Amalungelo Ezilwane, Izenhlalakahle, Nokuvikelwa: Uyini Umehluko?

UJordi Casamitjana, umbhali wencwadi ethi “Ethical Vegan”, uchaza umehluko phakathi kwamalungelo ezilwane, inhlalakahle yezilwane, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezilwane, nokuthi ziqhathaniswa kanjani neVeganism.

Ukwenza uhlelo kungenye yezinto zami.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngithanda ukuhlela amabhizinisi abe amasistimu, ukuhlela izinto ngokuvumelana nohlelo oluqondile noma isikimu. Lokhu kungase kube izinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa, esimweni sami, imibono noma imiqondo. Ngicabanga ukuthi ngiyingcweti kuyo, yingakho ngingakuxwayi ukungena kumasistimu ngesibindi “akekho owake wangena phambilini” — noma-ke i-inner geek yami ithanda ukuyibeka. Ngenze lokhu lapho ngichaza uchungechunge lokuziphatha kwezinhlanzi ezithunjiwe ezingakaze zichazwe ngaphambili ngesikhathi sophenyo olunzulu nge-aquaria yomphakathi engalwenza ngo-2004; noma ngenkathi ngibhala iphepha elithi “ The Vocal Repertoire of the Woolly Monkey Lagothrix lagothricha ” ngo-2009; noma lapho ngibhala isahluko esinesihloko esithi “The Anthropology of the Vegan Kind” encwadini yami ethi “ Ethical Vegan ” lapho ngichaza khona izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-carnists, abadla imifino, kanye nezilwane engicabanga ukuthi zikhona.

Into yokuqala okudingeka uyenze uma uhlela okuthile ukuzama ukuhlonza izingxenye ezihlukene zesistimu, futhi indlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza lokho iwukuzama ukuzichaza. Ukwenza lokhu kuzodalula ukugoqa noma ukuhlukana okungadingekile futhi kusize ukuthola ubuqotho bokusebenza kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye, ongayisebenzisa ukuze ubone ukuthi zihlobana kanjani, futhi wenze lonke uhlelo luhambisane futhi lusebenze. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa kunoma yini enezingxenye ezixhumene, okuhlanganisa imibono namafilosofi.

Ingasetshenziselwa ubufazi, i-veganism, imvelo, nezinye "izinkolelo" eziningi ezintanta olwandle lwempucuko yabantu. Ake sibheke umnyakazo wamalungelo ezilwane, isibonelo. Ngempela lolu uhlelo, kodwa yiziphi izingxenye zalo futhi zihlobana kanjani? Ukuthola lokhu kungaba yinto ekhohlisayo, njengoba ukunyakaza okufana nalokhu kungokwemvelo futhi ukwakheka kwakho kubonakala kumanzi kakhulu. Abantu balokhu besungula amatemu amasha futhi bechaza kabusha amadala, futhi abantu abaningi embuthweni bavele bahambisane nezinguquko ngaphandle kokuzibona. Isibonelo, uma ungowale nhlangano, ingabe uzichaza njengomuntu wamalungelo ezilwane, njengomuntu ovikela izilwane, njengomuntu wenhlalakahle yezilwane, njengomuntu okhulula isilwane, noma ngisho njengomuntu odla ukudla kwezilwane?

Akuwona wonke umuntu ozokunikeza izimpendulo ezifanayo. Abanye bangabheka wonke la magama afanayo. Abanye bangawabheka njengemiqondo ehlukene ngokuphelele engangqubuzana. Abanye bangase bazibheke ngobukhulu obuhlukile bebhizinisi elibanzi, noma ukuhluka kwemiqondo efanayo enobudlelwano obungaphansi noma obugqagqene.

Konke lokhu kungase kubadide labo abasanda kungena kule nhlangano futhi abasafunda indlela yokuhamba emanzini ayo anyakazayo. Ngicabange ukuthi kungase kube usizo uma nginikezela ibhulogi ukukhombisa ukuthi mina - futhi kufanele ngigcizelele ukuthi, "mina", kunokuba "thina" - ngichaza le mibono, njengoba bengilokhu ngikulo mnyakazo amashumi eminyaka futhi lokho kunginikeze okwanele. isikhathi sokuba ingqondo yami ehlelayo ihlaziye lolu daba ngokujula okuthile. Akuwona wonke umuntu ozovumelana nendlela engichaza ngayo le miqondo nendlela engiyihlobanisa ngayo, kodwa lokho akukubi ngokwakho. Umnyakazo wenhlalonhle-politiki yemvelo udinga ukuhlale uhlolwa kabusha ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bawo, futhi ukwehlukahlukana kwemibono kuvundisa ukuhlolwa okuhle.

Amalungelo Ezilwane (aphinde afushaniswe ngokuthi AR) ifilosofi, kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalo nepolitiki ehambisana nayo. Njengefilosofi, ingxenye yezimiso zokuziphatha, kuwuhlelo lwenkolelo yefilosofi engeyona eyenkolo oludingida okulungile nokungalungile ngaphandle kokungena ku-metaphysics noma kwi-cosmology. Ngokuyisisekelo iyifilosofi elandelwa abantu abakhathalela izilwane ezingezona abantu njengabantu ngabanye, nezinhlangano ezihilelekile ekusizeni nasekuzikhulumeni.

Esikhathini esingeside esidlule ngabhala isihloko esinesihloko esithi Amalungelo Ezilwane vs Veganism , lapho ngike ngazama khona ukuchaza ukuthi ifilosofi Yamalungelo Ezilwane imayelana nani. Ngibhalile:

“Ifilosofi yamalungelo ezilwane igxile ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu, okusho ukuthi, zonke izinhlobo zezilwane eziseMbusweni Wezilwane ngaphandle kwamaHomo sapiens. Ibabheka bese ibheka ukuthi banawo yini amalungelo angaphakathi avumela ukuphathwa ngabantu ngendlela ehlukile kunaleyo ababephathwa ngayo ngokwesiko. Le filosofi iphetha ngokuthi banamalungelo ayisisekelo ngempela ngoba banezindinganiso zokuziphatha, futhi uma abantu befuna ukuphila emphakathini wamalungelo osekelwe emthethweni, kumelwe bacabangele namalungelo ezilwane ezingezona abantu, kanye nezithakazelo zabo (njengokugwema ukuhlupheka. ). La malungelo ahlanganisa ilungelo lokuphila, ukuzimela komzimba, inkululeko, kanye nokukhululeka ekuhlushweni. Ngamanye amazwi, ibekela inselele umbono wokuthi izilwane ezingezona abantu ziyizinto, impahla, izimpahla, noma impahla, futhi ekugcineni ihlose ukuhlonipha bonke 'ubuntu' bazo bokuziphatha nomthetho. Le filosofi igxile ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu ngoba ibheka ukuthi zingobani, zenzani, indlela eziziphatha ngayo, nendlela ezicabanga ngayo, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, izinikeza izimfanelo ezihlobene nomzwelo, unembeza, i-ejensi yokuziphatha, namalungelo angokomthetho...

