Eminyakeni yakamuva, isidingo sabathengi semikhiqizo yezilwane etholakala ngendlela efanele siye sakhula, okuholele ekwandeni kwamalebula ezenhlalakahle yezilwane enyameni, obisini, nasemaqanda. Lawa malebula athembisa impatho yobuntu kanye nezinqubo ezizinzile, eqinisekisa abathengi ukuthi ukuthenga kwabo kuhambisana namanani abo. Manje, lo mkhuba udlulela embonini yezinhlanzi, ngamalebula amasha avelayo ukuze aqinisekise ”obuntu” kanye “nokusimema” inhlanzi. Kodwa-ke, njengozakwabo basemhlabeni, lawa malebula ngokuvamile awafinyeleli ezimangalweni zawo eziphakeme.
Ukwanda kwezinhlanzi ezikhuliswe ngendlela eqhubekayo kugqugquzelwe ukukhula kokuqwashisa kwabathengi ngezinkinga zempilo nezemvelo. Izitifiketi ezifana nokuhlola okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwe-Marine Stewardship Council's (MSC) kuhloswe ngazo ukukhomba izinqubo zokudoba ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, nokho umehluko phakathi kokumaketha nokungokoqobo uyaqhubeka. Ucwaningo luveza ukuthi nakuba i-MSC iphromotha izithombe zabadobi abadobela ukuziphilisa, iningi lezinhlanzi zayo eziqinisekisiwe zivela emisebenzini emikhulu yezimboni, ephakamisa imibuzo mayelana nobuqiniso balezi zimangalo zokusimama.
Naphezu kokugxila emithelela yemvelo, inhlalakahle yezilwane isalokhu ingaxazululwanga kumazinga amanje okulebula izinhlanzi. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-Monterey Bay Seafood Watch Guide zibeka phambili ukusimama kwemvelo kodwa ziyakunaki ukuphathwa kwezinhlanzi ngobuntu. Njengoba ucwaningo luqhubeka nokwembula imizwa yezinhlanzi namandla azo okuhlupheka, ikhwelo lezindinganiso zenhlalakahle ebanzi liyakhula.
Uma ubheka phambili, ikusasa lokulebula izinhlanzi lingase lihlanganise nemibandela yenhlalakahle eqinile. I-AquacultureS Stewardship Council (ASC) isiqalile ukwenza imihlahlandlela ecabangela impilo yezinhlanzi nenhlalakahle, nakuba ukusetshenziswa nokwengamela kuseyinselelo. Ochwepheshe baphikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo kufanele zidlulele ngalé kwezempilo ukuze kubhekwane nenhlalakahle, okuhlanganisa ukuvimbela ukuminyana nokuswela izinzwa.
Nakuba izinhlanzi ezibanjwe zasendle zingajabulela izimpilo ezingcono ezindaweni zazo zemvelo, ukubanjwa kwazo ngokuvamile kuholela ekufeni okubuhlungu, okugqamisa enye indawo edinga ukuguqulwa. Njengoba imboni yezinhlanzi ibhekana nalezi zinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukufuna ukudla kwasolwandle okunobuntu ngempela nokusimeme kuyaqhubeka, kunxusa abathengi nabakhiqizi ngokufanayo ukuthi babheke ngale kwamalebula futhi babhekane namaqiniso aqinile angemuva kwakho.
Inani elikhulayo labathengi lifuna ukwazi ukuthi inyama yabo, ubisi namaqanda kuvela ezilwaneni eziphathwe kahle . Lokhu kuthambekela sekusakazeke kakhulu, eqinisweni, kangangokuthi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, amalebula ezempilo yezilwane abe yinto evamile emashalofini ezitolo zegrosa. Manje, inani elikhulayo lezimboni nezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zezilwane zithi amalebula ezenhlalakahle yezinhlanzi angumngcele olandelayo . Umkhankaso wokumaketha othi “inkomo ejabulisayo” owake wanda kakhulu ungase uthole impilo entsha ngemboni yezinhlanzi, njengoba singena enkathini “yezinhlanzi ezijabulayo.” Kodwa njengoba kunjalo ngamalebula enyama nobisi, isithembiso asihlangani neqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngamanye amazwi, asikho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umkhuba ochazwa njengokuwasha abantu ngeke ube yinkinga nakuzinhlanzi.
