Umwanda uhumanya ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni ikibazo cy’ibidukikije cyagiye cyitabwaho mu myaka yashize. Nubwo abantu benshi bazi ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’inganda n’ubwikorezi, uruhare rw’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo mu kugira uruhare muri ibyo bibazo akenshi rwirengagizwa. Umusaruro w’inyama, amata, n’ibindi bikomoka ku nyamaswa n’uruhare runini mu ihumana ry’ikirere no mu kirere cyangiza ikirere, bigatuma ritera uruhare runini rw’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Mubyukuri, ubuhinzi bwinyamanswa bwagereranijwe ko butanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere kuruta urwego rwose rutwara abantu. Ibyo byuka biva mu masoko atandukanye mu nganda, harimo gucunga ifumbire, umusaruro w’ibiryo, no gutwara amatungo n’ibikomoka ku matungo. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa ku ihumana ry’ikirere no mu kirere cyangiza ikirere, tunasuzume igisubizo gishobora kugabanywa ibidukikije. Mugusobanukirwa aho ikibazo giteye no gutera intambwe igana ku mpinduka, turashobora gukora tugana ahazaza heza kandi hafite ubuzima bwiza kuri iyi si yacu.
Ingaruka z'ubuhinzi bw'amatungo
Ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije bitandukanye, bigira uruhare mu bibazo bikomeye nko gutema amashyamba, kwanduza amazi, no kwangirika kw’ubutaka. Ubutaka bunini busabwa mu korora amatungo butera amashyamba menshi, kubera ko ahantu hanini h’amashyamba hasukuwe kugira ngo habeho urwuri cyangwa guhinga imyaka yo kugaburira amatungo. Gutema amashyamba ntabwo byangiza gusa ubuturo bw'agaciro ahubwo binagabanya isi muri rusange ubushobozi bwo gufata karubone. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha cyane ifumbire n’ifumbire mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa bigira uruhare mu kwanduza amazi, kuko ibyo bintu bishobora kwanduza amazi y’amazi, bikangiza ibidukikije by’amazi kandi bikaba byagira ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu. Byongeye kandi, kurisha amatungo guhoraho bishobora gutera isuri no kwangirika, kugabanya uburumbuke bwayo no guhungabanya ubushobozi bwayo bwo gushyigikira ibikorwa byubuhinzi bizaza. Ni ngombwa ko dukemura ingaruka z’ibidukikije mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa kugira ngo ejo hazaza harambye kandi heza ku isi yacu.
Kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya binyuze mubikorwa birambye
Mu rwego rwo kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije ku buhinzi bw’inyamaswa, gushyira mu bikorwa imikorere irambye ni ngombwa. Mugukoresha iyi myitozo, turashobora kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere kandi tugatanga umusanzu mubuzima bwiza. Imwe mungamba zifatika nugushira mubikorwa uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga imyanda, nka anaerobic digester, ishobora guhindura imyanda yinyamanswa muri biogaz kugirango itange ingufu. Ibi ntibifasha gusa kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ahubwo binatanga isoko yingufu zishobora kubaho. Byongeye kandi, kwimukira mu mafunguro ashingiye ku bimera cyangwa gushyiramo ubundi buryo bushingiye ku bimera bishobora kugabanya cyane ibikenerwa n’ibikomoka ku matungo, amaherezo bikagabanya ibikenerwa n’ubworozi bunini n’ibyuka bihumanya. Byongeye kandi, gushyira mubikorwa ubuhinzi bushya, nko kurisha kuzunguruka no guhinga ibihingwa, birashobora gufasha kugarura no guteza imbere ubuzima bwubutaka, bigatuma imyuka ya karubone yiyongera kandi ibyuka bihumanya. Mugukurikiza imikorere irambye, dushobora gutera intambwe igaragara mukugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no guteza imbere uburyo bwangiza ibidukikije mubuhinzi bwinyamaswa.
Isano iri hagati ya metani n'inka
Methane, gaze ya parike ikomeye, ifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ubworozi, cyane cyane binyuze mu igogorwa ry’inka. Nkuko inka zinogeye ibiryo byazo, zitanga metani binyuze muri fermentation enteric, inzira karemano muri sisitemu igoye. Methane noneho irekurwa binyuze muri burps na flatulence. Bigereranijwe ko hafi 30% y’ibyuka bya metani ku isi bishobora guterwa n’amatungo, inka zikaba ari zo zitanga uruhare runini. Iri sano riri hagati ya metani n’inka riteza ikibazo gikomeye mu guhangana n’imyuka ihumanya ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa. Imbaraga zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere zirimo ingamba nko kunoza imikorere y’ibiryo no gushyira mu bikorwa ihinduka ry’imirire igabanya umusaruro wa metani bitabangamiye ubuzima n’imibereho y’inyamaswa. Mugukemura isano iri hagati ya metani ninka, turashobora gufata ingamba zikomeye zo kugabanya ingaruka rusange z’ibidukikije by’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa no gukora ejo hazaza heza.
