwe ezimbili zaseMelika zavala ukudayiswa kwenyama etshalwe elebhu . Ekuthetheleleni ukuvinjelwa kombuso wakhe, uHulumeni waseFlorida uRon DeSantis wayesho kaningi ukuthi kunetulo elikhululekile lokuqeda yonke inyama ekhiqizwayo (ayikho).
Umuntu oyedwa owazwakalisa ukusekela ukuvinjelwa kwenyama etshalwe elebhu kwakunguSeni wasePennsylvania uJohn Fetterman. Akubanga isimanga: IFlorida nePennsylvania zombili zinezimboni ezinkulu zezinkomo , futhi nakuba inyama ekhuliswe elebhu endaweni yayo yamanje ikude nosongo kulezo zimboni, nokho kuyiqiniso ukuthi bobabili uFetterman kanye neDeSantis banezisusa zezombangazwe zokuthi “bame. nge” nezindawo zabo zokufuya izinkomo, futhi baphikisane nenyama etshalwe elebhu.
Konke lokhu kuyindlela ende yokusho ukuthi osopolitiki abaningi - kuhlanganise nabanye, njengoDeSantis noFetterman, ezifundazweni ezinyakazayo - basekela ukulima kwezilwane ngesizathu esiyisisekelo sezombusazwe: ukuthola amavoti.
Umugqa Ophansi
Okungcono noma okubi kakhulu, ukulima kwezilwane kuyingxenye emaphakathi yempilo yaseMelika, futhi cishe kuzohlala kunjalo isikhathi esithile. Impilo yabantu abaningi incike empumelelweni yaleyo mboni, futhi akumangazi ukuthi izama ukubumba imithetho eyilawulayo.
Kodwa nakuba wonke umuntu edinga ukudla, izinga lokusetshenziswa kweMelika alinakusimama , futhi ukulangazelela kwethu inyama kunomthelela omkhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ngeshwa, uhlobo lwenqubomgomo yokudla yase-US ikakhulukazi lusebenza ekugxiliseni nasekuqiniseni le mikhuba - futhi iyona kanye indlela ibhizinisi lezolimo elikufuna ngayo.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku-SeintMedia.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono yesisekelo Humane Foundation.