Ukunyuka Kwezinhlanzi 'Ezikhuliswe Ngokuqhubekayo'
Abantu baseMelika bathi bafuna ukudla izinhlanzi eziningi kakhulu kulezi zinsuku, becaphuna ingxube yezempilo kanye nokukhathazeka kwemvelo. Njengoba nje abathengi abaningi benyama bekhangwa ukusikeka okuphawulwe ngokuthi “okuqhubekayo,” abathengi bezinhlanzi nabo bafuna isiqiniseko semvelo sokuvunywa. Kangangoba, eqinisweni, imakethe yezilwane zasolwandle “esimeme” ibikezelwa ukuthi izofinyelela ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama- $26 ngo-2030.
Uhlelo olulodwa oludumile lokuqinisekisa ukusimama kwezinhlanzi ezibanjwe endle isheke eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eliphuma ku-Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), okungesinye sezitifiketi ezindala kakhulu zezinhlanzi, ezisetshenziselwa cishe amaphesenti angu-15 okudotshwa kwezinhlanzi zasendle emhlabeni wonke . Ukuhlola okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubonisa kubathengi ukuthi izinhlanzi “zivela ezinhlanzini ezinempilo neziqhubekayo,” ngokusho kweqembu, okusho ukuthi imboni yokudoba ibheka umthelela wendawo kanye nendlela isibalo sezinhlanzi ezilawulwa kahle ngayo ukuze kugwenywe ukudoba ngokweqile. Ngakho-ke nakuba ukukhawulela ukuthi zingaki izinhlanzi ezivunwa yinkampani akubheki ukuthi izinhlanzi zifa kanjani, okungenani igwema ukuqothula isibalo sabantu bonke.
Nokho isifungo asihambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi nomkhuba. Ngokohlaziyo lwango-2020, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi izinto zokuthengisa zamasheke aluhlaza we-MSC zivame ukuhlanekezela indawo ejwayelekile yezindawo zokudoba eziqinisekisayo. Noma iqembu eliqinisekisayo “libonisa ngokungafanele izithombe zabadobi abadobela ukuziphilisa,” iningi lezinhlanzi ezigunyazwe yi-MSC Blue Check “ziphuma kakhulu ezimbonini zokudoba.” Futhi nakuba cishe uhhafu wokuqukethwe kokukhangisa kweqembu “kubonise izindlela zokudoba ezisezingeni eliphansi, ezingenamthelela omncane,” empeleni, lezi zinhlobo zokudoba zimele “amaphesenti angu-7 kuphela emikhiqizo eliyigunyazile.”
Ukusabela ocwaningweni, uMkhandlu Wokuphatha Asolwandle " uphakamise ukukhathazeka " mayelana nokuxhumana kwababhali neqembu elaligxeke i-MSC esikhathini esidlule. Ijenali lenze ukubuyekezwa kokuhlela kwangemuva kokushicilelwa futhi alitholanga iphutha kokutholwe ocwaningweni, nakuba libuyekeze izici ezimbili zomkhandlu esihlokweni futhi labuyekeza isitatimende sentshisekelo esiqhudelanayo.
I-Sentient yafinyelela kuMkhandlu Wokuphatha Asolwandle ukubuza mayelana nokuthi, uma ikhona, izindinganiso zenhlalakahle yezilwane izithembiso zesheke eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Empendulweni ye-imeyili, uJackie Marks, umphathi omkhulu wezokuxhumana kanye nobudlelwano bomphakathi we-MSC uphendule ngokuthi le nhlangano “isemkhankasweni wokuqeda ukudoba ngokweqile,” igxile ekudobeni okusimeme imvelo” kanye “nokuqinisekisa ukuthi impilo yazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nezindawo ezihlala kuzo ziyagcinwa. ivikelwe ikusasa.” Kepha, uyaqhubeka, "ukuvuna komuntu kanye nezilwane kuhlezi ngaphandle kwe-MSC."