Cishe kwakungekhulu le-17 ^lapho umbono wamalungelo ezilwane waqala ukwakhiwa. Isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi uJohn Locke sachaza amalungelo emvelo ngokuthi “ukuphila, inkululeko, kanye nempahla (impahla)” yabantu, kodwa futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi izilwane zinemizwa nonya olungadingekile kuzo lwalungalungile ngokokuziphatha. Cishe wathonywa uPierre Gassendi ekhulwini leminyaka ngaphambili, naye owathonywa uPorphyry noPlutarch kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi - kakade ekhuluma ngezilwane. Cishe ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, ezinye izazi zefilosofi zaqala ukufaka isandla ekusungulweni kwefilosofi yamalungelo ezilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, uJeremy Bentham (owathi yikhono lokuhlupheka okufanele libe uphawu lwendlela esiphatha ngayo ezinye izidalwa) noma uMargaret Cavendish (owalahla abantu ngokukholelwa ukuthi zonke izilwane zenzelwe inzuzo yabo ngokukhethekile). Kodwa-ke, ngicabanga ukuthi kwakunguHenry Stephens Salt , ngo-1892, ekugcineni wacacisa ingqikithi yefilosofi lapho ebhala incwadi enesihloko esithi ' Amalungelo Ezilwane': Acatshangelwa Ngokuphathelene Nenqubekelaphambili Yezenhlalakahle ' .

Encwadini yakhe, wabhala, “Ngisho nabasekeli abaphambili bamalungelo ezilwane babonakala benciphile ekusekeleni isimangalo sabo empikiswaneni okuwukuphela kwayo engabhekwa njengeyanele ngempela—inkolelo yokuthi izilwane, kanye nabantu, nakuba. , yebo, ngokwezinga elincane kakhulu kunabantu, banobuntu obuhlukile, ngakho-ke, ngokobulungisa banelungelo lokuphila ngesilinganiso esifanele ‘saleyo nkululeko elinganiselwe.’”

Njengoba sibona kulesi siqephu, esinye sezici ezibalulekile zefilosofi yamalungelo ezilwane ukuthi iphatha izilwane ezingezona abantu njengabantu ngabanye, hhayi njengemibono yethiyori efana nezinhlobo zezilwane (okuyindlela abalondolozi bemvelo abavame ukuyiphatha ngayo). Lokhu kunjalo ngoba kwavela kufilosofi yamalungelo abantu, nayo egxile kumuntu ngamunye, nokuthi amaqoqo noma umphakathi akufanele uphule amalungelo abo.

Inhlalakahle Yezilwane

Ngokuphambene namalungelo ezilwane, i-Animal Welfare ayiyona ifilosofi egcwele ngokugcwele noma inhlangano yezenhlalo nezombusazwe, kodwa kunalokho imfanelo yezilwane ezingezona ezomuntu mayelana nokuphila kwazo, osekuyindaba eyinhloko yesithakazelo kwabanye abantu nezinhlangano ezikhathalela izilwane. , futhi ngokuvamile basebenzisa lesi sici ukuze balinganise ukuthi badinga usizo olungakanani (lapho inhlalakahle yabo impofu, yilapho beludinga khona usizo olwengeziwe). Abanye balaba bantu bangochwepheshe bezenhlalakahle yezilwane, njengodokotela bezilwane abangakabonakalisi izimboni zokuxhashazwa kwezilwane, abasebenzi bezindawo zezilwane, noma abakhankasi bezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle yezilwane. Izinkampani ezisiza umphakathi nezingenzi nzuzo manje zinesigaba esingaphansi sezinhlangano ezichazwa “njengenhlalakahle yezilwane” ngoba inhloso yazo ukusiza izilwane ezidinga usizo, ngakho leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa, ngencazelo ebanzi kakhulu, ukuchaza izinhlangano noma izinqubomgomo ezihlobene nokusiza kanye ukuvikela izilwane ezingezona ezabantu.

Ukuhlala kahle kwesilwane kuncike ezintweni eziningi, njengokuthi ziyakwazi yini ukuthola ukudla okufanele, amanzi nokudla okufanele kwazo; ukuthi bangakwazi yini ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokuthanda kwabo nalowo abamfunayo futhi bathuthukise ubudlelwano obufanele namanye amalungu ezinhlobo zabo nemiphakathi; kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abanakho ukulimala, izifo, ubuhlungu, ukwesaba, nokucindezeleka; ukuthi bangakwazi yini ukukhosela ebunzimeni bezindawo ezinokhahlo ngale kokuzijwayeza kwabo kwemvelo; ukuthi bangaya noma yikuphi lapho befuna ukuya khona futhi bangaboshwa ngokuphambene nentando yabo; ukuthi bangakwazi yini ukuveza ukuziphatha kwemvelo endaweni lapho bejwayelene khona kangcono ukuze baphumelele; nokuthi bangakwazi yini ukugwema ukufa okudabukisayo okungezona ezemvelo.

Inhlalakahle yalezo zilwane ezinakekelwa abantu ivame ukuhlolwa ngokubheka ukuthi “zinayo yini inkululeko emihlanu yenhlalakahle yezilwane”, eyasungulwa ngo-1979 yi-UK Farm Animal Welfare Council, futhi manje esetshenziswa njengesisekelo sezinqubomgomo eziningi. ezihlobene nezilwane emazweni amaningi emhlabeni. Lezi, nakuba zingazihlanganisi zonke izici ezishiwo ngenhla, zihlanganisa lezo abagqugquzeli bezenhlalakahle yezilwane abathi zibaluleke kakhulu. Lezi nkululeko ezinhlanu okwamanje zivezwe kanje:

1. Ukukhululeka endlaleni noma ekomeni ngokufinyelela emanzini ahlanzekile nokudla ukuze ugcine impilo egcwele nobungqabavu.
2. Ukukhululeka ekuphathekeni kabi ngokunikeza indawo efanelekile ehlanganisa indawo yokukhosela kanye nendawo yokuphumula enethezekile.
3. Ukukhululeka ebuhlungwini, ekulimaleni noma ezifweni ngokuvimbela noma ukuxilonga nokwelashwa ngokushesha.
4. Inkululeko yokuveza (iningi) ukuziphatha okuvamile ngokunikeza indawo eyanele, izinsiza ezifanele kanye nenkampani yohlobo lwesilwane uqobo.
5. Inkululeko ekwesabeni nasekucindezelekeni ngokuqinisekisa izimo nokwelashwa okugwema ukuhlupheka kwengqondo.

