Ama-zoo abelokhu eyingxenye yemiphakathi yabantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka, esebenza njengezikhungo zokuzijabulisa, imfundo, nokongiwa kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, indima yabo kanye nemiphumela yezimiso zokuziphatha sekuyisikhathi eside kuyizihloko zempikiswano eshubile. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ama-zoo anikeza izinzuzo eziningi kubantu, izilwane, nendawo ezungezile, kuyilapho abagxeki bephakamisa ukukhathazeka ngenhlalakahle yezilwane nemikhuba yokuziphatha. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuhlola amaphuzu amahlanu ayinhloko avuna ama-zoo, sethula ukuhlaziya okulinganiselayo ngokuhlola amaqiniso asekelayo nokuphikisana kwesimangalo ngasinye.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-zoo anamathela ezindinganisweni ezifanayo. I-Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) igunyaza cishe amazoo angama-235 emhlabeni wonke, iphoqelela inhlalakahle yezilwane eqinile kanye namazinga ocwaningo. Lawa ma-zoo agunyaziwe agunyazwe ukuhlinzeka ngendawo ehlangabezana nezidingo zomzimba, ezingokwengqondo, nezenhlalo zezilwane, ukuqinisekisa ukuqashwa njalo kwezempilo, nokugcina uhlelo lwezilwane ezingama-24/7. Nokho, ingxenye encane kuphela yama-zoo emhlabeni wonke ehlangabezana nalezi zindinganiso, okushiya izilwane eziningi zisengozini yezimo ezingezinhle nokuphathwa kabi.
Lesi sihloko sizobheka izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezizungezile ama-zoo ngokuhlola indima yazo ekubuyiseleni izilwane, ukongiwa kwezilwane, ukufundisa umphakathi, ucwaningo lwesayensi, nokulandela izifo.
Ngokwethula izinhlangothi zombili zenkulumo-mpikiswano, sihlose ukunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwezimpikiswano zama-zoo kanye nezinselele abhekana nazo. Ama-zoo abeyingxenye yempucuko yabantu iminyaka eyinkulungwane, esebenza njengezikhungo zokuzijabulisa, imfundo, nokongiwa kwemvelo. Nokho, indima nezimiso zokuziphatha zama-zoo kubangele impikiswano enkulu. Abagqugquzeli baphikisa ngokuthi ama-zoo azuzisa abantu, izilwane, nendawo, kuyilapho abagxeki begqamisa izindaba zenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokukhathazeka kokuziphatha. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuhlolisisa izimpikiswano ezinhlanu ezivelele ezisekela ama-zoo, sinikeze ukuhlaziya okulinganiselayo ngokuhlola amaqiniso nokuphikisana okuhlobene nesimangalo ngasinye.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-zoo asebenza ngaphansi kwamazinga afanayo. I-Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) igunyaza cishe amazoo angama-235 emhlabeni jikelele, iphoqelela amazinga aqinile enhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nocwaningo. Lawa mazoo agunyaziwe ayadingeka ukuze ahlinzeke ngendawo ehlangabezana nezidingo zomzimba, ezingokwengqondo, nezenhlalo zezilwane, ukuqinisekisa ukuqapha kwezempilo okuvamile, nokugcina uhlelo lwezilwane ezingama-24/7. Nokho, ingxenye encane kuphela yama-zoo emhlabeni wonke ehlangabezana nalezi zindinganiso, okushiya izilwane eziningi zisengozini yezimo eziphansi nokuphathwa kabi.
Lesi sihloko sizohlola inkimbinkimbi ezungeze ama-zoo ngokuhlola indima yawo ukuvuselelwa kwezilwane, ukongiwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ukufundisa umphakathi, ucwaningo lwesayensi , kanye nokulandela izifo. Ngokwethula izinhlangothi zombili zenkulumo-mpikiswano, sihlose ukuhlinzeka ngokuqonda okuphelele kwezimpikiswano zama-zoo kanye nezinselele abhekana nazo.