Uruhare rw'amabwiriza ya leta
Amabwiriza ya leta afite uruhare runini mu guhangana n’imyuka ihumanya ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa no gushyira mu bikorwa amahame akomeye y’ibidukikije, guverinoma zishobora kwemeza ko imirima n’imikorere y’ubuhinzi byubahiriza imipaka y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ndetse n’ingamba zo gukumira umwanda. Aya mabwiriza ashobora kuba akubiyemo ibisabwa mu gucunga neza imyanda y’amatungo, gukoresha ingufu zituruka ku kongera ingufu, no gukoresha uburyo bwo guhinga burambye. Byongeye kandi, ibigo bya leta birashobora gutera inkunga no gutera inkunga abahinzi kwimukira mu bikorwa byangiza ibidukikije, nko gutanga inkunga yo gushyiraho uburyo bwo gufata metani cyangwa gutanga gahunda zamahugurwa ku buhanga burambye bwo guhinga. Mu kugira uruhare rugaragara mu kugena ubuhinzi bw’amatungo, guverinoma zirashobora gufasha kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije no gutanga umusanzu mu bihe biri imbere kandi birambye.
Akamaro ko guhitamo abaguzi
Abaguzi bafite uruhare runini mu gutegura ejo hazaza h’ubuhinzi burambye no kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije zijyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo. Guhitamo dukora nkabaguzi bifite imbaraga zo gutwara impinduka no guteza imbere imikorere irambye muruganda. Muguhitamo ibicuruzwa byakozwe bifite ingaruka nkeya kubidukikije, nkibindi binyabuzima bishingiye ku bimera cyangwa ibikomoka ku nyamaswa bikomoka ku buryo burambye, dushobora kugira uruhare mu kugabanya ihumana ry’ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Byongeye kandi, gushyigikira ibikorwa byubuhinzi n’ibinyabuzima bishobora gufasha kugabanya ikirenge cya karubone kijyanye no gutwara abantu hamwe nuburyo bwo guhinga cyane. Muguhitamo neza kandi ubizi, abaguzi bafite ubushobozi bwo gushishikariza kwemeza ibikorwa birambye kandi bigatera ingaruka nziza kubidukikije ndetse nigihe kizaza.
Ibisubizo byubufatanye kugirango birambye
Mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo by’ibidukikije byatewe n’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa, ni ngombwa ko abafatanyabikorwa bishyira hamwe bagafatanya mu buryo burambye. Ubufatanye bushobora gufata uburyo butandukanye, nk'ubufatanye hagati y'abahinzi, abayobozi b'inganda, abafata ibyemezo, n'imiryango iharanira ibidukikije. Mugukorera hamwe, abafatanyabikorwa barashobora gusangira ubumenyi, ubumenyi, nubutunzi kugirango bamenye kandi bashyire mubikorwa uburyo bushya bugabanya ihumana ry’ikirere n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Ibi birashobora kubamo gushyira mubikorwa uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga imyanda, kwemeza ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, no guteza imbere imikorere yubuhinzi bushya. Byongeye kandi, ubufatanye bushobora kandi koroshya ubushakashatsi nimbaraga ziterambere mugushakisha tekinoloji nuburyo bushya bwongera iterambere rirambye mubuhinzi bwinyamaswa. Mugutsimbataza umuco wubufatanye, dushobora guhuriza hamwe hamwe ingaruka z’ibidukikije zijyanye n’inganda kandi tugatanga inzira y’ejo hazaza heza kandi ihamye.
Gukomeza ubushakashatsi no guhanga udushya
Gukomeza ubushakashatsi no guhanga udushya bigira uruhare runini mu kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije ku buhinzi bw’inyamaswa. Mugushora mubushakashatsi niterambere, dushobora kuvumbura ingamba nubuhanga bushya biteza imbere kandi bikagabanya ihumana ry’ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere muri uru rwego. Kurugero, ubushakashatsi burimo burashobora kwibanda kunoza imikorere yibyo kurya, guteza imbere ubundi buryo bwo kugaburira ibiryo, no gushyira mubikorwa tekinike yo guhinga neza. Byongeye kandi, udushya muri sisitemu yo gucunga imyanda, nka anaerobic digester cyangwa ikora ifumbire mvaruganda, irashobora gufasha gufata imyuka ya metani no kuyihindura mubutunzi bwagaciro. Byongeye kandi, iterambere mu kongera ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu no gukoresha mu bigo by’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo birashobora kugabanya cyane gushingira ku bicanwa by’ibinyabuzima no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere . Mugukoresha imbaraga zo gukomeza ubushakashatsi no kwakira udushya, turashobora guha inzira ejo hazaza harambye kandi hitawe kubidukikije mubuhinzi bwinyamaswa.
Mu gusoza, ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa ku ihumana ry’ikirere n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ntishobora kwirengagizwa. Ni ngombwa ko abantu n’inganda bafata ingamba zo kugabanya ikirere cya karuboni no guteza imbere imikorere irambye. Byaba ari ukugabanya ikoreshwa ry’inyama, gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo guhinga bwangiza ibidukikije, cyangwa gushora imari mu zindi mbaraga, imbaraga zose zibara mu kugabanya ingaruka mbi z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa ku bidukikije. Ni inshingano zacu kurinda umubumbe wacu ibisekuruza bizaza, kandi gukemura ikibazo cy’umwanda uhumanya ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bituruka ku buhinzi bw’inyamaswa ni intambwe ikomeye igana ahazaza heza.