Kodwa-ke, abaningi baye baphikisana (kuhlanganise nami) ukuthi lezo nkululeko aziphoqelelwa ngokufanelekile, futhi ngokuvamile azinakwa njengoba ukuba khona kwazo kunqubomgomo ngokuvamile kuwuphawu, nokuthi azanele njengoba kufanele kwengezwe okwengeziwe.

Ukukhuthaza inhlalakahle yezilwane ngokuvamile kusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi izilwane ezingezona ezomuntu ziyizidalwa ezizwelayo okufanele kucatshangelwe inhlalakahle yazo noma ukuhlupheka kwazo, ikakhulukazi lapho zinakekelwa abantu, ngakho-ke labo abamelela inhlalakahle yezilwane basekela izilwane. ifilosofi yamalungelo ezilwane ezingeni elithile - nakuba mhlawumbe kungenjalo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nemisebenzi, futhi ngendlela engahlangene kakhulu kunalabo abamele amalungelo ezilwane.

Bobabili abasekeli bamalungelo ezilwane nenhlalakahle yezilwane bakhuthaza ngokulinganayo ukuphathwa kwezilwane okungezona abantu, kodwa lokhu kwakamuva kugxile kakhulu ekwehliseni ukuhlupheka (ngakho ngokuyinhloko bangabashisekeli bezinguquko kwezombusazwe), kuyilapho abokuqala bezama ukuqeda izimbangela zokuhlupheka kwezilwane okwenziwe abantu ngokuphelele ( ngakho bangabashisekeli bezombangazwe) futhi bakhuthaza ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho kwamalungelo okuziphatha ayisisekelo zonke izilwane esezinawo, kodwa aphulwa njalo abantu (ngakho zingamafilosofi okuziphatha futhi). Iphuzu lokugcina yilo elenza Amalungelo Ezilwane abe yifilosofi njengoba adinga indlela ebanzi futhi “yethiyori” kakhudlwana, kuyilapho inhlalakahle yezilwane ingase igcine iwudaba oluncane kakhulu olukhawulelwe ekucatshangelweni okungokoqobo ekusebenzelaneni okuthile kwabantu nezilwane.

I-Utilitarianism kanye "nonya"

Isici “sokuncishiswa kokuhlupheka” salezo zinqubomgomo nezinhlangano ezizichaza njengenhlalakahle yezilwane yikho okwenza indlela yazo ibe “ewusizo” - ngokuphambene nendlela yamalungelo ezilwane “eyi-deontological” ngokuyisisekelo.

I-Deontological Ethics inquma ukulunga kuzo zombili izenzo nemithetho noma imisebenzi umuntu owenza isenzo azama ukuyifeza, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ikhomba izenzo njengezinhle noma ezimbi ngokwangempela. Omunye wezazi zefilosofi zamalungelo ezilwane ezazinamandla okukhuthaza le ndlela kwakunguTom Regan waseMelika, owathi izilwane zinenani 'njengezinto zokuphila' ngenxa yokuthi zinezinkolelo, izifiso, inkumbulo kanye nekhono lokuqala isenzo ngokuphishekela ukuphila. imigomo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Utilitarian Ethics ikholelwa ukuthi inkambo efanele yesenzo iyona ekhulisa umphumela omuhle. Ama-Utilitarians angashintsha ngokuzumayo ukuziphatha uma izinombolo zingasasekeli izenzo zabo zamanje. Bangakwazi futhi “ukudela” idlanzana ukuze kuzuze iningi. Isisetshenziswa esinamandla samalungelo ezilwane u-Peter Singer wase-Australia, ophikisana nomgomo othi 'okuhle kakhulu kwenani elikhulu' kufanele kusetshenziswe kwezinye izilwane, njengoba umngcele phakathi komuntu 'nesilwane' ungenamthetho.

Nakuba ungaba umuntu wamalungelo ezilwane futhi ube nendlela yokuziphatha ye-deontological noma ye-utilitarian, umuntu owenqaba ilebula yamalungelo ezilwane, kodwa okhululekile ngelebula lenhlalakahle yezilwane, cishe angaba umuntu osizayo, njengokunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwezilwane. , esikhundleni sokuqedwa kwayo, yilokho lo muntu abengakubeka kuqala. Mayelana nohlaka lwami lokuziphatha, yilokhu engikubhale encwadini yami ethi “Ethical Vegan”:

“Ngamukela kokubili izindlela ze-deontological kanye ne-utilitarian, kodwa eyokuqala ngezenzo 'ezimbi' kanye nezenzo 'ezinhle'. Okusho ukuthi, ngikholelwa ukuthi kukhona izinto okungafanele sizenze (njengokuxhaphaza izilwane) njengoba zingalungile, kodwa futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kulokho okufanele ngabe siyakwenza, ukusiza izilwane eziswele, kufanele sikhethe izenzo ukusiza izilwane eziningi, futhi ngendlela ephawulekayo nephumelelayo. Ngale ndlela embaxa-mbili, ngikwazile ukuzulazula ngempumelelo embonweni nasekuphileni kwemvelo evikela izilwane.”

Ezinye izici ezixhumene kakhulu nokukhuthaza inhlalakahle yezilwane imiqondo yonya nokuhlukumeza. Izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zezilwane zivame ukuzichaza njengezikhankasela ukuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane (njengoba kunjalo ngenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yezilwane yokuqala eyasungulwa, iRoyal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , noma i-RSPCA, eyasungulwa ngo-1824 e-UK. ). Umqondo wonya kulo mongo ukhombisa ukubekezelelwa kwezinhlobo zokuxhashazwa ezingathathwa njengonya. Abagqugquzeli bezenhlalakahle yezilwane bavame ukubekezelela lokho abakubiza ngokuthi ukuxhashazwa okungenalunya kwezilwane ezingezona abantu ( ngezinye izikhathi baze bakusekele ), kuyilapho abameli bamalungelo ezilwane bengasoze bakwenza lokho njengoba benqaba zonke izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa kwezilwane ezingezona abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuthathwa njengononya noma cha yinoma ubani.