Ama-zoo angenye yezindlela zokuzijabulisa ezindala kakhulu Emhlabeni, ezinamarekhodi okuqala okuba khona kwawo asukela ku-1,000 BC. Ziphinde zibe ne-polarizing ngendlela emangalisayo futhi zinempikiswano. Abasekeli bama-zoo bathi lezi zikhungo zinomthelela omuhle kubantu, izilwane kanye nemvelo. Kodwa isithombe esigcwele siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi kufanelekile ukukhulula izimpikiswano zama-zoo ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani.
Ngaphambi kokungena okhula, kubalulekile ukukhomba ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-zoo adalwe alinganayo. Cishe amazoo angama-235 emhlabeni wonke agunyazwe yi-Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), ezinkulungwaneni eziningi ezikhona emhlabeni jikelele ( 10,000 ngokwesibalo se-AZA esicashunwe kabanzi , nakuba leso sibalo okungenani sineminyaka eyishumi ubudala). I-AZA idinga ama-zoo ayo ukuthi afunde njalo izilwane zawo ngezinjongo zocwaningo futhi athobele izindinganiso eziqinile zenhlalakahle yezilwane . Lawa mazinga afaka phakathi, kodwa awakhawulelwe kulokhu:
- Ukuhlinzeka ngezindawo ezivalekile ezikhuthaza ukuphila kahle ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo nenhlalakahle yezilwane
- Ukuqoqa amalungu ohlobo oluthile ndawonye ngendlela ebonisa ukuthambekela kwawo okungokwemvelo komphakathi
- Ukuhlinzeka ngezindawo eziningi ezahlukene ngaphakathi kwemvelo yesilwane ngasinye
- Ukunikeza umthunzi owanele ukuze ugweme ukukhanya kwelanga ngezinsuku ezinelanga
- Ukuhlola njalo impilo yezilwane
- Uhlelo lwezilwane ezingama-24/7 oluqondiswa udokotela wezilwane oqeqeshiwe olugxile ekuvimbeleni izifo kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane
Ngenxa yalezi zindinganiso, izilwane zibonakala ziphathwa kangcono kakhulu kuma-zoo agunyazwe yi-AZA kunamanye ama-zoo, futhi izimo ezingcono zezilwane ze-zoo zivame ukutholakala ikakhulukazi noma ngokuphelele kulezo ezinemvume ye-AZA.
Ngeshwa, amaphesenti angu-10 kuphela ama-zoo e-US agunyazwe yi-AZA ngokusho kwenhlangano, futhi ngenxa yalokho, iningi lezilwane ze-zoo lisengozini yokuphathwa kabi.
Impikiswano 1: “Ama-zoo avuselela izilwane ezigulayo nezilimele”
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi amanye ama-zoo ahlinzeka ngendawo engcwele kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezilwane ezigulayo , ezilimele noma ezingakwazi ukuphila ngokwazo, nokuthi ama-zoo agunyazwe yi-AZA asebenzisana ne- US Fish and Wildlife Service ukunakekela izilwane zasolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi ama-zoo anobufakazi bezilwane ezidla ezinye, izinhlobo ezizingelayo ezingeyona ngisho ingxenye yama-zoo ngezinye izikhathi ziyofuna isiphephelo kuzo.
Kodwa uma sizokhuluma ngenhlalakahle yezilwane ema-zoo, kufanele sibheke yonke i-equation, hhayi nje isici esisodwa - izinhlelo zokuvuselela - okwenzeka ukuze kuzuze izilwane .
Umbiko wango-2019 ovela ku-World Animal Protection uthole ukuthi amakhulukhulu ama-zoo ahlukumeza izilwane zawo ukuze anikeze ukuzijabulisa ezivakashini. Izilwane zaphoqeleka ukuba zithole “ukuqeqeshwa” okubanzi nokubuhlungu ukuze zifunde ukwenza izinto ezijabulisa izivakashi. Izibonelo zemisebenzi enjalo zihlanganisa amahlengethwa aphoqwa ukuba asebenze njengama-surfboard, izindlovu eziphoqelelwa ukuthi zibhukude ngaphansi kwamanzi namakati asendle aphoqelelwe ukuba adlale emibukisweni yesitayela se-gladiator .
