Amasistimu emvelo ahlukahlukene emhlabeni ayisisekelo sempilo, ahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile ezifana nomoya ohlanzekile, amanzi aphuzwayo, nomhlabathi ovundile. Kodwa-ke, imisebenzi yabantu iye ya ngokuya iphazamisa lezi zinhlelo ezibalulekile, okusheshisa ukuwohloka kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imiphumela yalokhu kucekelwa phansi kwemvelo ijulile futhi ifinyelela kude, ibeka izinsongo ezinkulu izinqubo zemvelo ezisekela ukuphila emhlabeni wethu.
Umbiko weZizwe Ezihlangene ugqamisa izinga elithusayo lomthelela womuntu, ukuveza ukuthi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zendawo esemhlabeni kanye nezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezindawo zasolwandle zishintshwe kakhulu ngezenzo zabantu. Ukuze ukulwa nendawo yokuhlala ukulahlekelwa kanye nokunqanda amazinga okushabalala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi imisebenzi yabantu ibeka kanjani engozini i-ecosystem.
Ama-ecosystem, achazwa ngokuthi amasistimu axhumene ezitshalo, izilwane, ama-microorganisms, nezinto zemvelo, ancike ebhalansini ethambile yezingxenye zawo. Ukuphazamisa noma ukususa noma iyiphi into eyodwa kungonakalisa yonke isistimu, kusongela ukusebenza kwayo kwesikhathi eside. Lawa ma-ecosystems asukela emanzini amancane kuya olwandle olukhulu, ngalinye liqukethe ama-sub-ecosystem amaningi asebenzisana nomhlaba wonke.
Imisebenzi yabantu efana nokunwetshwa kwezolimo, ukumba izinsiza, kanye nokufudukela emadolobheni kuneqhaza elikhulu ekucekeleni phansi kwe-ecosystem. Lezi zenzo zingcolisa umoya namanzi, zicekela phansi inhlabathi, futhi ziphazamise izinqubo zemvelo ezifana nomjikelezo we-hydrologic, okuholela ekonakaleni noma ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwe-ecosystems.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okufuywa kwezinkomo kuyisibonelo esiqinile salo mthelela. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kukhipha inani elikhulu lesikhutha, kugugude umhlabathi, futhi kucekele phansi izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane ezingenakubalwa. Ukusungulwa kwamapulazi ezinkomo okulandelayo kuyaqhubeka nokungcolisa umoya namanzi, okubhebhethekisa ukulimala kwemvelo.
Ukulinganisa ukucekelwa phansi kwe-ecosystem kuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi yalezi zinhlelo. Amamethrikhi ahlukahlukene, njengempilo yomhlaba namanzi nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, konke kukhomba esiphethweni esifanayo: imisebenzi yabantu idala ukulimala okungakaze kubonwe kuzinto eziphilayo eziphila emhlabeni. Ngaphansi kwamaphesenti amathathu omhlaba weplanethi uhlala unjalo ngokwezemvelo, futhi i-ecosystem ecosystem isengozini efanayo, nezingxenye ezibalulekile zamachibi, imifula, kanye nezixhobo zamakhorali zonakaliswe kakhulu.
Ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kugcizelela futhi izinga lomonakalo. Inani lezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, nezinhlanzi zehle kakhulu, nezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezibhekene nokushabalala ngenxa ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo kanye nezinye izici ezibangelwa umuntu.
Ukuqonda nokunciphisa umthelela womuntu ku-ecosystem kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe izinqubo zemvelo ezisekela ukuphila eMhlabeni. Lesi sihloko sidingida ngezindlela ezehlukene imisebenzi yabantu ethinta ngayo imvelo, izindlela ezisetshenziswa ukukala lo mthelela, kanye nesidingo esiphuthumayo semizamo ehlangene yokuvikela nokubuyisela lawa masistimu abalulekile.