Inhlangano enodaba olulodwa ekhuthaza ukuncishiswa kokuhlupheka kwezilwane ezithile ngaphansi kwemisebenzi ethile yabantu ebhekwa njengonya emphakathini ovamile ingazichaza ngenjabulo njengenhlangano yezenhlalakahle yezilwane, futhi eziningi zazo zidalwe eminyakeni edlule. Indlela yabo yokuqonda ivame ukubanikeza isikhundla esijwayelekile esibabeke etafuleni lezingxoxo zosopolitiki kanye nabathatha izinqumo, abangazibandakanyi izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane ngokuzibheka “njengezinkulu” kanye “noguquko”. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni ezinye izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane zizenze inhlalakahle yezilwane ukuze zithuthukise ithonya lazo lokunxenxa (ngicabanga ngamaqembu ezepolitiki alwela aphethwe abantu abadla inyama “abanenhlalakahle yezilwane” egameni labo), kodwa nezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle yezilwane zisebenzisa izilwane. inkulumo-ze yamalungelo uma befuna ukuheha abalandeli abanohlonze.

Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi izimo zengqondo nezinqubomgomo zezenhlalakahle yezilwane zandulela ifilosofi yamalungelo ezilwane njengoba zingafuni futhi zishintshashintsha, ngakho-ke zihambisana kakhulu nesimo samanje. Umuntu angathi uma usebenzisa ummese we-ideological pragmatism futhi ulahle izingcezwana zefilosofi yamalungelo ezilwane, noma yini esele yilokho abagqugquzeli bokusetshenziswa kwenhlalakahle yezilwane. Ukuthi okusele kuseyinguqulo eyehlisiwe Yamalungelo Ezilwane, noma kuyinto elahlekelwe ubuqotho obukhulu okufanele kubhekwe njengento ehlukile, kungase kube yinkulumo-mpikiswano. Kodwa-ke, lezo zinhlangano noma abantu abazichaza njengamalungelo ezilwane noma inhlalakahle yezilwane bavame ukuba sezinhlungwini zokukwazisa ukuthi akufanele badideke nezinye, abafuna ukuziqhelelanisa nazo (kungaba ngenxa yokuthi bazozicabangela nabo). i-radical ne-idealistic, noma ithambile kakhulu futhi iyayekethisa, ngokulandelana).

Ukuvikelwa Kwezilwane

Kunesikhathi lapho kwakuzwakala sengathi kunohlobo lwempi eyenzeka phakathi kwezinhlangano zamalungelo ezilwane nezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle. Ubutha babushubile kangangokuthi kwasungulwa igama elisha ukuzothula izinto: “ukuvikelwa kwezilwane”. Leli igama elisetshenziselwa ukusho noma amalungelo ezilwane noma inhlalakahle yezilwane, futhi lalisetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinhlangano noma izinqubomgomo ezithinta izilwane okwakungacaci ukuthi zingangena yini kakhulu kumalungelo ezilwane noma enkundleni yezenhlalakahle yezilwane noma ukulebula izinhlangano ezazifuna ngamabomu kudediswe kude nale mpikiswano ehlukanisayo. Leli gama selidume kakhulu njengegama eliyisambulela sanoma iyiphi inhlangano noma inqubomgomo ebhekelela izithakazelo zezilwane okungezona ezabantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikwenza kanjani lokho nokuthi zingaki izilwane ezihlanganisayo.

Ngo-2011, ngabhala uchungechunge lwamabhulogi ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "The Abolitionist Reconciliation" njengempendulo enanini lokulwa engangikubona ngaphakathi kwamalungelo ezilwane kanye nokunyakaza kwe-veganism kulolu daba. Yilokhu engikubhale kubhulogi engiyiqambe ngesihloko esithi Neoclassical Abolitionism :

“Muva nje impikiswano 'eshisayo' phakathi kwabalandeli bezilwane 'yayiyinhlalakahle yezilwane' ngokumelene 'namalungelo ezilwane'. Kwakulula ukukuqonda. Abantu bezenhlalakahle yezilwane basekela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpilo zezilwane, kuyilapho abantu abalwela amalungelo ezilwane bephikisana nokuxhashazwa kwezilwane ngesisekelo sokuthi umphakathi awuzange uzinike amalungelo eziwafanele. Ngamanye amazwi, abagxeki banoma yiluphi uhlangothi bakubona njengokuqala kuphela okunentshisekelo yokusiza izilwane ngazinye ngezinguquko zezenhlalakahle, kanti laba bakamuva banesithakazelo kuphela ezindabeni ze-utopian zesikhathi eside ezishintsha umbono wobudlelwane bomuntu nesilwane esimweni esiyisisekelo. izinga. Emhlabeni okhuluma isiNgisi, lezi zimo zengqondo ngokusobala eziphambene zaziwa kahle, kodwa zihlekisa ngokwanele, emhlabeni okhuluma iSpanishi, le dichotomy yayingekho ngempela kwaze kwaba muva nje, phakathi kwezinye izinto ngoba abantu basasebenzisa igama elithi 'ecologist' ukuze baqhume. ndawonye noma ngubani ophathelene neMvelo, izilwane kanye nemvelo. Igama elithi 'animalist' ( animalista ), engiyiphoqayo kule bhulogi, sekungamashumi eminyaka ikhona ngeSpanishi, futhi wonke umuntu emazweni esiLatini uyazi ukuthi lisho ukuthini. Okwakudala? Akufanele ngicabange.

Ngiyingxube yamasiko esedlule kuwo womabili amazwe akhuluma isiNgisi neSpanishi, ngakho-ke uma ngidinga ngiyakwazi ukubona lolu hlobo lwento ngikude elithile, futhi ngizuze ekuqhathaniseni okunenjongo. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwezilwane okuhleliwe kwaqala ekuqaleni kakhulu emhlabeni okhuluma isiNgisi, okungachaza iqiniso lokuthi isikhathi esengeziwe sakha ukuhlukahluka kwemibono, kodwa emhlabeni wanamuhla izwe ngalinye alisadingi ukukhokha zonke izimfanelo zalo futhi libekezelele ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okufanayo okude. uyazihlukanisa. Ngenxa yokukhulumisana kwanamuhla, manje izwe elilodwa lingafunda ngokushesha kwelinye, futhi ngale ndlela yonga isikhathi esiningi namandla. Ngakho-ke, le dichotomy yakudala isisabalele futhi manje isikhona yonke indawo noma kancane. Kodwa ngokumangalisayo, umphumela wokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke usebenza ngazo zombili, ngakho-ke ngendlela efanayo izwe elithile elathonya ngayo elinye 'ekwehlukaniseni' ama-animalists ngezindlela eziphikisanayo, elinye lingase libe nomthelela kulokhu ngokulihlanganisa kancane. Kanjani? Ezinye izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle yezilwane zaqala ukusebenza njengamaqembu alwela amalungelo ezilwane, futhi amanye amaqembu alwela amalungelo ezilwane aqala ukusebenza njengezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle. Futhi mina, kokukodwa, ngiyisibonelo esiphelele.