Izilwane ze-Zoo zingahlupheka ngokomzimba nangezindlela ezingaqondile. Isibonelo, amaphesenti alinganiselwa ku-70 ama-gorilla eNyakatho Melika - wonke avalelwe - anesifo senhliziyo, okuyinto ethusayo, uma kubhekwa ukuthi isifo senhliziyo cishe asikho phakathi kwama-gorilla asendle. Icala lesifo senhliziyo kuma-gorilla kungaba ukudla kwamabhisikidi okungahlangabezani nezidingo ezithile zokudla okunomsoco kanye nokugayeka kokudla okuhlangatshezwana nokudla kwawo endle, okuvame ukuba imifino enamahlamvu enama-fibrous. Izindlovu zase-Afrika ziphila isikhathi eside ngokuphindwe kathathu endle kunaseziqiwini, futhi kunezindaba ezingenakubalwa zezilwane zase-zoo ezibulawa noma zigogekile ngenxa yabantu abangenandaba abaseduze kwazo.
Kufanele futhi sibheke imiphumela yezengqondo ama-zoo anayo ezilwaneni. Izilwane eziningi ze-zoo azinayo cishe indawo eyanele yokuhlala ngokunethezeka, futhi lokhu kungazihlanyisa; amabhere asezindaweni ezithunjiwe, ngokwesibonelo, anikezwa ingxenye eyodwa nje yesigidi yendawo ayevame ukuba nayo endle. Imikhawulo eqinile yasemkhathini njengalena ibangela ukuthi izilwane zase-zoo zihlanganyele ekuziphatheni okungekhona okwemvelo , okuphindaphindayo futhi okuvame ukuba yingozi, njengokuhamba kancane emibuthanweni, ukuhluthula izinwele zazo, ukuluma izinsimbi zamakheji azo ngisho nokudla amahlanzo azo noma indle.
Lesi sifo sivame kakhulu kangangokuthi sinegama: i-zoochosis, noma i-psychosis ebangelwa ama-zoo . Amanye ama-zoo azama ukulwa nakho ngokunikeza izilwane amathoyizi noma izindida ukuze zidle isikhathi sazo, kuyilapho ezinye kubikwa ukuthi zisabela ngokunikeza izilwane zazo i-Prozac nezinye izidakamizwa zokucindezeleka .
Okokugcina, kuneqiniso lokuthi ama-zoo ngokuvamile abulala izilwane “eziningi” ezingasasebenzi ngazo. Ngokukhethekile, izilwane ze-zoo ziyabulawa uma zingasenzi inzuzo , noma uma zingenayo indawo ezinhlelweni zokuzalanisa . Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi lezi ngokuvamile ziyizilwane ezinempilo. Nakuba ama-zoo ngokuvamile engazikhiphi izinombolo zawo zokuhawukelwa, i-European Association of Zoos and Aquaria ilinganisela ukuthi phakathi kuka -3 000 no-5 000 izilwane zase-zoo ziyabulawa minyaka yonke eYurophu kuphela.
Impikiswano 2: “Ama-zoo abuyisa izinhlobo ezicishe zashabalala onqenqemeni”
Amanye ama-zoo aye azalanisa izilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala lapho zivalelwe futhi azidedela endle, kanjalo azivimbele ukuba zingashabalali. Eminingi yale mizamo ibe yimpumelelo: i-California condor, i-Arabian oryx, ihhashi lika-Przewalski, i-Corroboree Frog, i-Bellinger River snapping turtle kanye ne-Golden Lion tamarin zazisonqenqemeni lokuqothulwa ngaphambi kokuba zisindiswe ama-zoo .
Ungalenzi iphutha: lezi intuthuko enhle, futhi ama-zoo asize ukubuyisela lezi zilwane zifanelwe ukutuswa ngomsebenzi wazo. Kodwa futhi kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukuthi, nakuba ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ziye zasindiswa ekuqothulweni kwama-zoo, ezinye izinhlobo ziye zashabalala ngempela ema-zoo. I -Carolina parakeet esele yafela ezu njengesibonelo, njengoba kwenza undlunkulu wokugcina wasolwandle kanye nequagga yokugcina . I-thylacine, i-marsupial efana nempungushe edabuka eTasmania, yashabalala ezu ngenxa yokunganakwa okusolwa ngabagcini bezilwane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-zoo eyodwa eZimbabwe itholakale izingela izindlovu ngokungemthetho endle , ngokuvamile lapho zisanda kuzalwa. Ekugcineni, izilwane eziningi ezizalelwa ema-zoo azidedelwa ziye endle.
