Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm uas sustainability tsis yog khoom kim heev tab sis yog ib qho tseem ceeb, cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam tab tom hloov pauv hloov mus rau eco-friendly innovation. Qhov tseeb dawb qhov chaw tsom xam los ntawm Material Innovation Initiative (MII) thiab The Mills Fabrica delves mus rau hauv qhov chaw loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv tom ntej, qhia txog ob qho kev yeej thiab cov kev sib tw uas txhais tau hais tias qhov kev lag luam muaj zog. Cov khoom siv tom ntej no tsom los hloov cov khoom siv tsiaj xws li tawv, txhob lo lo ntxhuav, ntaub plaub, plaub, thiab nqes nrog cov kev xaiv ruaj khov uas ua rau lawv zoo li, xav, thiab ua haujlwm. Tsis zoo li cov khoom siv hluavtaws ua los ntawm cov khoom siv petrochemical, cov khoom siv tom ntej no siv cov khoom xyaw bio-based xws li microbes, nroj tsuag, thiab fungi, siv zog kom txo qis lawv cov pa roj carbon hneev taw thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig.
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia txog xya lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev lag luam cov khoom siv tom ntej. Nws qhia txog qhov xav tau kev sib txawv dhau ntawm cov tawv tawv tom ntej, uas tam sim no dominates lub lag luam, tawm hauv lwm yam ntaub ntawv xws li ntaub plaub, txhob lo lo ntxhuav, thiab down underexplored. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tshuaj xyuas taw qhia txog qhov kev xav tau tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj ntseg ecosystems, hais kom tsim kho bio-based, biodegradable binders, coatings, thiab additives los hloov cov teeb meem petrochemical derivatives. Kev hu rau 100% bio-raws li hluavtaws fibers los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig kev phom sij los ntawm polyester ntxiv qhia txog kev lag luam kev cog lus rau kev ruaj ntseg.
Ntxiv mus, daim ntawv tshaj tawm cov neeg tawm tswv yim rau kev koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv biofeedstock tshiab, xws li cov khoom seem ua liaj ua teb thiab cov algae, los tsim cov fibers zoo dua qub. Nws kuj tseem qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam kev xaiv kawg ntawm lub neej rau cov khoom lag luam tom ntej, txhawb kev lag luam ncig uas cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem siv rov ua dua lossis biodegraded nrog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig tsawg. Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no hais txog qhov tsim nyog rau cov pab pawg R & D kom nkag siab lawv cov kev txawj ntse hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb hauv kev nkag siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej los txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv tom ntej. nws hu rau scaling li biotechnological le caag, xws li cellular engineering, mus rau kev loj hlob ntawm lab-loj cov ntaub ntawv.
Raws li kev lag luam cov ntaub ntawv txuas ntxiv mus txuas ntxiv mus, qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas qhov chaw dawb no ua haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho tshiab thiab cov tub ua lag luam, coj lawv mus rau kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev tshawb nrhiav los hloov pauv cov ntaub ntawv toj roob hauv pes.
Summary By: Dr. S. Marek Muller | Original Study By: Material Innovation Initiative. (2021) | Luam tawm: Lub Xya hli ntuj 12, 2024
Kev tsom xam qhov chaw dawb tau txheeb xyuas qhov ua tiav tam sim no, teeb meem, thiab cov hauv kev hauv kev lag luam "tom ntej-gen" cov ntaub ntawv.
Kev txheeb xyuas qhov chaw dawb yog cov lus qhia ntxaws txog kev lag luam uas twb muaj lawm. Lawv txheeb xyuas lub xeev ntawm kev ua lag luam, suav nrog cov khoom lag luam, cov kev pabcuam, thiab cov thev naus laus zis muaj nyob, uas ua tiav, uas muaj kev tawm tsam, thiab muaj peev xwm ua lag luam sib txawv rau yav tom ntej innovation thiab kev ua lag luam. Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws qhov chaw dawb ntawm qhov "tom ntej-gen" tsiaj lwm cov ntaub ntawv kev lag luam tau tsim ua raws li kev soj ntsuam rau lub Rau Hli 2021 lub xeev-ntawm-the-industry tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm Materials Innovation Initiative. MII yog ib qho kev xav rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho tshiab. Hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom no, lawv tau koom tes nrog The Mills Fabrica, paub txog cov neeg ua lag luam hauv kev lag luam khoom siv tom ntej.
Cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej no yog hloov ncaj qha rau cov khoom siv tsiaj xws li tawv, txhob lo lo ntxhuav, ntaub plaub, plaub, thiab nqes (los yog "cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb"). Innovators siv "biomimicry" los luam qhov zoo, hnov, thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom tsiaj raug hloov. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej no tsis zoo ib yam li "tam sim no-gen" tsiaj lwm yam xws li polyester, acrylic, thiab hluavtaws tawv ua los ntawm petrochemicals xws li polyurethane. Tom ntej no-gen cov ntaub ntawv zoo li siv "bio-based" cov khoom xyaw - tsis yog yas - txhawm rau txo qis lawv cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Cov khoom siv bio-based muaj xws li microbes, nroj tsuag, thiab fungi. Txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua feem ntawm cov khoom siv tom ntej no yog bio-based nkaus xwb, kev lag luam tab tom siv zog rau kev tsim kho tshiab los ntawm kev tawm tshiab ntsuab chemistry technologies.