Njengabantu abaningi, ngaqala uhambo lwami ngokuba ngomunye nje umxhaphazi, kancane kancane 'ngaphaphama' ngibone ubuqiniso bezenzo zami futhi ngizame “ukushintsha izindlela zami”. Ngangiyilokho uTom Regan akubiza ngokuthi 'I-Muddler'. Angizalwanga ohambweni; Angiphushwanga ohambweni; Ngavele ngaqala ukuhamba kuyo kancane kancane. Izinyathelo zami zokuqala enqubweni yokuqothula zazingaphakathi kakhulu endleleni yenhlalakahle yezilwane zakudala, kodwa akuzange kungithathe isikhathi eside ukuthola ingqopha-mlando yokuqala ebalulekile; ngokugxuma ngesibindi ngiwele kuyo ngaba i-vegan kanye nommeli wamalungelo ezilwane. Angikaze ngibe umuntu odla imifino; Ngeqa okokuqala ngqa ngaya ku-vegan, okumele ngithi iyangijabulisa ngempela (yize ngizisola kakhulu ngokuthi angikwenzanga ngaphambili). Kodwa nakhu okuguquguqukayo: Angizange ngiyishiye ngemuva inhlalakahle yezilwane; Ngimane ngengeze amalungelo ezilwane ezinkolelweni zami, njengoba noma ubani engeza ikhono elisha noma ulwazi ku-CV yakhe ngaphandle kokususa noma yimaphi atholwe ngaphambilini. Ngangivame ukuthi ngilandela ifilosofi yamalungelo ezilwane nokuziphatha okuhle kwezilwane. Ngasiza ekuthuthukiseni izimpilo zalezo zilwane ezafika kwezami ngenkathi ngikhankasela ushintsho olukhulu emphakathini lapho izilwane zazingeke zisaxhashazwa, futhi lezo ezephula amalungelo azo zijeziswe ngendlela efanele. Angikaze ngithole ukuthi lezi zindlela zombili azihambisani.”

"I-New-Welfarism"

Igama elithi "new-welfarism" liye lasetshenziswa, ngokuvamile ngendlela ehlazisayo, ukuchaza amalungelo ezilwane noma izinhlangano eziqale ukuya endaweni yenhlalakahle yezilwane. Alikho igama elilinganayo lenhlalakahle yezilwane abantu abathuthela endaweni yamalungelo ezilwane, kodwa lesi simo sibonakala sifana futhi sihlangene kungase kushiwo ukuthi simelela ukuqhela embonweni ohlanganisayo ohlanganisayo wokuvikela izilwane - indlela engeyona kanambambili uma uthanda. .

Izibonelo zalezi zinhlobo zokufuduka kwamaqhinga okuya endaweni emaphakathi yokuvikelwa kwezilwane yenhlalakahle yezilwane ngokumelene nenkulumompikiswano yamalungelo ezilwane isazi sezenhlalakahle i-RSPCA ejoyina umkhankaso wokuqedwa kokuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo nezinja e-UK, i-Welfarist WAP (World Animal Protection) ukujoyina umkhankaso wokuqeda ukulwa nezinkunzi eCatalonia, umkhankaso we-AR PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) omayelana nezindlela zokuhlaba, noma umkhankaso we-AR Animal Aid we-AR Animal Aid we-CCTV eyimpoqo eziladeni.

Ngize ngadlala indima kwenye yalezi zinguquko. Kusukela ngo-2016 kuya ku-2018 ngasebenza njengeNhloko Yenqubomgomo Nocwaningo lwe-League Against Cruel Sports (LACS), inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yezilwane ekhankasela ngokumelene nokuzingela, ukudubula, ukulwa nezinkunzi, neminye imidlalo enonya. Njengengxenye yomsebenzi wami, ngahola inguquko yenhlangano isuka ekuguqulweni iye ekuqedeni umkhankaso wokulwa nomjaho weGreyhound, okungesinye sezifundo i-LACS ekhuluma ngazo.

Nakuba ukuhlukana phakathi kwenhlalakahle yezilwane nendlela yamalungelo ezilwane kusekhona, umqondo wokuvikelwa kwezilwane uthambisa isici “sokulwa” esasivame ukuzwakala sinobuthi ngeminyaka yawo-1990 kanye nawo-2000, futhi manje izinhlangano eziningi sezidlulele endaweni evamile kakhulu. lokho kubonakala kuncane kanambambili.

Ukulandisa kwesimanje kwezinhlangano ezizichazayo zokuvikela izilwane nazo zibonakala zisuka kancane kancane ekukhulumeni njalo “ngamalungelo” kanye “nokunciphisa ukuhlupheka”. Esikhundleni salokho, basebenzise umqondo "wonya", okuthi, nakuba besohlangothini lwezenhlalakahle zezilwane, bangahlelwa ngemigomo yokuqeda, evumela ukuthi babekwe endaweni ephakathi kwenkulumo-mpikiswano yezenhlalakahle / amalungelo - ngokumelene nonya. ezilwaneni yinto yonke “izilwane” ezingavumelana nayo.

Umuntu angaze aphikise ngokuthi umqondo wokuvikelwa kwezilwane wawuwumbono wokuqala womlando owawusho nje ukunakekela izilwane ezingezona ezomuntu kanye nokufuna ukuzisiza, futhi ukuhlukana kwakuyinto eyenzeka kamuva njengengxenye yenguquko yenhlangano lapho kuhlolwa amaqhinga ahlukene. . Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukana okulula okunjalo kungaba okwesikhashana, njengoba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okufanayo kungase kuthole indlela evuthiwe yokubhekana nokuhlukahluka kwamaqhinga nemibono futhi kutholwe amaqhinga angcono ahlanganisa izinhlangothi zombili.

Abanye bangase baphikise ngokuthi igama elithi ukuvikelwa kwezilwane limane liyisifihla-buso sokufihla umehluko oyisisekelo ezindleleni ezingahambelani. Angiqiniseki ukuthi ngiyavuma. Ngivame ukubona amalungelo ezilwane kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane njengezingxenye ezimbili ezihlukene zento efanayo, ukuvikelwa kwezilwane, enye ebanzi futhi engokwefilosofi, enye encane futhi i-pragmatic; enye ingeyomhlaba wonke futhi inezimiso zokuziphatha, kanti enye icacile futhi inesimilo.