Enye insiza yabathengi abaqaphelayo i- Monterey Bay Seafood Watch Guide . Ithuluzi eliku-inthanethi libonisa abathengi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane nokuthi yiziphi izifunda okufanele bazithenge “ngokuzibophezela” nokuthi yiziphi okufanele bazigweme, okuhlanganisa ukudoba zasendle kanye nemisebenzi yokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini ngokufanayo. Nalapha futhi, kugcizelelwa ekusimamiseni imvelo: “Izincomo zeSeafood Watch zibhekana nemithelela yemvelo yokukhiqizwa kwezilwane zasolwandle ukuze zisize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ziyadotshwa futhi zifuywe ngezindlela ezikhuthaza ukuphila kahle kwesikhathi eside kwezilwane zasendle kanye nemvelo,” ngokusho kukaDkt. iwebhusayithi yayo.
Nokho ezindinganisweni ezibanzi ze-Seafood Watch ze-aquaculture , nezokudoba , (onke amakhasi angama-89 nangu-129, ngokulandelana), izindinganiso “ezikhuthaza inhlalakahle yesikhathi eside yezilwane zasendle,” akukhulunywa ngenhlalakahle yezilwane noma ukuphathwa kobuntu. Okwamanje, amalebula amaningi ezinhlanzi anezicelo zokusimama ahlanganisa izinqubo zemvelo, kodwa amalebula amasha aphenya inhlalakahle yezinhlanzi aseduze.
Ikusasa Lamalebula Ezinhlanzi Lihlanganisa Inhlalakahle Yezinhlanzi
Kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlule, abathengi abaningi babengacabangi kakhulu ngokudoba , ukuthi baphila kanjani noma ukuthi bayakwazi ukuhlupheka. Kodwa ucwaningo olukhulayo luye lwembula ubufakazi bokuthi izinhlanzi zizizwa kanjani, kuhlanganise nokuthi ezinye izinhlanzi ziyazibona esibukweni , futhi ziyakwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu .
Njengoba umphakathi ufunda kabanzi ngezimpilo zangaphakathi zazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, okuhlanganisa nezinhlanzi, abanye abathengi bazimisele ukukhokha okwengeziwe ngemikhiqizo eqinisekisa ukuthi inhlanzi yaphathwa kahle. zezinhlanzi nezilwane zasolwandle ziyakuqaphela lokhu, kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezilebulayo, kuhlanganise ne-Aquaculture Stewardship Council, eye yabiza inhlalakahle yezilwane “njengesici esiyinhloko ekuchazeni ‘ukukhiqizwa okufanele.
Ngo-2022, i-ASC yashicilela okusalungiswa kwe-Fish Health and Welfare Criterion , lapho leli qembu licele ukuthi kucatshangelwe ukucatshangelwa okuthile kwezenhlalakahle ukuba kufakwe, okuhlanganisa "i-anesthesia yezinhlanzi ngesikhathi sokuphatha imisebenzi engabangela ubuhlungu noma ukulimala uma izinhlanzi zihamba," kanye "nesikhathi esiphezulu sezinhlanzi. ingase iphelelwe amanzi,” lokho “kuzosayinwa udokotela wezilwane.”
Njengamalebula amaningi embonini yenyama, leli qembu lishiya ukuqondisa ikakhulukazi kubalimi. Umkhulumeli we-ASC u-Maria Filipa Castanheira utshela u-Sentient ukuthi "umsebenzi weqembu mayelana Nempilo Yezinhlanzi Nezenhlalakahle uqukethe iqoqo lezinkomba ezivumela abalimi ukuthi bahlale beqapha futhi bahlole izinhlelo zabo zokulima kanye nesimo sezinhlobo zezinhlanzi." Lezi "izenzo zangempela zansuku zonke ezicabangela ezinye izinkomba ezibalulekile ezichazwe njenge-Operational Welfare Indicators (OWI): ikhwalithi yamanzi, i-morphology, ukuziphatha kanye nokufa," uyanezela.
UHeather Browning, PhD, umcwaningi nomfundisi wezenhlalakahle yezilwane eNyuvesi yaseSouthampton, uzwakalise ukukhathazeka ngalezi zinyathelo. Browning, etshela incwadi yemboni ethi The Fish Site ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zigxile kakhulu empilweni yezilwane kunempilo.
