Imihindagurikire y’ibihe ni kimwe mu bibazo by’ingutu muri iki gihe cyacu, aho isi yose ihura n’ibibazo bitigeze bibaho mu kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no kugabanya ingaruka zabyo ku bidukikije. Mu gihe icyibanze cyibanze ku myuka ya dioxyde de carbone ituruka mu bikorwa by’abantu nko gutwara no gutanga ingufu, indi gaze ikomeye ya parike, metani, akenshi ititaweho. Methane ikubye inshuro 28 kurusha dioxyde de carbone mu gufata ubushyuhe mu kirere cy’isi, kandi urwego rwayo rwazamutse mu myaka yashize. Igitangaje ni uko isoko nini yangiza imyuka ya metani idaturuka ku bicanwa biva mu kirere, ahubwo biva mu matungo. Ubworozi no gutunganya amatungo y’inyama, amata, n’ibindi bikomoka ku nyamaswa bigira uruhare runini mu myuka ya metani, bigatuma inganda z’ubworozi zigira uruhare runini mu bushyuhe bw’isi. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma uruhare rw’amatungo mu myuka ihumanya metani n'ingaruka zayo ku bushyuhe bw’isi, tunaganira ku gisubizo gishobora kugabanya ibyo byuka. Mugusobanukirwa neza isano iri hagati y’amatungo n’ibyuka bihumanya metani, dushobora gufata ingamba zigana ejo hazaza harambye kandi h’ibidukikije.

Amatungo agira uruhare runini mu gusohora metani

Ingaruka zikomeye z’amatungo ku myuka ya metani ntishobora kuvugwa. Methane, gaze ikomeye ya parike, irekurwa binyuze muburyo butandukanye muri sisitemu yo kurya inka, intama, nandi matungo y’amatungo. Nkuko izo nyamaswa zirya kandi zigogora ibiryo, zitanga metani nkumusaruro wibikorwa byazo bigoye. Byongeye kandi, gucunga ifumbire hamwe nububiko mu nganda z’ubworozi bigira uruhare mu kurekura metani mu kirere. Urebye ubwinshi bw’umusaruro w’amatungo ku isi ndetse n’ibikenerwa n’ibikomoka ku nyamaswa, ni ngombwa gukemura uruhare rw’amatungo mu myuka ya metani mu rwego rwo gushyira ingufu mu kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.

Methane ni gaze ya parike ikomeye

Methane, kuba gaze ya parike ikomeye, ibangamiye cyane ikirere cy’imiterere y’ikirere. Ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane ugereranije na karuboni ya dioxyde, nubwo iguma mu kirere mugihe gito. Methane igera hafi kuri 28 ikora neza mugutega ubushyuhe mugihe cyimyaka 100. Inkomoko y’ibyuka bya metani iratandukanye, harimo inzira karemano nkibishanga n’imiterere ya geologiya, ndetse n’ibikorwa by’abantu nko gucukura peteroli y’ibimera n’ubuhinzi. Gusobanukirwa n'ingaruka za metani no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni intambwe y'ingenzi mu kurwanya ubushyuhe bw’isi no kugabanya ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.

Ubuhinzi bufite 14% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere

Ubuhinzi bugira uruhare runini mu gutanga umusanzu w’ibyuka bihumanya isi, bingana na 14% by’ibyuka bihumanya isi yose. Uru rwego rukubiyemo ibikorwa bitandukanye, birimo umusaruro w’ibihingwa, ubworozi, n’imihindagurikire y’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka. Inkomoko nyamukuru y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu buhinzi ni metani na okiside ya nitrous. Methane isohoka mu gihe cyo gusya amatungo, cyane cyane amatungo nk'inka n'intama, ndetse no kubora imyanda kama mu bihe bya anaerobic. Ku rundi ruhande, aside ya Nitrous irekurwa cyane cyane mu gukoresha ifumbire ishingiye kuri azote no mu micungire y'ifumbire. Mugihe duharanira gukemura ikibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ni ngombwa gushakisha imikorere irambye y’ubuhinzi n’ikoranabuhanga rishya rishobora gufasha kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu gihe umutekano w’ibiribwa ku baturage biyongera ku isi.