Ngiyalithanda igama elithi “ukuvikelwa kwezilwane” kanye nezakhiwo zalo eziwusizo zokuhlanganisa, futhi ngilisebenzisa njalo, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo ngingumuntu wamalungelo ezilwane, ngakho-ke nakuba ngike ngasebenza ezinhlanganweni eziningana zezenhlalakahle yezilwane, ngangihlale ngigxile emikhankasweni yokuqeda nya abaqhubayo ( Ngisebenzisa umqondo “ wenani lokubhubhisa ” ukuze nginqume ukuthi bengifuna ukusebenza kuwo noma cha).

Ngingumqeqetshi, futhi ngiphinde ngibe i-vegan yamalungelo ezilwane ebona abantu benhlalakahle yezilwane njengoba ngibona abantu abadla imifino. Abanye bangase banamathele ezindleleni zabo bese ngibabona kakhulu njengengxenye yenkinga (inkinga ye-animal exploitation carnist) kuyilapho abanye beshintsha nje njengoba besafunda futhi bazothuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Mayelana nalokhu, inhlalakahle yezilwane ingeyamalungelo ezilwane ukuthi imifino iyini ku-veganism. Ngibona abantu abaningi abadla imifino njengama-pre-vegan kanye nabantu abaningi bezenhlalakahle yezilwane njengabantu bamalungelo ngaphambi kwezilwane.

Nami ngike ngabhekana nenqubo efanayo. Manje, ngeke nje ngiqhubeke nokungasekeli imikhankaso yokulwela izinguquko njengoba bengihlala ngenza, kodwa ngizokuthola kunzima ukuphinde ngisebenzele inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yezilwane, ikakhulukazi njengoba i-LACS yagcina ingixoshile ngenxa yokuba ngumuntu othanda ukudla inyama - okuholele ekutheni ukuthatha izinyathelo zomthetho ngokumelene nabo, futhi phakathi nenqubo yokuwina leli cala, ukuthola isivikelo esingokomthetho ekubandlululweni kwawo wonke ama-vegans okuziphatha e-Great Britain . Ngisazozama ukuthuthukisa izimpilo zanoma yisiphi isilwane esingesona esomuntu esinqamula indlela yami, kodwa bengizonikela isikhathi sami esiningi namandla esithombeni esikhulu kanye nomgomo wesikhathi eside, uma nje nginolwazi olwanele nolwazi yenza lokho.

Ukukhululwa Kwezilwane

Kunamagama amaningi abantu abathanda ukuwasebenzisa ngoba ababoni ukuthi lawa endabuko ahambisana kahle ngendlela ahumusha ngayo ukunyakaza abawalandelayo. Mhlawumbe enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu i-Animal Liberation. Ukukhululwa kwezilwane kumayelana nokukhulula izilwane ekugqilazweni abantu, ngakho-ke ibhekana nodaba ngendlela “esebenzayo” kakhulu. Ngicabanga ukuthi ayinangqondo futhi ayinangqondo, futhi iyasebenza kakhulu. I-Animal Liberation Movement ingase isekelwe kufilosofi yezithombe ezinkulu zamalungelo ezilwane kodwa futhi ingase ifane nendlela yezenhlalakahle yezilwane iqiniso lokuthi ibhekana nesithombe esincane samacala ngamanye adinga isixazululo esisebenzayo esisheshayo sezinkinga zabo. Ngakho-ke, kuwuhlobo lwendlela yokuvikela izilwane engayekethisi engabonakala iqine kakhulu kunomnyakazo Wamalungelo Ezilwane kodwa engenangqondo futhi engenasimilo. Ngizwa sengathi iwuhlobo “lokungelona umbhedo” lwendlela yamalungelo ezilwane.

Kodwa-ke, amaqhinga enhlangano yenkululeko yezilwane angase abe yingozi kakhulu njengoba engase ahilele umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni, njengokukhululwa kwezilwane emaphandleni ziphuma emapulazini oboya (okuvamile ngeminyaka yawo-1970), ukuhlasela kwasebusuku kumalebhu e-vivisection ukuze kukhululwe ezinye zezilwane. zalinga kuzo (okuvamile ngeminyaka yawo-1980s), noma ukucekelwa phansi kokuzingela nezinja ukuze kusindiswe izimpungushe nonogwaja emihlathini yezilwane ezifuywayo (okuvamile ngeminyaka yawo-1990).

Ngikholelwa ukuthi le nhlangano yathonywa kakhulu inhlangano ye-anarchism. I-Anarchism njengenhlangano yezombangazwe yayihlale ithembele esenzweni esiqondile ngaphandle komthetho, futhi lapho inhlangano elwela amalungelo ezilwane iqala ukuxubana nale mibono namaqhinga, amaqembu ase-UK afana ne-Animal Liberation Front (ALF), eyasungulwa ngo-1976, noma i-Stop Huntingdon Animal. I-Cruelty (SHAC), eyasungulwa ngo-1999, yaba isisekelo esingokomthetho sokulwela amalungelo ezilwane, kanye nogqozi lwamanye amaqembu amaningi akhulula izilwane. Izishoshovu ezimbalwa zala maqembu zigcine ziboshiwe ngenxa yezenzo zazo ezingekho emthethweni (ikakhulukazi ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla yemboni ye-vivisection, noma amaqhinga okusabisa, njengoba la maqembu enqaba udlame olubhekiswe kubantu).

Kodwa-ke, into yesimanje eholele ekulebeni kwe-"new-welfarism" kungenzeka ukuthi iphinde yashintsha ukunyakaza kwe-Animal Liberation ukuthi yakhe izinguqulo ezijwayelekile (futhi ngenxa yalokho ezingenabungozi kangako) zala maqhinga, njengemisebenzi ye-Open Rescue ethandwa yiqembu le- Direct Action. Yonke indawo (i-DxE) - manje eseyiphindaphindekile emazweni amaningi - noma i- Hunt Saboteurs Association isuka ekuzingeleni nje ingena ebhizinisini lokuqoqa ubufakazi ukuze ishushise abazingeli abangekho emthethweni. U-Ronnie Lee, omunye wabasunguli be-ALF owachitha isikhathi esithile ejele, manje usegxile kakhulu emkhankasweni wakhe wokufinyelela kubantu nge-veganism esikhundleni sokukhulula izilwane.

