Ingaruka z'ubwoya, ubwoya, n'uruhu ku bidukikije: Reba neza ingaruka z’ibidukikije

Inganda zimyambarire n’imyenda zimaze igihe kinini zijyanye no gukoresha ibikoresho nkubwoya, ubwoya, nimpu, bikomoka ku nyamaswa. Mugihe ibyo bikoresho byizihijwe kubera kuramba, ubushyuhe, no kwinezeza, umusaruro wabyo utera impungenge zikomeye kubidukikije. Iyi ngingo irasesengura ingaruka z’ibidukikije by’ubwoya, ubwoya, n’uruhu, byerekana ingaruka zabyo ku bidukikije, imibereho y’inyamaswa, ndetse n’isi muri rusange.

Uburyo Umusaruro Wubwoya Wangiza Ibidukikije

Inganda zubwoya nimwe muruganda rwangiza ibidukikije kwisi yose. Igitangaje cya 85% byuruhu rwinganda ziva mu nyamaswa zororerwa mu murima w’ubwoya. Iyi mirima ikunze kubamo inyamaswa ibihumbi n’ibihe bigufi, bidafite isuku, aho byororerwa gusa. Ingaruka ku bidukikije zibi bikorwa zirakomeye, kandi ingaruka zirenze kure hafi yimirima.

1. Kwangiza imyanda no guhumana

Buri nyamaswa muri iyi mirima yinganda itanga imyanda myinshi. Kurugero, mink imwe, isanzwe ihingwa kubwubwoya bwayo, itanga ibiro 40 byumwanda mubuzima bwayo. Iyi myanda irundanya vuba mugihe inyamaswa ibihumbi n'ibihumbi zubatswe kumurima umwe. Imirima ya mink yo muri Amerika yonyine niyo ishinzwe amamiriyoni yama pound yumwanda buri mwaka. Ingaruka z’ibidukikije ziterwa n’imyanda nini cyane.

Muri leta ya Washington, umurima umwe wa mink washinjwaga kwanduza umugezi uri hafi. Iperereza ryerekanye ko urugero rwa fecal coliform mu mazi rwikubye inshuro 240 kurenza amategeko. Indwara ya bagiteri yitwa fecal coliform, ikaba ari ikimenyetso cyerekana ko yanduye ituruka ku myanda y’inyamaswa, irashobora guteza ibibazo bikomeye by’umwanda w’amazi, bikangiza ubuzima bw’amazi kandi bikaba bishobora guteza ingaruka ku buzima ku bantu bishingikiriza ku isoko y’amazi kugira ngo banywe cyangwa bishimishe.

2. Kwangirika kw'amazi

Kurekura imyanda y’inyamaswa mu mazi y’amazi yegeranye ntabwo bigarukira muri Amerika. Muri Nova Scotia, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihe cy’imyaka itanu bwerekanye ko iyangirika ry’amazi ryatewe ahanini n’inyongeramusaruro nyinshi ya fosifore ituruka ku bikorwa byo guhinga mink. Fosifore, igice cyingenzi cy’ifumbire y’inyamaswa, irashobora kuganisha kuri eutrophasi y’ibiyaga ninzuzi. Eutrophasique ibaho iyo intungamubiri zirenze urugero zitera gukura kwa algae, kugabanya urugero rwa ogisijeni no kwangiza urusobe rw’amazi. Iyi nzira irashobora kuganisha ahantu hapfuye, aho ogisijeni iba mike kuburyo ubuzima bwo mu nyanja budashobora kubaho.

Umwanda ukomeje guturuka ku buhinzi bwa mink muri utwo turere ugaragaza ikibazo gikabije mu turere aho usanga ubuhinzi bw’ubwoya bwiganje. Usibye kwanduza amazi ava mu myanda ya fecal, imiti ikoreshwa mu buhinzi, nka pesticide na antibiotique, irashobora kugira uruhare mu kwangirika kw'amasoko y'amazi.

3. Umwanda uhumanya ikirere cya Amoniya

Ubworozi bw'ubwoya nabwo bugira uruhare runini mu kwanduza ikirere. Muri Danimarike, aho buri mwaka hicwa mink zirenga miliyoni 19 kubera ubwoya bwazo, bivugwa ko amapound arenga 8000 ya ammonia arekurwa mu kirere buri mwaka bivuye mu buhinzi bw’ubwoya. Amoniya ni gaze yubumara ishobora gutera ibibazo byubuhumekero kubantu ninyamaswa. Irakora kandi hamwe nibindi bikoresho byo mu kirere, bigira uruhare mu kurema ibintu byiza bito, byangiza ubuzima bwabantu ndetse n’ibidukikije.

