Intuthuko yakamuva kubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI) isilungele ukuguqula ukuqonda kwethu kokuxhumana kwezilwane, okungase kwenze ukuhumusha okuqondile phakathi kwezilwane nezilimi zabantu. Lokhu kugqama akukona nje okungase kube yithiyori; ososayensi benza izindlela zokuxhumana ngezindlela ezimbili nezinhlobo zezilwane ezahlukahlukene. Uma kuphumelele, ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bungaba nemithelela ejulile kumalungelo ezilwane, imizamo yokulondoloza, kanye nokuqonda kwethu imizwa yezilwane.
Ngokomlando, abantu baye baxhumana nezilwane ngenhlanganisela yokuqeqeshwa nokubuka, njengoba kubonakala ekufuyweni kwezinja noma ukusetshenziswa kolimi lwezimpawu nezinkawu ezifana ne-Koko the Gorilla. Kodwa-ke, lezi zindlela zidinga abasebenzi futhi ngokuvamile zikhawulelwe kubantu abathile esikhundleni sezinhlobo zonke zezilwane. Ukufika kwe-AI, ikakhulukazi ukufunda komshini, kunikeza umngcele omusha ngokuhlonza amaphethini kudathasethi enkulu yemisindo nokuziphatha kwezilwane, njengokuthi izinhlelo ze-AI okwamanje zicubungula ulimi lwabantu nemifanekiso.
I-Earth Species Project kanye nezinye izinhlelo zocwaningo zisebenzisa i-AI ukuqopha ukuxhumana kwezilwane, zisebenzisa amathuluzi afana nemakrofoni ephathekayo namakhamera ukuze aqoqe idatha eningi. Le mizamo ihlose ukuhumusha imisindo yezilwane nokunyakaza kolimi lwabantu olunengqondo, okungase kuvumele ukuxhumana kwesikhathi sangempela, okukabili. Intuthuko enjalo ingashintsha kakhulu ukusebenzisana kwethu nezilwane, kube nomthelela kuyo yonke into kusukela kuzinhlaka zomthetho kuye ekucatshangelweni kwezimiso zokuziphatha ekuphathweni kwezilwane.
Nakuba izinzuzo ezingaba khona zinkulu, okufaka uzwela olukhulisiwe kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane , uhambo lugcwele izinselele. Abacwaningi baxwayisa ngokuthi i-AI ayisona isixazululo somlingo nokuthi ukuqonda ukuxhumana kwezilwane kudinga ukubhekwa nokuchazwa kwebhayoloji okucophelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphakama izingqinamba zokuziphatha mayelana nezinga esingalisebenzisa ngalo leli khono elisha lokuxhumana nezilwane.
Njengoba simi onqenqemeni lwalesi sikhathi soguquko, imithelela yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene eziqhutshwa yi-AI ukuxhumana ngokungangabazeki kuzovusa kokubili isasasa nenkulumompikiswano, kulolonge kabusha ubudlelwano bethu nomhlaba wemvelo.
Intuthuko yakamuva ku-Artificial Intelligence (AI) ingase isenze sikwazi ukuhumusha ngokuqondile ukusuka ekuxhumaneni kwezilwane ukuya olimini lwabantu futhi sibuye futhi. Akukhona nje ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka ngokombono, kodwa ososayensi bathuthukisa ngenkuthalo ukuxhumana okubili nezinye izilwane. Uma silizuza leli khono, lingaba nomthelela omkhulu kumalungelo ezilwane , ukongiwa kanye nokuqonda kwethu imizwa yezilwane.
I-Interspecies Ukuxhumana Ngaphambi kwe-AI
Enye incazelo yegama elithi “ukukhulumisana ” “inqubo lapho ukwaziswa kushintshisana phakathi kwabantu ngesimiso esivamile sezimpawu, izimpawu, noma ukuziphatha.” Ngale ncazelo, abantu baye baxhumana nezinja izinkulungwane zeminyaka ukuze bazifuye. Ukufuywa kwezilwane ngokuvamile kudinga ukuxhumana okuningi - njengokutshela inja yakho ukuthi ihlale noma igingqike. Izinja zingase futhi zifundiswe ukuxhumana nezidingo nezidingo ezihlukahlukene ezibuyela kubantu, njengokushaya insimbi lapho zidinga ukuya endlini yokugezela.