Amanye amagama abantu abawasebenzisayo ukuchaza ukunyakaza namafilosofi abo ahlobene nezilwane athi “anti-speciesism”, “ sentientism ”, “amalungelo ezilwane ezifuywayo”, “ anti-captivity ”, “anti-hunting”, “anti-vivisection”, “ ukulwa nezinkunzi ”, “ukuhlupheka kwezilwane zasendle”, “izimiso zokuziphatha zezilwane”, “anti-cindezelo”, “anti-boya”, njll. Lokhu kungabonwa njengezingxenye ezincane zokunyakaza kwezilwane ezinkulu, noma njengezinguqulo zokunyakaza noma amafilosofi abukwayo. ukusuka kwelinye i-engeli. Ngizibona ngiyingxenye yakho konke lokhu, futhi ngikholwa ukuthi iningi lama-vegans anesimilo engiwaziyo liyakwenza. Mhlawumbe i-veganism yilokhu "ukunyakaza kwesilwane esikhulu" konke lokhu kuyingxenye - noma mhlawumbe cha.

I-Veganism

I-Veganism inento eyodwa ewusizo eminye ukunyakaza namafilosofi ebengikhuluma ngayo engenakho. Inencazelo esemthethweni eyakhiwe yiyo kanye inhlangano eyaqamba igama elithi “vegan” ngo-1944, iVegan Society. Le ncazelo ithi : “ I-Veganism iyifilosofi nendlela yokuphila efuna ukukhipha - ngangokunokwenzeka futhi okungenzeka - zonke izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa, nonya, izilwane ukuze zidliwe, izingubo zokugqoka nanoma iyiphi enye injongo; futhi ngokwengeza, ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela ezingenazo izilwane ukuze kuzuze izilwane, abantu kanye nemvelo. Ngokwemibandela yokudla, lisho umkhuba wokukhipha yonke imikhiqizo etholakala ngokuphelele noma ingxenye ezilwaneni.”

Njengoba, eminyakeni edlule, abantu abaningi bebesebenzisa igama elithi vegan ukuze babhekisele kuphela ekudleni okudliwa yizilwane ezidliwayo, ama-vegans angempela aphoqelelwe ukuthi engeze isichasiso esithi "ethical" ukuze acacise ukuthi alandela incazelo esemthethweni ye-veganism (hhayi noma yikuphi okuniselwa phansi. abasebenzisa izitshalo nabanye bangasebenzisa) ukuze bagweme ukudideka nezilwane ezidliwayo. Ngakho-ke, "i-ethical vegan" ngumuntu olandela incazelo engenhla ngokuphelele kwayo - ngakho-ke i-vegan yeqiniso, uma uthanda.

Ngibhale indatshana enesihloko esithi The Five Axioms of Veganism lapho ngakha khona ngokuningiliziwe izimiso zefilosofi ye-veganism. Umgomo oyisisekelo we-veganism yaziwa iminyaka eyinkulungwane njenge -ahims a, igama lesiSanskrit elisho ukuthi "ungalimazi" ngezinye izikhathi elihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukungabi nodlame". Lokhu sekuphenduke imfundiso ebalulekile ezinkolweni eziningi (ezifana nobuHindu, ubuJain kanye nobuBuddha), kodwa namafilosofi angewona awenkolo (njenge-pacifism, i-vegetarianism, kanye ne-veganism).

Kodwa-ke, njengasendabeni Yamalungelo Ezilwane, i-veganism akuyona nje ifilosofi (okungacatshangwa ukuthi yakhiwa ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba ngezindlela ezahlukene kusetshenziswa amagama ahlukene) kodwa futhi inguquko yomhlaba wonke yenhlangano yezepolitiki nepolitiki (eyaqala ngendalo. weVegan Society ngawo-1940). Lezi zinsuku, abantu bangathethelelwa ngokukholelwa ukuthi ukunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane kanye nokunyakaza kwe-veganism kuyafana, kodwa ngikholelwa ukuthi bahlukene, nakuba bebelokhu behlangana kancane kancane phakathi neminyaka. Ngibona amafilosofi amabili agqagqene, ayaphambana, ayavumelana, futhi aqinisana, kodwa asahlukene. Esihlokweni engasibhala esinesihloko esithi “ Amalungelo Ezilwane vs Veganism ”Ngikhuluma ngokuningiliziwe ngalokhu.

Womabili amafilosofi agqagqana kakhulu ngoba wonke abheka ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nezilwane ezingezona abantu, kodwa ifilosofi Yamalungelo Ezilwane igxile kakhulu ohlangothini lwezilwane okungezona ezomuntu kulobo buhlobo, kuyilapho i-veganism ngasohlangothini lomuntu. I-Veganism icela abantu ukuthi bangalimazi abanye (sebenzisa i-ahimsa kuzo zonke izidalwa ezinemizwa), futhi nakuba ezinye ezinjalo zivame ukucatshangwa njengezilwane ezingezona ezomuntu, azikhawuli ububanzi bazo kulezi. Ngakho-ke, ngikholelwa ukuthi i-veganism ibanzi ngobubanzi kunamalungelo ezilwane, ngoba amalungelo ezilwane ngokuqinisekile ahlanganisa kuphela izilwane ezingezona ezomuntu, kodwa i-veganism idlulela ngalé kwawo kubantu ngisho nemvelo.

I-Veganism ine-paradigm yesikhathi esizayo echazwe kahle kakhulu ebiza ngokuthi "umhlaba we-vegan", futhi ukunyakaza kwe-veganism kuyakha ngokuhlela yonke imikhiqizo engenzeka kanye nesimo isinyathelo esisodwa ngesikhathi. Iphinde ibe nendlela yokuphila echazwe kahle eholela ebunikazini abaningi be-vegan abagqoka ngokuziqhenya - kuhlanganise nami.

Ngenxa yokuthi igxile ezilwaneni kunasemphakathini wabantu, ngicabanga ukuthi ububanzi nesikali sokunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane kuncane futhi akucaciswanga kakhulu kunalezo ze-veganism. Futhi, ayihlosile ukuguqula ngokuphelele isintu kodwa ukusebenzisa umhlaba wamanje nohlelo lwawo lwamanje lwamalungelo omthetho futhi lusandise kwezinye izilwane. Ukukhululwa kwezilwane kuzozuzwa ngempela uma inhlangano ye-vegan ifinyelela umgomo wayo wokugcina, kodwa ngeke sibe nezwe le-vegan okwamanje uma inhlangano ye-AR ifinyelela umgomo wayo wokugcina kuqala.

I-Veganism kimi ibonakala inesifiso sokuvelela kakhulu futhi inenguquko, njengoba umhlaba we-vegan uzodinga ukuthi ube nokwakheka okuhluke kakhulu kwezepolitiki nezomnotho uma uzomisa "ukulimala kwabanye" - okuyilokho ama-vegans akhathazeke ngakho. Kungakho i-veganism kanye nemvelo kuhlangana ngokushelela, yingakho i-veganism isiphenduke i-multi-dimensional futhi ijwayelekile kunamalungelo ezilwane.