Izinto eziningi eziphilayo eMhlabeni zakha isisekelo sokuphila kule planethi, zisinikeza umoya ohlanzekile, amanzi aphuzwayo nomhlabathi ovundile. Kodwa imisebenzi yabantu iye yazishintsha kakhulu lezi zimiso ezibalulekile, futhi lowo monakalo uye wanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imiphumela yokucekelwa phansi kwe-ecosystem mide futhi imbi kakhulu, futhi isongela ukuthunaza izinqubo zemvelo zemvelo esithembele kuzo ukuze siphile.
Umbiko weZizwe Ezihlangene wathola ukuthi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zendawo ehlala emhlabeni, kanye nezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezindawo ezihlala olwandle, kuye kwashintshwa kabi izinto ezenziwa abantu . Ukuze kwehliswe ukulahleka kwendawo futhi kwehlise izinga lokushabalala, sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi imisebenzi yabantu isongela futhi ibeke engozini kanjani i-ecosystem yeplanethi .
Iyini I-Ecosystems
I-ecosystem wuhlelo oluxhumene lwezitshalo, izilwane, ama-microorganisms kanye nezakhi zemvelo ezithatha indawo ethile. Ukusebenzisana kwazo zonke lezi zitshalo nezilwane yikho okwenza i-ecosystem iqhubeke; ukususa noma ukuguqula isici esisodwa kungaxosha lonke uhlelo, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusongele ukuqhubeka kwalo.
I-ecosystem ingaba yincane njengechibi lamanzi noma ibe nkulu njengeplanethi, futhi ama-ecosystem amaningi aqukethe ezinye i-ecosystems ngaphakathi kwazo. Isibonelo, i-ocean surface ecosystems ikhona ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem emikhulu yezilwandle ngokwazo. I-ecosystem yoMhlaba ngokwayo iyisiphetho sezinto eziphilayo ezingenakubalwa ezisebenzisanayo emhlabeni jikelele.
Indlela Umsebenzi Womuntu Oyithinta Ngayo I-Ecosystems
Imisebenzi eminingi evamile yabantu ilimaza, i-altare noma icekele phansi i-ecosystem yoMhlaba . Ukunwetshwa kwezolimo, ukukhishwa kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokufudukela emadolobheni kuwuhlobo lwezinyathelo ezinkulu ezifaka isandla ekucekeleni phansi kwe-ecosystem, kuyilapho izenzo zomuntu ngamunye ezifana nokuzingela ngokweqile kanye nokwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo nazo zingaba nomthelela ekwehleni kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile.
Le misebenzi, ngamazinga ahlukahlukene, ingcolisa umoya namanzi, yehlisa futhi igugule inhlabathi, futhi ibangele ukufa kwezilwane nezitshalo. Ziphinde ziphazamise izinqubo zemvelo zemvelo ezivumela izimiso zemvelo ukuba zibe khona, njengomjikelezo wamanzi . Ngenxa yalokho, lezi zimiso zemvelo zicekelwa phansi futhi, kwezinye izimo, zibhujiswe ngokuphelele.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwe-Ecosystem: Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi Ngokufuya Izinkomo Njengesibonelo
Umfanekiso omuhle wendlela konke lokhu okusebenza ngayo ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, okuyilapho indawo enamahlathi igawulwa unomphela futhi iphinde isetshenziswe ngenye indlela. Cishe amaphesenti angu-90 okugawulwa kwamahlathi kubangelwa ukwanda kwezolimo ;amapulazi ezinkomo awuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokunwetshwa kwezolimo ezindaweni ezigawuliwe , ngakho-ke masisebenzise ipulazi lezinkomo njengesibonelo sethu.
Lapho ihlathi ligawulwa ekuqaleni, kwenzeka izinto ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, sona kanye isenzo sokugawulwa kwezihlahla sikhiphela isamba esikhulu sesikhutha, igesi enkulu ebamba ukushisa, emkhathini, futhi kugugude inhlabathi okwamila kuyo izihlahla. Ukungabikho kwezihlahla kanye ne-canopy kusho nokufa kwezilwane zasendaweni ezithembele ehlathini ukuze zithole ukudla nendawo yokuhlala.