Ibibazo
Nigute ubuhinzi bwinyamanswa bugira uruhare mu guhumanya ikirere no kwangiza ikirere?
Ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa bugira uruhare mu kwanduza ikirere no gusohora ibyuka bihumanya ikirere binyuze mu nzira zitandukanye. Bumwe mu buryo bw'ingenzi ni ukurekura metani, gaze ya parike ikomeye, mugihe cyo gusya kw'inyamaswa zororoka nk'inka. Byongeye kandi, kubika no gucunga imyanda y’amatungo bitanga metani nyinshi n’indi myanda ihumanya. Ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa nabwo busaba ubutaka bwinshi, biganisha ku gutema amashyamba no kurekura dioxyde de carbone. Byongeye kandi, gukora no gutwara ibiryo by'amatungo no gutunganya no gutwara ibikomoka ku nyamaswa nabyo bigira uruhare mu guhumanya ikirere no mu kirere. Muri rusange, imiterere y’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa igira uruhare runini mu kugira uruhare mu ihumana ry’ikirere no mu kirere cyangiza ikirere.
Ni ubuhe buryo nyamukuru buturuka ku byuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw'inyamaswa?
Inkomoko nyamukuru y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamanswa ni fermentation ya enteric (umusaruro wa metani uva mu igogora), gucunga ifumbire (imyuka ya metani na nitrous ihumanya biva mu ifumbire yabitswe kandi ikoreshwa), hamwe n’umusaruro w’ibiryo (imyuka ya dioxyde de carbone ituruka ku guhindura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka no gukoresha amavuta y’ibinyabuzima mu gukora no gutwara ibiryo by’amatungo). Ibyo byuka bigira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere kandi ni ikibazo cy’ibidukikije. Kwimukira mubikorwa birambye kandi bunoze mubuhinzi bwinyamanswa, nko kunoza ibiryo, kugaburira neza ifumbire, no kugabanya umubare w’amatungo, birashobora gufasha kugabanya ibyo byuka.
Ni izihe ngaruka ku buzima no ku bidukikije byangiza ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa?
Ingaruka ku buzima no ku bidukikije byangiza ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa ni ngombwa. Umwanda uhumanya ikirere uva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa harimo kurekura ammonia, hydrogène sulfide, n’ibintu byangiza, bishobora kugira uruhare mu bibazo by’ubuhumekero n’ibindi bibazo by’ubuzima haba ku bantu no ku nyamaswa. Byongeye kandi, kurekura imyuka ihumanya ikirere nka metani na aside nitide biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa bigira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere no ku bushyuhe bw’isi. Ibi birashobora gutuma habaho ibihe bikabije byikirere, kuzamuka kwinyanja, no kwangiza ibidukikije. Muri rusange, kugabanya ihumana ry’ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa ni ngombwa mu kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu no kugabanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Ni izihe ngamba n’ikoranabuhanga bishobora gufasha kugabanya ihumana ry’ikirere n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa?
Ingamba n’ikoranabuhanga bimwe na bimwe bishobora gufasha kugabanya ihumana ry’ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa harimo gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga ifumbire, nka digeri ya anaerobic cyangwa ifumbire mvaruganda, gufata no gukoresha gaze metani; guteza imbere inyongeramusaruro zigabanya ibyuka bya metani biva mu matungo; gukoresha uburyo bwo kugaburira neza kugirango ugabanye intungamubiri zirenze indyo yinyamaswa; gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bunoze bwo guhumeka mu mazu y’amatungo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya; no gushakisha ubundi buryo bwa poroteyine , nk'inyama zishingiye ku bimera cyangwa umuco, kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka rusange ku bidukikije ku buhinzi bw'inyamaswa. Byongeye kandi, kwimukira mu masoko y’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mu bikorwa by’ubuhinzi nabyo bishobora kugira uruhare mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.
Haba hari politiki cyangwa amabwiriza ya leta yashyizweho kugirango akemure ikibazo cy’umwanda uhumanya ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa?
Nibyo, hariho politiki n’amabwiriza bya leta bihari kugira ngo bikemure ikibazo cy’umwanda uhumanya ikirere hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu buhinzi bw’amatungo. Mu bihugu byinshi, nka Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika n’Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, ibigo bishinzwe ibidukikije byashyizeho ibipimo byihariye n’imipaka y’ibicuruzwa biva mu bworozi. Aya mabwiriza agamije kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere nka ammonia na metani, binyuze mu ngamba nko gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gucunga ifumbire, bisaba ko hakoreshwa ikoranabuhanga mu kurwanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, no guteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye. Byongeye kandi, guverinoma zimwe na zimwe zitanga inkunga n’inkunga ku bahinzi kugira ngo bakore ibikorwa byangiza ibidukikije kandi bashore imari y’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.