Emcimbini oyingqopha-mlando eNyuvesi yaseNew York, iqembu elihlukahlukene lososayensi, izazi zefilosofi, kanye nochwepheshe bahlangane ukuze bethule isimemezelo esisha esingalungisa kabusha ukuqonda kwethu ukwazi kwezilwane. Isimemezelo, manje esitholakalayo ukuze sisayinwe abacwaningi abaqeqeshiwe, sibeka ukuthi akuzona kuphela izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni kodwa noxhaxha olubanzi lwezilwane ezinomgogodla nezilwane ezingenamgogodla, okuhlanganisa izinambuzane nezinhlanzi, zingase zibe namandla okuhlangenwe nakho okuphapheme. Lokhu kugomela kusekelwe ubufakazi obunamandla besayensi futhi kuhlose ukubekela inselele imibono osekunesikhathi eside ikhona mayelana nempilo yokuqonda nemizwa yezilwane.
U-Anna Wilkinson, uSolwazi we-Animal Cognition eNyuvesi yaseLincoln, ugcizelele ukuchema okufanayo: abantu maningi amathuba okuthi bavume ukuthi banolwazi ezilwaneni abazaziyo, njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Kodwa-ke, lesi simemezelo sikhuthaza ukuqashelwa okubanzi kokuqaphela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, okuhlanganisa nalezo esingazazi kangako. Imithelela ijulile, iphakamisa ukuthi izidalwa ezifana nezinyosi, amagwababa, ngisho nezimpukane zezithelo zibonisa impatho ebonisa ukuzizwisa okuqaphelayo.
Iphuzu lokuqala lesimemezelo liqinisekisa inkolelo kokuhlangenwe nakho okunolwazi ezilwaneni ezincelisayo nezinyoni, kodwa iphuzu lesibili—eliphakamisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokwazi ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezinomgogodla nezilwane ezingenamgogodla—okungaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude. Izibonelo ziningi: amagwababa angabika abakubonile, ama-octopus agweme ubuhlungu, futhi izinyosi zihlanganyela ekudlaleni nasekufundeni. U-Lars Chitka, uprofesa e-Queen Mary University yaseLondon, wagcizelela ukuthi ngisho nezinambuzane ezinjengezinyosi nezimpukane zezithelo zibonisa ukuziphatha okusikisela ukwazi, njengokudlalela ukuzijabulisa nokubhekana nokuphazamiseka kokulala ngenxa yesizungu.
Njengoba ukuqonda kwethu kokwazi kwezilwane kuthuthuka, kuthwala imithelela ebalulekile yenqubomgomo. Abacwaningi kulo mcimbi bagcizelele isidingo sokuqhubeka nokwesekwa nokuhlola kulo mkhakha oshubile. U-Jonathan Birch, USolwazi Wefilosofi, uveze umgomo obanzi: ukugqamisa inqubekelaphambili eyenziwayo kanye nokumela ucwaningo olwengeziwe kulokho okwenzeka ezilwaneni.
Umfelandawonye wososayensi, izazi zefilosofi kanye nabanye ochwepheshe babuthane eNyuvesi yaseNew York ngenyanga edlule ukuze baveze isimemezelo esisha mayelana nesayensi ethuthukayo yokwazi izilwane . Nakuba ukwazi kungasho izinto ezihlukene, umnyombo wombuzo uwukuthi ingabe izilwane, njengezinkomo nezinkukhu, kodwa nezinambuzane nezinhlanzi , zingase zizwe ubuhlungu noma injabulo . Isimemezelo okwamanje siyatholakala ku-inthanethi ukuze abacwaningi abanolwazi olufanele basayine. Bangaphezu kuka-150 abantu emikhakheni eyahlukene abasayine kusukela ngosuku lokushicilelwa kwalesi sihloko, ngokusho kwewebhusayithi.
Isisekelo Sesimemezelo SaseNew York Sokuqaphela Izilwane : kukhona “ukusekelwa okuqinile kwesayensi” kokwazi kwezilwane ezilwaneni ezincelisayo nezinyoni, kanye 'nokungenzeka okungokoqobo' kokwazi ngezilwane ezinomgogodla, njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngisho nezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla njengezinambuzane. Ithemba, njengoba lishiwo abacwaningi abaningi emcimbini wango-April 19, laliwukufinyelela esivumelwaneni esibanzi sokuthi izilwane zinamandla okuzibonela .