Kwezinye izimo, abantu sebekwazi kakade ukuxhumana ngezindlela ezimbili nabantu abathile besebenzisa ulimi lwabantu, njengalapho uKoko iGorilla efunda ukukhuluma ngezandla . Ama-parrots ampunga nawo aboniswe ukuthi ayakwazi ukufunda nokusebenzisa inkulumo ezingeni elifana nelabantwana abancane kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana okubili kwalolu hlobo kuvame ukudinga umsebenzi omningi ukusungula. Ngisho noma isilwane esisodwa sifunda ukuxhumana nomuntu, leli khono alisho kwamanye amalungu alolo hlobo. Singakwazi ukuxhumana nolwazi olulinganiselwe emuva naphambili nezilwane esihamba nazo noma nge-Grey parrot noma imfene, kodwa lokho akusisizi ukuthi sixhumane noquqaba lwezingwejeje, izinyoni, izinhlanzi, izinambuzane, izinyamazane nezinye izilwane ezizulazula emanzini. emhlabeni, ngamunye onendlela yakhe yokuxhumana.
Uma kubhekwa izizathu zenqubekelaphambili yakamuva kwezobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ingabe i-AI ingagcina ivule indlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu nezilwane zonke?
Ukusheshisa Inqubekela-phambili ku-Artificial Intelligence
Umbono oyinhloko enhliziyweni yobuhlakani bokwenziwa besimanje "ukufunda ngomshini," isofthiwe enhle ekutholeni amaphethini awusizo kudatha. I-ChatGPT ithola amaphethini embhalweni ukuze ikhiqize izimpendulo, uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwesithombe lusebenzisa amaphethini ngamaphikseli ukuhlonza ukuthi yini esesithombeni, futhi izinhlelo zokusebenza zezwi ukuya-kumbhalo zithola amaphethini kumasignali omsindo ukuze ziguqule umsindo okhulunywayo ube olimini olubhaliwe.
Kulula ukuthola amaphethini awusizo uma unedatha eningi ongayifunda ku- . Ukufinyelela kalula kumanani amakhulu edatha ku-inthanethi kuyingxenye yesizathu sokuthi kungani ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buye baba ngcono kakhulu eminyakeni yakamuva. Abacwaningi baphinde bathola indlela yokubhala isofthiwe engcono engathola amaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi, awusizo kudatha esinayo.
Ngama-algorithms athuthukayo ngokushesha kanye nedatha eningi, kubonakala sengathi sifinyelele iphuzu elibalulekile eminyakeni embalwa edlule lapho amathuluzi e-AI anamandla abe nokwenzeka khona, athatha umhlaba wonke ngokusebenziseka kwawo okumangalisayo.
Kuvela ukuthi lezi zindlela ezifanayo zingasetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni kwezilwane, futhi.
Ukunyuka kwe-AI Ocwaningweni Lwezokuxhumana Kwezilwane
Izilwane, okuhlanganisa nezilwane ezingabantu, zenza imisindo nokuveza umzimba okuyizinhlobo ezihlukile zedatha — idatha yomsindo, idatha ebonakalayo kanye nedatha ye-pheromone . Ama-algorithm okufunda komshini angathatha leyo datha futhi ayisebenzisele ukuthola amaphethini. Ngosizo lososayensi bezenhlalakahle yezilwane, i-AI ingasisiza ukuba sithole ukuthi umsindo owodwa uwumsindo wesilwane esijabulayo, kanti umsindo ohlukile uwumsindo wesilwane esicindezelekile .
Abacwaningi baze bahlole ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuhumusha ngokuzenzakalelayo phakathi kwezilimi zabantu nezezilwane ngokusekelwe ezicini eziyisisekelo zolimi ngokwalo - njengokuthi amagama ahlobana kanjani ukuze bakhe imisho enengqondo ngomhlaba wangempela - okungase kweqe isidingo sokuhumusha incazelo yomuntu ngamunye. imisindo. Nakuba lokhu kuseyinkolelo-mbono, uma kufinyelelwa, kungase kuguqule ikhono lethu lokuxhumana nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo.