Irekurwa rya ammoni mu murima wa mink ni kimwe mu bibazo byagutse by’ubuhinzi bw’inyamanswa, aho ibikorwa binini bitanga imyuka myinshi ihumanya ikirere kandi ikagira uruhare mu kibazo kinini cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ibyo byuka bihumanya akenshi bisigara bitagenzuwe, kubera ko amategeko agenga imirima yubwoya akenshi adahagije.

4. Ingaruka ku bidukikije byaho

Kwangiza ibidukikije biterwa n'ubuhinzi bw'ubwoya birenze amazi n'umwanda. Kwangiza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byaho nabyo ni impungenge zikomeye. Imirima ya Mink ikorera mu cyaro, kandi ahantu nyaburanga hashobora guterwa cyane nibikorwa. Mugihe imyanda iva muri iyo mirima yiroha mu butaka, irashobora kwangiza ubutaka, kwica ibimera no kugabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Kwinjiza imiti, nk'imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko mu bikorwa by’ubuhinzi bw’ubwoya, irashobora kandi kugira ingaruka z’ubumara ku nyamaswa zo mu gasozi, zirimo umwanda, inyoni, n’inyamabere nto.

Guhinga cyane kwa mink hamwe n’andi matungo yera ubwoya nabyo bigira uruhare mu kwangiza aho gutura, kubera ko amashyamba n’ahantu nyaburanga nyaburanga byahanaguwe kugira ngo bigere ku mirima. Ibi bivamo gutakaza ahantu nyaburanga by’inyamanswa kandi bigira uruhare mu gucamo ibice urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, bigatuma bigora amoko kavukire kubaho.

5. Ubushyuhe bw’isi n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe

Guhinga ubwoya, cyane cyane guhinga mink, bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ariko zikomeye ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, kurekura ammoniya hamwe n’indi myuka ya parike nka metani, bigira uruhare mu guhumana kw’ikirere no ku bushyuhe bw’isi. Mu gihe inganda z’ubwoya zifite uruhare runini mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ugereranije n’izindi nzego, ingaruka ziterwa n’inyamanswa z’inyamanswa zororerwa mu mitsi yazo ziyongera igihe.

Byongeye kandi, ubutaka bwakoreshejwe mu guhinga ibiryo by’amatungo no gutema amashyamba bifitanye isano no kwagura ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi bw’ubwoya byose bigira uruhare muri rusange muri rusange. Ingaruka z’imyuka ihumanya ikirere y’inganda ku kirere cy’isi ntishobora gusuzugurwa.

Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije bifitanye isano n’umusaruro wubwoya ni byinshi kandi ni byinshi. Kuva kwanduza amazi no kwangirika kwubutaka kugeza kwanduza ikirere no kwangiza aho gutura, ingaruka zo guhinga ubwoya zirababaje. Nubwo ubwoya bushobora gufatwa nkigicuruzwa cyiza, umusaruro wacyo uza ku giciro kinini cy’ibidukikije. Inganda zubwoya bwangiza ubuzima bwibinyabuzima nubuzima bwabantu birerekana neza ko hakenewe byihutirwa uburyo burambye kandi bwimyitwarire yimyambarire nimyenda. Kwimuka kure yubwoya no gufata ubundi buryo butagira ubugome, butangiza ibidukikije burashobora gufasha kugabanya ikirere cyibidukikije byinganda zerekana imideli kandi bikagira umubumbe mwiza mubuzima buzakurikiraho.

Uburyo umusaruro w'uruhu wangiza ibidukikije

Uruhu, rumaze kuvamo ibintu byoroheje byo kubaga amatungo, byahindutse ibikoresho bikoreshwa cyane mu myambarire, ibikoresho byo mu nzu, n’inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga. Nyamara, gukora uruhu, cyane cyane uburyo bugezweho, byangiza ibidukikije. Nubwo uburyo bwa gakondo bwo gutekesha, nk'umwuka- cyangwa umunyu-wumisha hamwe nogutunganya imboga, byakoreshejwe kugeza mu mpera za 1800, inganda zimpu zahindutse zishingiye cyane kumiti yangiza kandi yangiza. Muri iki gihe, umusaruro w’uruhu urimo inzira zisohora ibikoresho byangiza ibidukikije, bigatera impungenge zikomeye z’umwanda.