Iningi lethu bantu lijwayele ukuqaphela ukwazi ezilwaneni abantu abanobudlelwane obuseduze nazo, njengezinja noma amakati, kusho u-Anna Wilkinson onguSolwazi we-Animal Cognition eNyuvesi yaseLincoln, emcimbini. Kulula futhi ukwehlisa ukwazi kwezilwane ezidalwa esingazazi kangako, kuchaza uWilkinson. "Sisanda kwenza umsebenzi omncane okuthi njengoba izilwane ziqhela kubantu ngezinga lokuziphendukela kwemvelo," esho emcimbini, " sibabheka njengabangacabangi kakhulu futhi banemizwa encane ." Isimemezelo siphonsela inselelo le mibono, ngokufaka ukwazi ezilwaneni eziningi abantu abangazikhathazi ngazo , njengezinambuzane.
Nakuba iphuzu lokuqala kulesi simemezelo liwukuthi ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni zinokuhlangenwe nakho okuqaphelayo, kungase kube okwesibili okunomthelela omkhulu. “Ubufakazi obunamandla bubonisa okungenani ithuba elingokoqobo lokuhlangenwe nakho kwazo zonke izilwane ezinomgogodla (okuhlanganisa izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezihlala emanzini nasezweni, nezinhlanzi) kanye nezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla (okuhlanganisa, okungenani, ama-cephalopod mollusk, ama-decapod crustaceans, nezinambuzane),” sifunda lesi simemezelo. Kunezibonelo eziningi: amagwababa angabika lokho akubona ezindizeni zawo lapho eqeqeshwa, ingwane yazi ukuthi kufanele igweme nini ubuhlungu futhi izinambuzane, njengezinyosi, zingadlala (futhi zifunde komunye nomunye ).
U-Lars Chitka, uprofesa we-Sensory and Behavioral Ecology e-Queen Mary University yaseLondon, wakhomba izinyosi njengesibonelo sezinambuzane lapho ososayensi bebone khona okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo. Izinyosi zingadlalela ukuzijabulisa, futhi zizwa ubuhlungu - ngokwenza kanjalo, zibonisa ubufakazi bokwazi. Ngisho nezimpukane zinemizwa engase imangaze abantu abaningi. Ukulala kwempukane kungaphazamiseka uma ibekwe yodwa noma isizungu ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo lwango-2021 luthole.
Ukuqonda Kwethu Ngokuqaphela Izilwane Kunomphumela Wenqubomgomo
Kusenocwaningo olwengeziwe oludingekayo ukuze kuqondwe ngokugcwele ukwazi kwezilwane, abacwaningi abaningi emcimbini baphikisana. "Ingxenye yalokho esifuna ukukwenza ngalesi simemezelo ukugcizelela ukuthi lo mkhakha uyathuthuka futhi ufanele ukwesekwa nguwe," kusho uJonathan Birch, uProfesa Wefilosofi eLondon School of Economics and Political Science. “Lo mkhakha osafufusa awuhlangene nemibuzo ebalulekile emphakathini noma nezinselelo zenqubomgomo. Kunalokho, lena inkundla esafufusa ebaluleke ngempela, emibuzweni yenhlalakahle yezilwane .”
Nakuba isimemezelo singenaso isisindo esingokomthetho noma sigunyaza inqubomgomo, ababhali baso bathemba ukuthi ubufakazi obengeziwe bokwazi izilwane buzokwazisa izinqubomgomo nezinqubo ezithinta inhlalakahle yezilwane .
UCleo Verkujil, usosayensi eStockholm Environment Institute, uthi lesi simemezelo singathinta izilwane ezinkundleni eziningi ezahlukene, kusukela ezimbonini zokuzijabulisa kuya ekuhlolweni kwelebhu. "Konke lokhu kusebenzisana kungenziwa ngokubandakanya ukuqonda mayelana nokuqaphela izilwane [ekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo]," kusho uVerkujil.
Amanye amazwe asezithathile kakade izinyathelo zokufaka imizwa emithethweni yawo yenhlalakahle yezilwane. Ngo-2015, i-New Zealand yabona ngokusemthethweni izilwane njengezinozwela kuMthetho wayo Wezenhlalakahle Yezilwane. E-United States, nakuba ungekho umthetho kahulumeni othi izilwane ziyazwela, ezinye izifunda ziye zawushaya umthetho onjalo. I-Oregon yaqaphela imizwa ezilwaneni ngo-2013 - ukuthi zingaveza ubuhlungu nokwesaba, okuye kwaholela emiphumeleni enzima yokuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane.
"Lapho kunethuba elingokoqobo lokuzizwisa esilwaneni, akunasibopho sokuziba lokho okungenzeka ezinqumweni ezithinta leso silwane," sifunda lesi simemezelo. "Kufanele sicabangele ubungozi bezenhlalakahle futhi sisebenzise ubufakazi ukwazisa izimpendulo zethu kulezi zingozi."
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