Kurya amatungo bitanga gaze metani

Imyuka ya gaze metani iva mu igogora ry’amatungo yabaye impungenge zikomeye mu rwego rw’ubushyuhe bw’isi. Methane, gaze ya parike ikomeye, irekurwa mugihe cyo gusya kwinyamaswa zinyamanswa nk'inka n'intama. Izi nyamaswa zifite igifu cyihariye cyorohereza isenyuka ryibikoresho bya fibrous, bikavamo umusaruro wa metani nkumusaruro. Methane ikorwa no gusya amatungo igira uruhare mu kwiyongera muri rusange imyuka ya gaze ya parike mu kirere, gufata ubushyuhe no gukaza umurego ku bushyuhe bw’isi. Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa gukemura iki kibazo hifashishijwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ubuhinzi burambye, nko kunoza indyo y’amatungo, uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga imyanda, ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga rishobora gufasha kugabanya ibyuka bya metani biva mu bworozi. Mugabanye imyuka ya metani ituruka ku igogorwa ry’amatungo, dushobora gutera intambwe igaragara mu kugabanya ingaruka z’ubuhinzi ku bushyuhe bw’isi no gushyiraho ejo hazaza heza.

Amatungo yinyamanswa niyo atanga umusanzu wambere

Amatungo magufi, harimo inka n'intama, agira uruhare runini nk'abagize uruhare runini mu kwangiza imyuka ya metani, bikabije ikibazo cy'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi. Bitewe na sisitemu yihariye yo kurya, izo nyamaswa zitanga metani nyinshi mugihe cyo kumeneka kw'ibimera bya fibrous. Iyi metani, kuba gaze ya parike ikomeye, ifata ubushyuhe mu kirere kandi igira uruhare mu kwiyongera kwinshi kwa gaze ya parike. Ni ngombwa ko dukemura iki kibazo dushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo guhinga burambye no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishobora kugabanya neza imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka ku nyamaswa z’amatungo. Dufashe ingamba zifatika zo kugabanya ingaruka z’ibi byuka, dushobora gutera intambwe igaragara mu kurwanya ubushyuhe bw’isi.

Gucunga ifumbire nabyo bitanga metani

Usibye imyuka ihumanya metani ikorwa n’inyamaswa z’amatungo, ni ngombwa kumenya uruhare rw’imicungire y’ifumbire mu kugira uruhare mu kwangiza metani n’ingaruka zayo ku bushyuhe bw’isi. Ifumbire irimo ibintu kama bigenda byangirika kwa anaerobic, bikarekura gaze metani mukirere. Iyi nzira iboneka muri sisitemu zitandukanye zo gucunga ifumbire nkibikoresho byo kubika, lagoons, no mugihe cyo gusaba ubutaka. Irekurwa rya metani mugihe cyo gucunga ifumbire irusheho kongera ibibazo by’ibidukikije biterwa n’umusaruro w’amatungo.

Methane ifite inshuro 28 ingaruka za CO2

Birazwi cyane ko metani, gaze ya parike iterwa nibikorwa bitandukanye byabantu, igira uruhare runini mubushyuhe bwisi ugereranije na dioxyde de carbone. Mubyukuri, metani ifite ubushobozi bwo gushyuha inshuro 28 ugereranije na CO2 mugihe cyimyaka 100. Ibi biterwa nubushobozi bwa metani bwo gufata ubushyuhe mukirere. Mu gihe CO2 ikomeza kuba mu kirere igihe kirekire, imbaraga za metani zituma zigira uruhare runini mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere. Gusobanukirwa ingaruka zitagereranywa ziterwa na metani bishimangira byihutirwa gukemura inkomoko yabyo, harimo n’ibijyanye n’umusaruro w’amatungo n’imicungire y’ifumbire, hagamijwe kugabanya neza ubushyuhe bw’isi ndetse n’ingaruka mbi ku isi yacu.

Mu gusoza, uruhare rw’amatungo mu myuka ya metani n’ubushyuhe bw’isi ntirushobora kwirengagizwa. Nubwo hari ibintu byinshi bigira uruhare mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere, ni ngombwa kumenya no gukemura ingaruka z’amatungo ku myuka ihumanya metani. Gushyira mubikorwa ubuhinzi burambye kandi bufite inshingano, birashobora kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya metani no kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe bwisi. Ninshingano zacu gufata ingamba no guhindura mubikorwa byubuhinzi kugirango dushyireho ejo hazaza heza isi yacu.