1. Imiti ikoreshwa muburyo bwa kijyambere

Igikorwa cyo gutwika, gihindura uruhu rwinyamanswa ruhinduka uruhu rurerure, rwavuye muburyo gakondo bwo gutunganya imboga no kuvura amavuta. Gukoresha kijyambere bigizwe ahanini n'umunyu wa chromium, cyane cyane chromium III, uburyo buzwi nka chrome tanning. Mugihe uruhu rwa chrome rukora neza kandi rwihuse kuruta uburyo gakondo, ruzana ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije.

Chromium ni icyuma kiremereye, iyo gikoreshejwe nabi, gishobora kwanduza ubutaka n’amazi, bikaba byangiza ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibidukikije. Imyanda yose irimo chromium ishyirwa mu kaga n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA). Iyo bidacunzwe neza, imiti irashobora kwinjira mumazi yubutaka, bigatuma uburozi bwibimera, inyamaswa, ndetse nabantu. Kumara igihe kinini uhura na chromium birashobora gutera ibibazo bikomeye byubuzima, harimo ibibazo byubuhumekero, kurwara uruhu, ndetse na kanseri.

2. Imyanda y'ubumara hamwe n'umwanda

Usibye chromium, imyanda iva mu ruhu irimo ibintu bitandukanye byangiza. Muri byo harimo poroteyine, umusatsi, umunyu, lime, hamwe n’amavuta, iyo bidakozwe neza, bishobora kwanduza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Amazi y’amazi ava mu musaruro w’uruhu akenshi aba menshi mu binyabuzima n’imiti, bigatuma bigorana kuvura uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya amazi mabi. Hatabayeho kuyungurura no kujugunya neza, ibyo bihumanya birashobora kwanduza inzuzi, ibiyaga, n’amazi yo mu butaka, bikagira ingaruka ku buzima bw’amazi ndetse n’ubuziranenge bw’amazi akoreshwa mu kunywa cyangwa kuhira.

Ubwinshi bwumunyu ukoreshwa muburyo bwo gutwika bigira uruhare mukunyunyuza ubutaka. Mugihe umunyu urekuwe mubidukikije, birashobora guhungabanya uburinganire bwibinyabuzima, biganisha ku kwangiza ubuzima bwibimera no kwangirika kwubutaka. Urwego rwo hejuru rwa lime, rukoreshwa mugukuraho umusatsi mu ruhu, runakora ibidukikije bya alkaline, bikangiza cyane urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi no kugabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.

3. Umwanda uhumanya ikirere

Umusaruro w'uruhu ntabwo ushinzwe gusa kwanduza amazi n'ubutaka ahubwo unagira uruhare mu kwanduza ikirere. Uburyo bwo kumisha no gukiza bukoreshwa mugutegura uruhu burekura ibinyabuzima bihindagurika (VOC) nindi miti mu kirere. Ibyo byuka bihumanya ikirere bishobora kwangiza ikirere, biganisha ku myanya y'ubuhumekero ku bakozi ndetse no mu baturage baturanye. Bimwe mu miti ikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibishishwa, nka fordehide na ammonia, na byo birekurwa mu kirere, aho bishobora kugira uruhare mu gushinga umwotsi no kwangiza ibidukikije.

Inganda z’uruhu nizo zigira uruhare runini mu byuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi. Inganda z’ubworozi, zitanga uruhu rwo gukora uruhu, nizo zishinzwe kwangiza imyuka myinshi ya metani. Methane, gaze ya parike ikomeye, irekurwa ninka mugihe cyo gusya kandi murwego rwo kubora ifumbire. Nkuko icyifuzo cy’uruhu cyiyongera, niko n’inganda z’ubworozi ziyongera, bigatuma uruhare rw’inganda mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere.

4. Gutema amashyamba no gukoresha ubutaka

Iyindi ngaruka ku bidukikije ku musaruro w’uruhu ifitanye isano n’inganda zinka. Kugira ngo uruhu rukenewe, uruhu runini rukoreshwa mu kuragira inka. Ibi byatumye hashyirwaho amashyamba, cyane cyane mu turere nka Amazone, aho usanga ubutaka bwakorewe inzira yo korora inka. Gutema amashyamba bigira uruhare mu gutakaza aho gutura ku moko menshi kandi byihutisha imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu kurekura karubone yabitswe mu biti mu kirere.

Kwagura ubworozi bw'inka nabwo biganisha ku isuri, kuko amashyamba n'ibindi bimera bisanzwe bivanwaho. Uku guhungabanya imiterere karemano irashobora gutera iyangirika ryubutaka, bigatuma ishobora kwibasirwa nubutayu no kugabanya ubushobozi bwo gutunga ubuzima bwibimera.