Uma kukhulunywa ngokuqoqa idatha yokuxhumana kwezilwane kwasekuqaleni, imakrofoni ephathekayo namakhamera kubonakale kubalulekile. UKaren Bakker, umbhali wencwadi ethi The Sounds of Life : How Digital Technology Is Bringing Us Us closer to the Worlds of Animals and Plants wachaza ku-Scientific American ukuthi “i-digital bioacoustics incike kumarekhoda edijithali amancane kakhulu, aphathekayo, angasindi, afana nemibhobho emincane. ukuthi ososayensi bafaka yonke indawo kusukela e-Arctic kuya e-Amazon…Bangaqopha ngokuqhubekayo, 24/7.” Ukurekhoda imisindo yezilwane kusetshenziswa le nqubo kunganikeza abacwaningi ukufinyelela enanini elikhulu ledatha ukuze bangene kumasistimu esimanje e-AI anamandla. Lawo masistimu angakwazi ukusisiza ukuthi sithole amaphethini kuleyo datha. Indlela elula kakhulu yokuyibeka: idatha eluhlaza ingena, ulwazi mayelana nokuxhumana kwezilwane luyaphuma.
Lolu cwaningo alusekho ithiyori. I -Earth Species Project , inhlangano engenzi nzuzo “ezinikele ekusebenziseni ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze inqume ukuxhumana okungekona okomuntu,” ibhekana nezinkinga ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ukuze kuqondwe ukuxhumana kwezilwane, njengokuqoqa nokuhlukanisa idatha ngephrojekthi yabo ye-Crow Vocal Repertoire kanye I-Benchmark Yemisindo Yezilwane. Umgomo wokugcina? Ukunquma ulimi lwezilwane, ngeso elibheke ekuzuzeni ukuxhumana okubili.
Abanye abacwaningi basebenzela ukuqonda ukuxhumana kwe-sperm whale , futhi kukhona ngisho nocwaningo lwezinyosi zoju oluhlaziya ukunyakaza komzimba kanye nemisindo yezinyosi ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi zikhuluma ngani. I-DeepSqueak ingelinye ithuluzi lesofthiwe elingatolika imisindo yamagundane ukucacisa lapho igundane ligula noma lizwa ubuhlungu .
Naphezu kwenqubekelaphambili esheshayo nokwanda kwamathuluzi nocwaningo, ziningi izinselele ezisalindele lo msebenzi. U-Kevin Coffey, isazi sezinzwa esiza ekudaleni i-DeepSqueak , uthi “i-AI namathuluzi okufunda ngokujulile akuwona umlingo. Ngeke bavele bahumushe yonke imisindo yezilwane baye esiNgisini. Umsebenzi onzima wenziwa izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ezidinga ukubheka izilwane ezimweni eziningi futhi zixhumanise izingcingo nokuziphatha, imizwa, njll. "
Imithelela ye-AI Animal Communication for Animal Rights
Abantu abakhathalela inhlalakahle yezilwane bayayiqaphela le nqubekelaphambili.
Ezinye izisekelo ukubheja ngemali yokuthi ukuxhumana kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kungenzeka futhi kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isimo somphakathi wezilwane. NgoMeyi, iJeremy Coller Foundation kanye neNyuvesi yaseTel Aviv bamemezele i-Coller Dolittle Challenge ye-Interspecies Two-Way Communication, ngomklomelo omkhulu wezigidi ezingu-10 zamaRandi "wokuphula ikhodi" ekuxhumaneni kwezilwane .
UDkt. Sean Butler, umqondisi we-Cambridge Centre for Animal Rights Law, ukholelwa ukuthi uma le nselelo iphumelela ekuvuleni ukuxhumana kwezilwane kungase kubangele imithelela ejulile emthethweni wezilwane.
Abanye abacwaningi bezomthetho bayavuma, bethi ukuqonda ukuxhumana kwezilwane kungasiphoqa ukuthi sihlole kabusha izindlela zethu zamanje ngenhlalakahle yezilwane, ukongiwa kanye namalungelo ezilwane. Uma inkukhu ehlala epulazini lemboni yesimanje ingakhuluma usizi olubangelwa ukuphila phakathi kwentuthu ye-ammonia ekhishwa emfucumfucwini yabo , isibonelo, kungase kubangele abalimi ukuba bahlole kabusha ukugcina izinyoni eziningi zigcwele ndawonye esakhiweni esisodwa. Noma, mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku, kungase kukhuthaze ngisho nabantu ukuba bahlole kabusha ukubagcina beyizithunjwa zokuhlatshwa nhlobo.