Qhov chaw dawb tsom xam txheeb xyuas xya lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev lag luam cov khoom siv tom ntej.
- Muaj ob peb yam khoom siv tom ntej nrog kev tsim kho tshiab. Ib qho nyiaj tsis sib xws (kwv yees li 2/3) ntawm cov neeg tsim kho tshiab hauv kev lag luam tau koom nrog cov tawv tom ntej. Qhov no tawm tom ntej-gen wool, silk, down, fur, thiab kab txawv tawv nyob rau hauv-invested thiab under-innovated, muab lub sij hawm txaus rau kev loj hlob yav tom ntej. Piv nrog rau kev lag luam tawv, cov khoom siv tom ntej no yuav ua rau qis qis ntawm kev tsim khoom tab sis muaj peev xwm tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua ib chav.
- Daim ntawv tshaj tawm qhia txog cov kev cov nyom hauv kev ua cov ecosystems tom ntej 100% kev ruaj ntseg. Txawm hais tias kev lag luam koom nrog "feedstock" zoo li cov khoom pov tseg thiab cov khoom siv microbial, kev tsim cov khoom siv tom ntej no feem ntau tseem xav tau roj av thiab cov khoom siv phom sij. Ntawm qhov kev txhawj xeeb tshwj xeeb yog polyvinyl chloride thiab lwm yam vinyl-based polymers, uas feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov tawv hluavtaws. Txawm hais tias nws cov kav ntev, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov plastics uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau tshaj plaws vim nws qhov kev cia siab ntawm cov fossil fuels, tso tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, siv cov plasticizers tsis zoo, thiab cov nqi qis dua. Bio-based polyurethane muaj kev cog lus lwm txoj hauv kev, tab sis tseem tab tom txhim kho. Cov kws sau ntawv qhia tias cov neeg tsim kho tshiab thiab cov tub ua lag luam yuav tsum tsim thiab ua lag luam bio-based, biodegradable versions ntawm binders, coatings, dyes, additives, thiab finishing agents.
- Lawv txhawb cov neeg tsim kho tshiab tshiab los tsim 100% bio-based hluavtaws fibers los tiv thaiv kev siv polyester. Tam sim no, polyester tso nyiaj rau 55% ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom tsim txhua xyoo. Vim nws yog roj av-raws li, nws yog suav hais tias yog "public yeeb ncuab tus naj npawb ib" nyob rau hauv kev lag luam zam zam . Polyester yog cov khoom siv nyuaj uas tam sim no ua haujlwm raws li "tam sim no-gen" hloov rau cov ntaub ntawv xws li txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab down. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib puag ncig, vim nws tuaj yeem tso cov microfibers rau hauv ib puag ncig. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tawm tswv yim rau kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov rau cov tswv yim tam sim no los ntawm kev tsim bio-based polyester fibers. Kev tsim kho tshiab tam sim no tab tom tsim los tsim cov polyester rov ua dua tshiab, tab sis qhov kawg ntawm lub neej biodegradability teeb meem tseem muaj kev txhawj xeeb.
- Cov kws sau ntawv txhawb cov tub ua lag luam thiab cov neeg tsim kho tshiab kom koom nrog biofeedstock tshiab rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv hu rau kev tshawb pom tshiab thiab thev naus laus zis hauv ntuj thiab semi-synthetic (cellulosic) fibers. Nroj fibers xws li paj rwb thiab hemp ua li ~ 30% ntawm ntiaj teb fiber ntau lawm. Lub caij no, semi-synthetics zoo li rayon tsim ~ 6%. Txawm hais tias tau kos los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, cov fibers no tseem ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ruaj ntseg. Piv txwv li, paj rwb siv 2.5% ntawm lub ntiaj teb arable av, tseem 10% ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj ua liaj ua teb. Agricultural residues, xws li cov seem ntawm mov thiab roj xibtes, muaj cov kev xaiv siv tau rau kev hloov mus rau hauv cov fibers uas siv tau. Algae, uas yog 400 npaug ntau npaum li cov ntoo ntawm kev tshem tawm CO2 los ntawm huab cua, kuj muaj peev xwm ua qhov chaw tshiab ntawm biofeedstock.
- Qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam hu kom muaj ntau yam ntxiv hauv cov khoom siv tom ntej 'kev xaiv kawg ntawm lub neej. Raws li cov kws sau ntawv, cov neeg xa khoom tom ntej, cov neeg tsim qauv, thiab cov tuam txhab tsim khoom muaj lub luag haujlwm kom nkag siab tias kev xaiv cov khoom cuam tshuam li cas rau txoj hmoo ntawm lawv cov khoom. Txog li 30% ntawm microplastic pollution tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv textiles, uas muaj ntau yam xwm txheej kawg ntawm lub neej. Lawv tuaj yeem muab pov tseg rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg, hlawv rau lub zog, lossis muab pov tseg hauv ib puag ncig. Ntau cov kev xaiv muaj txiaj ntsig suav nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab biodegradation. Cov neeg tsim kho tshiab yuav tsum ua haujlwm rau "kev lag luam ncig," qhov chaw tsim khoom, siv, thiab pov tseg yog nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo, txo qis tag nrho cov khoom pov tseg. li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum muaj peev xwm rov ua dua lossis biodegraded, txo cov neeg siv khoom hnyav. Ib tug muaj peev xwm ua si nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no yog polylactic acid (PLA), fermented starch derivative, uas yog tam sim no siv los ua degradable plastics. 100% PLA khaub ncaws tej zaum yuav muaj nyob rau yav tom ntej.
- Cov kws sau ntawv hu rau pab pawg tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho (R&D) kom lawv cov kev txawj ntse hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Tshwj xeeb, cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg tsim tawm tshiab yuav tsum nkag siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom vaj khoom tsev. Kev paub txog qhov kev sib raug zoo no yuav tso cai rau R & D pab pawg los ntsuas seb cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb qhia txog cov khoom siv li cas thiab yuav ua li cas kho cov khoom zoo, qauv, thiab kev ua tiav kom ua tiav qhov kev xav tau. Ua li no tuaj yeem pab R & D pab pawg pivot los ntawm "sab saum toj-down" txoj hauv kev rau cov khoom tsim uas hais txog qhov zoo thiab kev xav ntawm cov khoom tshiab. Hloov chaw, biomimicry tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li "hauv qab-up" txoj hauv kev rau cov ntaub ntawv tsim uas suav nrog kev ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov ntxiv rau cov khoom siv tom ntej 'kev zoo nkauj. Ib qho kev xaiv yog siv cov protein synthesis recombinant - siv cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav kom loj hlob "daim tawv nqaij" yam tsis muaj tsiaj txhu. Piv txwv li, lab-loj hlob "npaum" tuaj yeem ua tiav thiab tanned zoo li cov tawv tsiaj.
- Nws hu rau cov neeg tsim kho tshiab los ntsuas lawv txoj kev siv biotechnology, tshwj xeeb hauv thaj tsam ntawm cellular engineering. Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej no vam khom rau cov txheej txheem biotechnological, xws li cov lus hais saum toj no-cov tawv nqaij ua los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai. Cov kws sau ntawv hais txog tias thaum biotechnology nce qib hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv tom ntej, cov neeg tsim kho tshiab yuav tsum nco ntsoov txog tsib yam txheej txheem: kev xaiv cov khoom tsim tawm, txoj hauv kev muab cov khoom noj rau lub cev, yuav ua li cas kom cov hlwb "zoo siab" rau kev loj hlob siab tshaj plaws, yuav ua li cas. sau / hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom xav tau, thiab scale-up. Scale-up, los yog muaj peev xwm muab cov khoom ntim loj ntawm tus nqi tsim nyog, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kwv yees cov khoom siv tom ntej ntawm kev lag luam ua tiav. Ua li ntawd tuaj yeem nyuaj thiab kim hauv qhov chaw tom ntej. Luckily, muaj ntau lub accelerators thiab incubators los pab cov neeg tsim khoom tshiab.
Ntxiv nrog rau xya qhov chaw dawb sib tham, cov kws sau ntawv pom zoo tias kev lag luam cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej no kawm tau los ntawm lwm txoj kev lag luam protein. Qhov no yog vim ob qhov kev lag luam 'zoo sib xws hauv lub hom phiaj thiab thev naus laus zis. Piv txwv li, cov neeg tsim kho tshiab tom ntej tuaj yeem saib mus rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm mycelial (nceb-raws li thev naus laus zis). Lwm txoj kev lag luam protein siv mycelial kev loj hlob rau zaub mov thiab precision fermentation. Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog mycelium cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom, nws yog ib qho kev cog lus rau tawv. Kev lag luam cov khoom siv tom ntej, zoo li nws cov protein sib xyaw ua ke, yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau kev tsim cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Ib txoj hauv kev ua li ntawd yog los ntawm cov npe nrov zam uas siv cov khoom tsis muaj tsiaj.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, kev lag luam cov khoom siv tom ntej yog cog lus. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias 94% ntawm cov neeg teb tau qhib rau kev yuav lawv. Cov kws sau ntawv muaj kev cia siab tias kev muag khoom ntawm kev hloov pauv ncaj qha rau cov khoom siv tsiaj yuav nce mus txog 80% txhua xyoo nyob rau tsib xyoos tom ntej. Thaum cov khoom siv tom ntej no phim qhov kev pheej yig thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tam sim no, kev lag luam tuaj yeem ua tus thawj coj tsav mus rau lub neej yav tom ntej.
Daim ntawv ceeb toom: Cov ntsiab lus no tau pib tshaj tawm ntawm Faunytics.org thiab tej zaum yuav tsis tas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kev pom ntawm Humane Foundation.