Impikiswano 3: “Ama-zoo akhuthaza izingane kanye nomphakathi ukuba nethonya elinamandla enhlalakahleni yezilwane nokongiwa kwemvelo”
Nakuba kunzima ukukala lokhu nganoma imuphi umqondo wesayensi, abanye abacwaningi baye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlangana ubuso nobuso nezilwane ezindaweni zokugcinwa kwezilwane kubangela ukuthi abahambele umcimbi bakhe ubuhlobo obuseduze obungokomzwelo nezilwane , nokuthi lokhu kungase kwenze ezinye zazo zingene emikhakheni ehlobene nezilwane. ukunakekelwa noma ukongiwa. amaningi anikeza izinhlelo zemfundo , zezingane kanye nabantu abadala ngokufanayo, ezingase zikhuthaze abantu ukuba babambe iqhaza elikhudlwana ekunakekelweni kwezilwane, ukongiwa kwemvelo kanye nemvelo.
Lesi simangalo siyaphikisana, nokho. Kuvela ngokwengxenye ocwaningweni lwango -2007 olukhishwe yi-AZA , olwaphetha ngokuthi “ ukuya kuma-zoo anemvume ye-AZA kanye nezindawo ezihlala emanzini eNyakatho Melika kunomthelela olinganisekayo ezimweni zengqondo zokongiwa kanye nokuqonda kwezivakashi zabantu abadala. ” Kodwa-ke, iningi lama-zoo emhlabeni aligunyazwe yi-AZA, ngakho-ke ngisho noma okutholwe ocwaningweni bekunembile, bekuzosebenza kuphela kuma-zoo amancane amancane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya okwalandela okuvela eceleni kuphethe ngokuthi lokhu okutholakele kungase kungabi nembayo kwasekuqaleni, ngenxa yamaphutha amaningi endlela ocwaningweni lwe-AZA . Lokho kuhlaziya kwaphetha ngokuthi “abukho ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi ama-zoo nezindawo zasolwandle zikhuthaza ukuguquka kwesimo sengqondo, imfundo, noma isithakazelo ekongiweni kwezivakashi.”
Nokho, ucwaningo olwalandela luye lwaphakamisa ukuthi ucwaningo lokuqala lwe-AZA kungenzeka ukuthi lwaluneqiniso elithile kulo, nolunye ucwaningo olunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi abantu abavakashela ama-zoo babonisa amazinga aphezulu okuzwela izilwane kanye nemizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo kunabantu abangabavakashi. Lesi siphetho siphazanyiswa, nokho, yinkinga yokuxhumanisa-yimbangela; kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abakhetha ukuvakashela ama-zoo sebevele bathanda izilwane kunalabo abangakuthandi, nokuthi i-zoo ngokwayo ayizange ibe nendima ekulolongeni isimo sabo sengqondo. Ucwaningo ngalesi sihloko luvame ukuphawula ukuthi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kufinyelelwe esiphethweni esiqinile.
Impikiswano 4: “Ama-zoo anesandla ocwaningweni lwesayensi enhlalakahleni yezilwane nokongiwa kwemvelo”
Ngokwesizindalwazi senhlangano, wonke ama-zoo agunyazwe yi-AZA e-US kudingeka abheke, atadishe futhi acwaninge ngezilwane ezifuyayo ukuze sithuthukise ulwazi lwethu lokuthi singazilondoloza kanjani futhi sizivikele kanjani. Phakathi kuka-1993 no-2013, ama-zoo agunyazwe yi-AZA ashicilele izifundo ezibuyekezwe ontanga eziyi-5,175 , ezigxile kakhulu kusayensi yezilwane nezilwane, futhi le nhlangano ishicilela umbiko ophelele minyaka yonke ngemizamo yocwaningo izinhlangano ezingamalungu ayo ezixhase ngayo .