Uma umhlaba usuphendulwe ipulazi lezinkomo, ukucekelwa phansi kuyaqhubeka. Ipulazi lizolokhu lingcolisa umoya, ngoba ezolimo zezilwane zikhipha inqwaba yamagesi abamba ukushisa . Ipulazi lizophinde lingcolise amanzi aseduze, njengoba ukugeleza kwezakhi kanye nemfucumfucu yezilwane ingena emanzini aseduze.
Ekugcineni, ngenxa yokuthi izihlahla ebezivale futhi zithatha isikhutha emkhathini manje seziphelile, ukungcoliswa komoya endaweni kuzoba kubi kakhulu esikhathini eside, futhi lokho kuyohlala kunjalo ngisho noma ipulazi livalekile.
Sikukala Kanjani Ukubhujiswa Kwe-Ecosystem?
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-ecosystem ayinkimbinkimbi ngendlela engavamile futhi ahlukahlukene, ayikho indlela eyodwa yokuhlola impilo yawo noma, ngokuphambene, ukuthi ungakanani umonakalo eziwudalile. Kunemibono eminingana okufanele sibheke ngayo ukucekelwa phansi kwe-ecosystemic, futhi yonke ikhomba esiphethweni esifanayo: abantu badala umonakalo emvelweni ehlala emhlabeni.
Impilo Yomhlaba
Enye indlela yokubona indlela abantu abayonakalisa ngayo imvelo iwukubheka ukuguqulwa nokungcoliswa komhlaba namanzi eplanethi yethu. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ngaphansi kwamaphesenti amathathu omhlaba ophelele womhlaba usaphelele ngokwezemvelo, okusho ukuthi unezitshalo nezilwane ezifanayo nalezo owawuzenza ngezikhathi zangaphambi kwezimboni. Ngo-2020, umbiko ovela ku-World Wildlife Foundation wathola ukuthi abantu bawusebenzisa ngokweqile umhlaba okhiqiza izinto eziphilayo , njengendawo yezitshalo, izinhlanzi namahlathi, okungenani ngamaphesenti angama-56. Okungenani amaphesenti angama-75 omhlaba ongenaqhwa ashintshwe kakhulu ngenxa yezinto ezenziwa abantu, kwatholakala lowo mbiko ofanayo. Eminyakeni eyi-10,000 edlule, abantu bacekele phansi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yawo wonke amahlathi aseMhlabeni . Okwenza lokhu kushaqise kakhulu ukuthi cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zalokho kucekelwa phansi, noma amahektha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.5 okulahleka komhlaba, kwenzeke phakathi neminyaka engu-300 kuphela edlule. NgokweZizwe Ezihlangene, isintu njengamanje sicekela phansi isilinganiso samahektha ayizigidi eziyishumi amahlathi minyaka yonke.
Ngokocwaningo lwango-2020 olwanyatheliswa ku-One Earth, u-1.9 million km2 wezinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni ezazingaphazanyiswa ngaphambili - indawo elingana neMexico - zashintshwa kakhulu izinto ezenziwa abantu phakathi kuka-2000 no-2013 kuphela. Izimiso zemvelo ezithinteke kakhulu kule nkathi yeminyaka engu-13 kwakuyizindawo ezinotshani namahlathi aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Sekukonke, umbiko wathola, cishe amaphesenti angu-60 ezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni angaphansi kwengcindezi enzima noma emaphakathi evela emisebenzini yabantu.
Impilo Yamanzi
Imvelo yasemanzini kule planethi ayihambi kangcono kakhulu. I-EPA isebenzisa umqondo “wokonakala” ukukala ukungcoliswa kwamanzi; umzila wamanzi ubalwa njengowonakele uma ungcole kakhulu ukuba ungabhukuda kuwo noma uphuze, izinhlanzi ezikuwo aziphephile ukuba zingadliwa ngenxa yokungcola, noma ungcoliswe kangangokuthi ukuphila kwawo kwasemanzini kusengozini. Ucwaningo lwango-2022 olwenziwa yi-Environmental Integrity Project luthole ukuthi ngesisekelo sehektare ngalinye, amaphesenti angama-55 amachibi, amachibi namachibi emhlabeni aphazamisekile, kanye namaphesenti angama-51 emifula, imifudlana nemifudlana.