Umusaruro w'uruhu, nubwo ukiri igice kinini cyubukungu bwisi, ufite ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije. Kuva ku miti yangiza ikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibishashara kugeza gutema amashyamba no kwanduza metani bifitanye isano n'ubuhinzi bw'amatungo, umusaruro w'uruhu ugira uruhare mu guhumana, imihindagurikire y’ikirere, no gutakaza aho gutura. Mugihe abaguzi barushijeho kumenya izi ngaruka z’ibidukikije, hagenda hakenerwa ubundi buryo burambye kandi butarangwamo ubugome. Mugukurikiza ubundi buryo no guteza imbere imikorere yimyitwarire myiza, turashobora kugabanya ingaruka zangiza ibidukikije zatewe nimpu kandi tugana ahazaza heza.

Uburyo umusaruro wubwoya wangiza ibidukikije

Imyitozo yo korora intama zubwoya bwayo yatumye isi yangirika kandi yanduye. Izi ngaruka ziragera kure, zigira ingaruka ku bidukikije, ubwiza bw’amazi, ndetse bigira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere ku isi.

1. Kwangirika k'ubutaka no gutakaza imiturire

Gutunga intama kugirango zibyare ubwoya byatangiranye no guhimba ubwoya, bituma abantu korora intama kubwubwoya bukomeza. Iyi myitozo yasabaga ubutaka bunini bwo kurisha, kandi uko icyifuzo cy’ubwoya cyagendaga cyiyongera, ubutaka bwarahanaguwe kandi amashyamba aracibwa kugira ngo izo ntama zirisha. Gutema amashyamba byavuyemo ingaruka mbi zibidukikije.

Mu bice nka Patagonia, Arijantine, ubworozi bw'intama bwagutse vuba mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 20. Icyakora, igihugu nticyashoboraga gukomeza intama ziyongera. Ubworozi bukabije bwatumye ubutaka bwangirika, butera ubutayu, bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije byaho. Nk’uko ikinyamakuru National Geographic kibitangaza ngo hegitari zirenga miliyoni 50 mu ntara imwe yonyine “yangiritse ku buryo budasubirwaho kubera ubworozi bukabije.” Iyangirika ry’ubutaka ryabaye bibi cyane ku nyamaswa n’ibimera byaho, bigabanya ibinyabuzima bitandukanye kandi bituma ubutaka budakoreshwa mu buhinzi cyangwa mu bwatsi.

2. Ubutaka bwumunyu nisuri

Kurisha intama biganisha ku myunyu yubutaka no gutwarwa nisuri. Guhora ukandagira ubutaka n'amashyo manini y'intama bigabanya ubutaka, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi nintungamubiri. Ibi bituma amazi yiyongera, atwara ubutaka hamwe nibikoresho kama, bikangiza kwangiza ubutaka. Igihe kirenze, iki gikorwa kirashobora guhindura ubutaka burumbuka mubutayu butarumbuka, bigatuma bidakwiye guhingwa cyangwa kurisha.

Isuri yubutaka nayo ihungabanya ubuzima bwibimera, bigatuma bigora ibimera kavukire kongera. Gutakaza ubuzima bwibimera nabwo bigira ingaruka ku nyamaswa zishingiye ku binyabuzima by’ibiribwa ndetse n’uburaro. Mugihe ubutaka budatanga umusaruro, abahinzi barashobora kwitabaza uburyo bwangiza bwo gukoresha ubutaka, bikangiza ibidukikije.

3. Gukoresha Amazi no Guhumanya

Umusaruro w'ubwoya nawo ushyira ingufu mu mutungo w'amazi. Ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa, muri rusange, bukoresha amazi menshi, kandi ubworozi bwintama nabwo ntibusanzwe. Intama zisaba amazi menshi yo kunywa, kandi hakenewe andi mazi kugirango akure ibihingwa bibagaburira. Mugihe ibura ry’amazi rigenda ryiyongera ku isi hose, gukoresha amazi menshi mu musaruro w’ubwoya bikomeza ikibazo.

Usibye gukoresha amazi, imiti ikoreshwa mu gutanga ubwoya irashobora kwanduza amazi ariho. Imiti yica udukoko, akenshi ikoreshwa ku ntama mu kurwanya udukoko, yangiza cyane. Muri Amerika honyine, ibiro birenga 9000 byica udukoko byatewe mu ntama mu mwaka wa 2010. Iyi miti irashobora kwinjira mu butaka n’amazi, ikanduza imigezi, ibiyaga, n’amazi yo mu butaka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ntabwo umusaruro w’ubwoya utuma gusa umutungo w’amazi ugabanuka, ahubwo binagira uruhare mu kwanduza amazi, byangiza ubuzima bw’amazi kandi bikaba byagira ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu.