Noma kunjalo, amaphesenti amancane kuphela ama-zoo agunyazwe yi-AZA. Ama-zoo amaningi awanazo izinhlelo ezinjalo, futhi iningi lama-zoo akudingekile ukuthi libe nazo.
Kuyaxaka futhi ukutusa ama-zoo ngolwazi oluthuthukile lwesayensi lwezilwane lapho ama-zoo amaningi, empeleni, alushaya indiva ulwazi olunjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-zoo awavumeli izilwane zawo ukuba zilondoloze izigaba zenhlalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, eziye zashintsha ukuze ziphile. Ngenxa yokuvalelwa kwazo, izilwane zase-zoo azikwazi ukwakha ubudlelwano nezinye ngendlela ebezingenza ngayo endle, futhi zivame ukususwa kungazelelwe emaqenjini azo omphakathi noma emindenini bese zithunyelwa kwamanye ama-zoo (uma zingazalelwanga zivalelwe) . Lapho isilwane esisha sifika e-zoo, ngokuvamile “senqatshwa” amanye amalungu ohlobo lwaso , okungase kubangele ubudlova phakathi kwaso .
Impikiswano 5: "Ama-zoo asiza ukulandelela izifo ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele emphakathini"
Lokhu kwenzeka, kanye impela, eminyakeni engama-25 edlule. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokugqashuka kwegciwane eWest Nile ngo-1999 , izikhulu zezempilo zomphakathi zaqala ukuqaphela ukuthi leli gciwane lase lifinyelele eNtshonalanga yenkabazwe lapho abasebenzi base-Bronx zoo bebazisa ukuthi balitholile ezinyonini ze-zoo.
Lokhu akuyona into evamile. Okuvame kakhulu, empeleni, ukuthi abantu babamba izifo ezilwaneni zase-zoo . I-E. coli, i-Cryptosporodium ne-Salmonella ziphakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu; lezi zaziwa njengezifo ze-zoonotic, noma izifo ezingadluliselwa zisuka kubantu okungebona abantu ziye kubantu. Ngokusho kwe-CDC, kube nokuqubuka kwezifo eziyi-100 ze-zoonotic phakathi kuka-2010 no-2015 ezisuka kuma-zoo, ama-fairs kanye namapulazi ezemfundo.
Umugqa Ophansi
Ngokuqinisekile ama-zoo agxile kakhulu enhlalakahleni yezilwane manje kunokuba ayenjalo ekuqaleni kwawo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, futhi kunemizamo ethile yokuqhubeka naleyo ntuthuko. Omunye umqondo we-"unzoo" , umzamo wokuguqula imodeli yezoo yendabuko ngokudala izindawo ezivalekile zabantu ezindaweni zemvelo zezilwane , kunokuba wenze ngenye indlela. Ngo-2014, ipaki yokulondoloza i-tasmanian devil yaguqulwa yaba i-unzoo yokuqala emhlabeni.
Noma kunjalo, iqiniso lihlala liwukuthi inani elikhulu lezilwane liyahlupheka nsuku zonke ngenxa yemikhuba evamile ye-zoo, futhi nakuba inhlangano egunyaza ama-zoo - i-AZA - inezidingo ezithile eziqinile zama-zoo angamalungu ayo, iningi elikhulu lama-zoo aliyona ingxenye. ye-AZA, futhi ayinakho ukwengamela okuzimele futhi ayinazo izidingo zemfundo, zocwaningo noma zokuvuselela.
Ezweni elikahle, wonke ama-zoo angaba nemithetho yobuntu ezincwadini, futhi zonke izilwane zase-zoo zingajabulela ukuphila okude, okunempilo nokujabulisayo. Ngeshwa, akulona izwe esiphila kulo lelo, futhi njengoba kunjalo, noma yiziphi izimangalo eziphathelene nobuhle be-zoo kufanele zithathwe nohlamvu olusindayo lukasawoti.
Isibuyekezo: Lesi siqeshana sibuyekeziwe ukuze kuqashelwe ukuthi i-akhawunti ephathelene no-Gus ibhere elimhlophe ekondliwa i-Prozac ibikwe kwezinye (kodwa hhayi zonke) izitolo zezindaba ezimboze isilwane.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku-SeintMedia.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono yesisekelo Humane Foundation .