Izixhobo zamakhorali emhlabeni ziyizinto eziphilayo ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi. Bayikhaya lamaphesenti angaba ngu-25 ezinhlanzi zasolwandle kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane - futhi ngeshwa, behliswe kabi kakhulu.
I-UN Environment Programme (UNEP) ithole ukuthi phakathi kuka-2009 no-2018, umhlaba ulahlekelwe cishe amakhilomitha-skwele angama-11,700 , noma amaphesenti angu-14 engqikithi yomhlaba wonke. Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-30 ezixhobo zomhlaba ahlaselwe ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa, futhi iphrojekthi ye-UNEP yokuthi ngo-2050, kuyoba nokwehla ngamaphesenti angama-70-90 emhlabeni wonke kwezixhobo zamakhorali eziphilayo ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lo mbiko waze waphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izixhobo zamakhorali zingashabalala phakathi nokuphila kwethu.
Ukulahleka Kwezinto Ezihlukahlukene
Okokugcina, singakwazi ukukala izinga lokucekelwa phansi kwe-ecosystem yethu ngokubheka ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo . Lokhu kubhekisela ekuncishisweni kwenani lezitshalo nezilwane, kanye nokushabalala kanye nokushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni jikelele.
Umbiko we-WWF okukhulunywe ngawo ekuqaleni wathola ukuthi phakathi kuka-1970 no-2016, inani lezilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izilwane ezihlala emanzini, izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinhlanzi emhlabeni wonke liye lehla ngesilinganiso samaphesenti angu-68 . Ezifundeni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu Melika, zehla ngamaphesenti angu-94 ngendlela emangalisayo.
Idatha yokushabalala imbi nakakhulu. Nsuku zonke, izinhlobo zezitshalo, izilwane nezinambuzane ezilinganiselwa ku-137 ziyashabalala ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kuphela, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo eziyizigidi ezintathu ezihlala emahlathini ase-Amazon zisongelwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ibala izinhlobo ezingu-45,321 emhlabeni wonke ezisengozini enkulu, esengozini noma esengozini. Ngokocwaningo lwango-2019, ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle manje zisengozini yokushabalala .
Okukhulu nakakhulu ukuthi, ngokocwaningo lwango-2023 lwaseStanford, zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo manje sezizoshabalala ngesilinganiso esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-35 kunesilinganiso esingokomlando. Leli jubane lokuqothulwa, ababhali babhala, limelela “usongo olungenakulungiseka ekuphikeleleni kwempucuko,” futhi “licekela phansi izimo ezenza ukuphila komuntu kwenzeke.”
Umugqa Ophansi
Imvelo ehlanganayo yomhlaba yingakho impilo eMhlabeni ingenzeka. Izihlahla zithatha isikhutha futhi zikhiphe umoya-mpilo, zenze umoya uphefumule; inhlabathi ivalela amanzi, inikeze isivikelo ezikhukhuleni futhi isivumele ukuba sitshale ukudla ukuze sisondle; amahlathi asinikeza izitshalo zokwelapha ezisindisa ukuphila , futhi asize ekugcineni izinga eliphezulu lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuyilapho imigudu yamanzi ehlanzekile iqinisekisa ukuthi sinamanzi anele okuphuza.
Kodwa konke lokhu kuyingozi. Abantu bacekela phansi kancane kancane izimiso zemvelo esithembele kuzo. Uma singahlehli endleleni ngokushesha, umonakalo ungase ugcine wenze iplanethi ingabi nandaba nezinhlobo zethu - nezinye eziningi.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku-SeintMedia.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono yesisekelo Humane Foundation.