Ibibazo

Nigute amatungo agira uruhare mu myuka ya metani n'ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi?

Amatungo, cyane cyane inka n'intama, agira uruhare mu myuka ya metani no gushyuha ku isi binyuze mu nzira yitwa fermentic fermentation. Iyo izo nyamaswa zinogeye ibiryo byazo, zitanga metani nkibicuruzwa, bisohoka binyuze mu guturika no kubyimba. Methane ni gaze ya parike ikomeye, ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi burenze dioxyde de carbone. Ubworozi bunini bw'amatungo, cyane cyane muri gahunda yo guhinga cyane, byatumye imyuka ya metani yiyongera. Byongeye kandi, kwagura ubworozi bw’amatungo byatumye amashyamba y’inzuri no kugaburira ibihingwa, bikomeza kugira uruhare mu bushyuhe bw’isi mu kugabanya ubushobozi bw’isi bwo gufata dioxyde de carbone.

Ni ubuhe buryo nyamukuru buturuka kuri metani ziva mu matungo?

Inkomoko nyamukuru y’ibyuka bya metani biva mu matungo ni fermentation ya enteric, akaba aribwo buryo bwo gusya mu nyamaswa zororoka nk'inka n'intama zitanga metani nk'umusaruro, ndetse no gucunga ifumbire, aho metani irekurwa mu myanda yabitswe. Aya masoko yombi agira uruhare runini mu myuka rusange ya metani iva mu bworozi.

Nigute amoko atandukanye yubworozi atandukana mubikorwa bya metani?

Ubwoko butandukanye bwamatungo aratandukanye mubikorwa bya metani bitewe nuburyo butandukanye muri sisitemu yimigirire no kugaburira neza. Amatungo magufi, nk'inka n'intama, atanga metani nyinshi ugereranije n’inyamaswa monogastrici nk'ingurube n'inkoko. Ibihuha bifite igifu cyihariye cyitwa rumen, aho habaho fermentation ya mikorobe yibiribwa, biganisha ku gukora metani nkumusaruro. Ni ukubera ko ibihuha bishingiye ku igogorwa rya anaerobic mikorobe, itanga metani nyinshi ugereranije no gusya kwa aerobic mu nyamaswa za monogastric. Byongeye kandi, ibiryo bigaburira hamwe nubuziranenge, hamwe nuburyo bwo kuyobora, birashobora kandi guhindura umusaruro wa metani mubwoko butandukanye bwamatungo.

Ni ubuhe buryo bushoboka bwo gukemura cyangwa ingamba zo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka ku matungo?

Bimwe mubisubizo bishobora kugabanya imyuka ya metani ituruka ku matungo harimo gushyira mu bikorwa impinduka z’imirire hifashishijwe inyongeramusaruro, nka inhibitori ya metani cyangwa inyongeramusaruro zo mu nyanja zishobora gufasha kugabanya umusaruro wa metani muri sisitemu yo kurya. Izindi ngamba zirimo kunoza imikorere y’imicungire y’amatungo, nko kunoza ubwiza bw’ibiryo n’ubwinshi, gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga ifumbire, no guteza imbere uburyo bwo kurisha buzunguruka. Byongeye kandi, gushora imari mu bushakashatsi n’iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo tumenye kandi dushyire mu bikorwa ibisubizo bishya, nka sisitemu yo gufata metani no kuyikoresha, birashobora kandi gufasha mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya y’amatungo.

Ni uruhe ruhare uruhare rw’amatungo mu byuka bihumanya ikirere hamwe n’ingaruka zabyo ku bushyuhe bw’isi?

Uruhare rw’amatungo muri rusange ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni ngombwa kandi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bushyuhe bw’isi. Amatungo, cyane cyane inka, atanga metani, gaze ya parike ikomeye, binyuze muri fermentation ya enteric no gucunga ifumbire. Methane ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi kuruta dioxyde de carbone, bigatuma amatungo agira uruhare runini mu kwangiza imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Byongeye kandi, ubworozi bugira uruhare mu gutema amashyamba yo kurisha no kugaburira ibiryo, bikarushaho gukaza imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Kubwibyo rero, kugabanya ibyuka by’urwego rw’ubworozi no kwimukira muri gahunda y’ibiribwa birambye kandi bishingiye ku bimera ni ngombwa mu kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’isi.