Ezinye izinyathelo ezingase zibhekane nenhlalakahle yezilwane ngokukhethekile zihlanganisa ukuvimbela ukuminyana - okuvamile futhi kungaholela ekucindezelekeni - nokugwema ukuswela izinzwa okubangelwa ukuntuleka kwemvelo yemvelo . Ukungaphathi kahle ngesikhathi sokubanjwa noma ukuthuthwa nakho kungabangela ukuba izinhlanzi zihlupheke, futhi izindlela zokuhlaba izinhlanzi ezifuywayo, nazo ezivame ukubhekwa abagqugquzeli bokuvikela izilwane njengeziwubulwane, azinakwa izinhlelo eziningi zokulebula .
Inhlalakahle Yezinhlanzi Yezinhlanzi Zasendle Nezilinyiwe
E-US, izinhlanzi ezibhalwe ukuthi “ezibanjwe zasendle” zivame ukuthola izinzuzo ezithile zezenhlalakahle uma ziqhathaniswa nezinhlanzi ezifuywayo, okungenani phakathi nezimpilo zazo.
Ngokusho kukaLekelia Jenkins , PhD, uprofesa ohlangene wokusimama e-Arizona State University, ochwepheshe bezixazululo zokudoba okusimeme, lezi zilwane "zikhulela endaweni yazo yemvelo, zivunyelwe ukuhlanganyela ohlelweni lwendalo futhi zinikeze umsebenzi wazo wemvelo endaweni yazo yemvelo. .” Uyanezela, lokhu “kuyinto enempilo emvelweni nasezinhlanzini kuze kufike eqophelweni lokubanjwa.” Qhathanisa lokhu nezinhlanzi eziningi ezikhuliswe emisebenzini yezimboni zasemanzini, lapho ukuminyana nokuhlala emathangini kungabangela ukucindezeleka nokuhlupheka.
Nokho, lokho kuba kubi nakakhulu lapho kubanjwa izinhlanzi. Ngokombiko we-2021 we-Eurogroup for Animals , izinhlanzi zingafa nganoma iyiphi inombolo yezindlela ezibuhlungu, kuhlanganise "nokuxoshwa kuze kube sekugcineni," ukuchotshozwa noma ukuphefumula. Ezinye izinhlanzi eziningi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-bycatch nazo zibanjwa emanetheni futhi zibulawe ngesikhathi, ngokuvamile ngendlela efanayo ebuhlungu.
Ingabe Ukufa Okungcono Kwezinhlanzi Kungenzeka Ngisho Na?
Nakuba ukulawula “ukubulawa kwabantu” kunzima kakhulu, izinhlangano eziningi zezenhlalakahle ziyazama, okuhlanganisa i-RSPCA yase-Australia, Friends of the Sea, RSPCA Assured and Best Aquaculture Practices , ngokwenza okumangazayo ngaphambi kokuhlaba kube isibopho. Iqembu labamele i-Compassion in World Farming lidale ithebula elibala izindinganiso - kanye nokuntuleka kwazo - lezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokulebula izinhlanzi, okuhlanganisa ukuthi indlela izinhlanzi ezihlatshwa ngayo zinobuntu nokuthi ingabe kuyamangalisa ngaphambi kokubulawa kuyimpoqo.
I-CIWF itshela u-Sentient ukuthi eqenjini elithi "ukubulala komuntu" kuhlanganiswa ngokuthi "ukubulala ngaphandle kokuhlupheka, okungathatha enye yalezo zindlela ezintathu: ukufa kwenzeka ngokushesha; okumangalisayo kwenzeka khona manjalo futhi ukufa kuyangenela ngaphambi kokuba ukwazi kubuye; Ukufa kwenzeka kancane kancane kodwa akusiyo inselele.” Iyanezela ukuthi “Okusheshayo kuhunyushwa yi-EU njengokuthatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwesekhondi.”
Kufakwe ohlwini lwe-CIWF i-Global Animal Partnership (GAP), nayo edinga ukumangaza ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa, kodwa ngokungafani nezinye, idinga nezimo zokuphila ezinkudlwana, ukuminyana kwesitoko esincishisiwe kanye nokunothiswa kwama-salmon afuywayo.
Kukhona neminye imizamo futhi, eminye ifisa ukuvelela kuneminye. Enye, indlela yokuhlaba i-Ike Jime , ihlose ukubulala izinhlanzi ngokugcwele ngemizuzwana, kanti enye, inhlanzi etshalwa ngamaseli , ayidingi nhlobo ukuhlatshwa.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku-SeintMedia.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono yesisekelo Humane Foundation.