Ukwandisa ukuqonda kwethu ulimi lwezilwane kungashintsha indlela abantu abahlobene ngayo ngokomzwelo nezinye izilwane. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lapho abantu bethatha imibono yomunye nomunye , lokho kuholela ekwenyukeni kozwela - ingabe umphumela ofanayo ungasebenza phakathi kwabantu nabangebona abantu futhi? Ulimi olwabiwe luyindlela eyinhloko abantu abakwazi ngayo ukuqonda okwenzeka kwabanye; ukwandisa ikhono lethu lokuxhumana nezilwane kungakhulisa ngokusobala uzwela lwethu kuzo.
Noma, kwezinye izimo, kungakwenza kube lula ukuzisebenzisa.
Ukucatshangelwa Kwezimiso Zokuziphatha kanye Nekusasa Lokuxhumana Kwezilwane kwe-AI
Intuthuko ku-AI ingaholela ekushintsheni okuhle okubalulekile ezindleleni abantu abaphatha ngazo izilwane, kodwa azikho ngaphandle kokukhathazeka.
Abanye abacwaningi bakhathazeka ngokuthi ezinye izilwane kungenzeka azikhulumi ngezindlela ezihumusha ngendlela enengqondo olimini lwabantu. U-Yossi Yovel, uprofesa wesayensi yezilwane eNyuvesi yaseTel Aviv futhi ongusihlalo womklomelo wezigidi eziyishumi zamaRandi wokuxhumana kwabantu ababili, uke wathi , “Sifuna ukubuza izilwane, uzizwa kanjani namuhla? Noma wenzeni izolo? Manje indaba iwukuthi, uma izilwane zingakhulumi ngalezi zinto, ayikho indlela [ yokuba] sikhulume nazo ngazo.” Uma ezinye izilwane zingenalo ikhono lokuxhumana ngezindlela ezithile, yilokho-ke.
Nokho, izilwane zivame ukubonisa ukuhlakanipha namandla azo ngezindlela ezihlukile kithi njengabantu. Encwadini yaso ethi, Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are ?, isazi sezilwane ezifunda izilwane uFrans de Waal saphikisa ngokuthi abantu baye bahluleka njalo ukulandisa ngamakhono ezinye izilwane. Ngo-2024, wathi , "Into engiyibone kaningi emsebenzini wami izimangalo zokuhluka kwabantu eziwayo futhi ezingaphinde zizwakale."
Ucwaningo olusha lwasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka lubonisa ukuthi izilwane nezinambuzane zibonakala zinesiko elinqwabelanayo , noma ukufunda kweqembu lesizukulwane, okuthile ososayensi ababevame ukucabanga ukuthi okwabantu kuphela. Kolunye ucwaningo oluqinile olwenziwa kuze kube manje ngesihloko samakhono ezilwane ayisisekelo, umcwaningi u-Bob Fischer wabonisa ukuthi ngisho ne-salmon, crayfish nezinyosi zibonakala zinamandla angaphezu kwalokho esivame ukuzinika udumo ngakho, futhi izingulube nezinkukhu zingabonisa ukucindezeleka- njengokuziphatha.
Kukhona nokukhathazeka mayelana nokusetshenziswa kabi kobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana obusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili. Izimboni ezihlaba izilwane, ezifana nokulima kwasefekthri nokudoba ngenjongo yokudayisa , zingase zigqugquzelwe ukusebenzisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ukuze zandise umkhiqizo kuyilapho zinganaki ukusetshenziswa okungenanzuzo encane okunganciphisa ukuhlupheka kwezilwane . Izinkampani zingasebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ukuze zilimaze izilwane, njengokuthi izikebhe zokudoba zentengiso zizosakaza imisindo ukuze zihehe ukuphila kwasolwandle emanethini azo. Iningi lezazi zezimiso zokuziphatha lingabona lokhu njengomphumela odabukisayo wocwaningo oluhloselwe ukuzuza inkhulumomphendvulwano nokuqondana - kodwa akunzima ukukucabanga.
Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ubuhlakani bokwenziwa sebuvele bubonakala buchema nezilwane zasemapulazini , akunzima ukubona ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwe-AI kungaholela kanjani ezimpilweni ezimbi kakhulu zezilwane. Kodwa uma ubuhlakani bokwenziwa busisiza ukuthi sihlukanise ikhodi ekuxhumaneni kwezilwane ngezindlela ezimbili, umthelela ungaba mkhulu.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku-SeintMedia.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono yesisekelo Humane Foundation.