"Izilwane"

Ekugcineni, yonke imiqondo esixoxile ngayo ingabonakala ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukene kuye ngokuthi “ilensi” esiyibukayo (njengokuthi ingabe ikhuluma ngecala ngalinye noma izinkinga ezengeziwe zesistimu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlose ukuxazulula izinkinga zamanje noma izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo, noma bagxile emaqhingeni noma emasu).

Zingabonwa njengezilinganiso ezihlukene zombono ofanayo, ifilosofi, noma ukunyakaza. Isibonelo, inhlalakahle yezilwane ingaba isici esisodwa esibhekana kuphela nokuhlupheka kwesilwane lapha namanje, amalungelo ezilwane angaba indlela ebanzi enezinhlangothi ezimbili ebuka zonke izilwane, ukuvikelwa kwezilwane njengokubuka kwezinhlangothi ezintathu okuhlanganisa okwengeziwe, njll.

Zingabonwa njengezindlela zamasu ezihlukene eziya emgomweni ofanayo. Isibonelo, inhlalakahle yezilwane ingabonwa njengendlela yokukhululwa kwezilwane ngokunciphisa ukuhlupheka kanye nokuyeka unya ezilwaneni; amalungelo ezilwane ngokuqashelwa kwamalungelo asemthethweni avumela ukushushiswa kwabaxhaphazi bezilwane kanye nemfundo yomphakathi eshintsha indlela ababona ngayo izilwane ezingezona abantu; ukukhululwa kwesilwane ngokwaso kungaba umzila onamasu wokukhulula isilwane ngasinye ngaleso sikhathi, njll.

Angabonwa njengamafilosofi ahlukene ahlangana eduze futhi agqagqene kakhulu, kanti inhlalakahle yezilwane iyifilosofi yezimiso ezisetshenziswayo, amalungelo ezilwane ifilosofi yezimiso ze-deontological, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezilwane kuyifilosofi yokuziphatha kuphela.

Angase abonakale njenganomqondo ofanayo nomqondo ofanayo, kodwa akhethwe abantu imvelo nobuntu babo obuzonquma ukuthi yiliphi igama abakhetha ukulisebenzisa (imibono eguquguqukayo ingase ikhethe igama elilodwa, izazi zezomthetho ezivamile elinye, izishoshovu eziqinile elinye, njll.).

Ngibabona kanjani kodwa? Nokho, ngizibona njengezici ezihlukile ezingaphelele zebhizinisi elikhulu esingalibiza ngokuthi “i-Animalism”. Angilisebenzisi leli gama lisho ukuziphatha okuyisici sezilwane, ikakhulukazi ekubeni ngokwenyama kanye nomzwelo wemvelo, noma njengokukhulekela okungokwenkolo kwezilwane. Ngiqonde ukuthi njengefilosofi noma inhlangano yomphakathi "isilwane" (igama eliwusizo izilimi zesiRomance esisinikeze lona) lingalandela. Ngiqonde ukuthi njengaleli bhizinisi elikhulu kunawo wonke esibonakala singaliboni emhlabeni wamaJalimane engiphila kuwo (ngokuqondene nezilimi, hhayi amazwe), kodwa kwakuvame ukubonakala emhlabeni weRomance lapho ngakhulela khona.

Kunomfanekiso wamaBuddha odumile ongasiza ukuqonda ukuthi ngiqonde ukuthini. Lona umfanekiso wezimpumputhe nendlovu , lapho izimpumputhe eziningana ezazingakaze zihlangane nendlovu zicabanga ukuthi indlovu injani ngokuthinta ingxenye ehlukile yomzimba wendlovu enobungane (njengohlangothi, uphondo, noma umsila), efika eziphethweni ezihluke kakhulu. Umzekeliso uthi, “Umuntu wokuqala owahlala isandla sakhe esiqwini, wathi: ‘Lo muntu ufana nenyoka enzima. Kwesinye isandla saso sifinyelele endlebeni, sasifana nohlobo oluthile lwesiphephetha-moya. Ngokuqondene nomunye umuntu, osandla sakhe sisemlenzeni, uthe, indlovu iyinsika njengesiqu somuthi. Impumputhe eyabeka isandla sayo eceleni kwayo yathi indlovu, 'Ludonga'. Omunye ozwe umsila wayo, wayichaza njengentambo. Owokugcina wezwa ibamba layo, lathi indlovu yileyo eqinile, ebushelelezi futhi enjengomkhonto.” Kuphela lapho bexoxa ngemibono yabo ehlukile lapho befunda khona ukuthi iyini indlovu. Indlovu emfanekisweni yiyona engiyibiza nge “Animalism” ngokubona kwami ​​lokho okuyimbangela yawo yonke le miqondo esiyihlaziya.

Manje njengoba sesibheke izingxenye, sesingabheka ukuthi zisebenzisana kanjani nokuthi zihlobene kanjani. I-Animalism iwuhlelo oluguquguqukayo lapho izingxenye zalo zishintshashintsha futhi zikhule (njengengane yendlovu eqale ingenawo amazinyo noma engakwazi ukulawula umboko wayo). Iphilayo futhi iwuketshezi, kodwa inomumo ohlukile (ayiyona i-amorph, njenge-amoeba).

Kimina, ukunyakaza kokuvikela izilwane kuyingxenye yokunyakaza kwe-veganism, ukunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane kuyingxenye yenhlangano yokuvikela izilwane, futhi inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yezilwane iyingxenye yokunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane, kodwa yonke le mibono ilokhu ivela futhi ikhula, iba evumelanayo omunye nomunye ngesikhathi. Uma uwabhekisisa uyakubona ukungezwani kwawo, kodwa uma uhlehla ungabona ukuthi axhumene kanjani futhi abe yingxenye yento enkulu ewahlanganisayo.

Ngingumuntu othanda izilwane oyingxenye yokunyakaza okuningi ngoba ngiyabakhathalela abanye abantu abazwelayo njengabantu ngabanye, futhi ngizizwa ngixhumene nezinye izilwane. Ngifuna ukusiza abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, ngisho nalabo abasazozalwa, nganoma iyiphi indlela engingakwazi ngayo. Anginankinga nelebula abantu abanginamathela kuyo inqobo nje uma ngingakwazi ukubasiza ngempumelelo.

Okunye kungase kube ama-semantics kanye ne-systematics.

Sayina iSithembiso ukuze ube yi-vegan impilo yakho yonke! https://drive.com/.2A4o