4. Imiti yica udukoko no gukoresha imiti

Umutwaro wimiti kubidukikije kubera umusaruro wubwoya ni ngombwa. Imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura intama za parasite nudukoko, nk'ibisazi, ibibabi, n'isazi, akenshi byangiza ibidukikije. Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa irashobora kuguma mu bidukikije igihe kirekire, ntigire ingaruka gusa ku bworozi bw’intama gusa ahubwo no ku bidukikije. Igihe kirenze, kwirundanya kwiyi miti birashobora kwangiza ubuzima bwubutaka ninzira zamazi zaho, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwubutaka bwo gushyigikira urusobe rwibinyabuzima.

Inyandiko ya tekiniki yo mu 2004 yagaragaje ko ingaruka z’ibidukikije zikoreshwa mu gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ziyongera ku kuba uturere twinshi dukora ubwoya dukoresha imiti myinshi y’imiti, tutitaye ku ngaruka zayo z'igihe kirekire ku bidukikije. Uku gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ntabwo bitera ingaruka ku nyamaswa zo mu karere gusa ahubwo bifite n'ubushobozi bwo kwangiza abaturage binyuze mu kwanduza amazi.

5. Ikirenge cya Carbone yumusaruro wubwoya

Ikirenge cya karubone yumusatsi wubwoya nikindi kibazo cyibidukikije. Ubworozi bw'intama bugira uruhare mu myuka ihumanya ikirere mu buryo butandukanye. Ikigaragara cyane muribi ni metani, gaze ya parike ikomeye ikorwa mugihe cyo gusya. Intama, kimwe nandi matungo y’inyamanswa, arekura metani binyuze mu mukandara, bigira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere. Mugihe metani ifite ubuzima bwikirere bwigihe gito kuruta karuboni ya dioxyde, irakora cyane mugutega ubushyuhe ikirere, bigatuma igira uruhare runini mubushyuhe bwisi.

Byongeye kandi, ubwikorezi bw'ubwoya buva mu mirima bugana aho butunganyirizwa hanyuma ku masoko byongera imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ubwoya bukunze koherezwa kure, bigira uruhare mu guhumanya ikirere no kurushaho guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.

Umusaruro w'ubwoya ufite ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije, uhereye ku iyangirika ry'ubutaka no kwangirika kw'ubutaka kugeza kwanduza amazi no gukoresha imiti. Gukenera ubwoya byagize uruhare mu gusenya ahantu nyaburanga, cyane cyane mu turere nka Patagonia, aho kurisha cyane byatumye ubutayu. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha imiti yica udukoko no gukoresha amazi menshi bikarushaho kwangiza ibidukikije byatewe n’inganda z’ubwoya.

Mugihe imyumvire yibi bibazo by’ibidukikije igenda yiyongera, hari impinduka zijyanye n’imikorere irambye n’ubundi buryo bwo gukora ubwoya gakondo. Mugukurikiza ubwoya kama kandi butunganijwe neza, hamwe nudusimba dushingiye ku bimera, dushobora kugabanya ingaruka mbi z’ibidukikije by’ubwoya kandi tugana ku musaruro urambye kandi w’imyitwarire.

Icyo ushobora gukora

Mugihe ibyangiza ibidukikije biterwa nubwoya bwubwoya, ubwoya, nimpu bifite akamaro, hariho intambwe ushobora gutera kugirango ugabanye ingaruka z’ibidukikije ku giti cyawe kandi bigufashe kurema ejo hazaza heza. Hano hari ibikorwa ushobora gufata kugirango ukore itandukaniro:

• Hitamo imyenda ishingiye ku bimera kandi idafite ubugome (urugero, ipamba kama, ikivuguto, imigano)
• Shigikira uruhu rushingiye ku bimera (urugero, ibihumyo, uruhu rw'inanasi)
• Gura ibicuruzwa biranga kandi biranga imyitwarire
• Gura ibikoresho bya kabiri cyangwa ibintu byazamutse
• Koresha ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije hamwe nubundi buryo bwuruhu
• Shakisha ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije kandi byemewe (urugero, GOTS, Ubucuruzi bwiza)
• Koresha ibicuruzwa bitunganijwe neza
• Mugabanye gukoresha ibicuruzwa byubwoya nimpu
• Shakisha ibikoresho bifatika mbere yo kugura
• Kugabanya imyanda no guteza imbere uburyo bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa