8 Izimfihlo Zobisi Abafuni Uzazi

Imboni yobisi ingenye yezingxenye ezimbi kakhulu embonini yokuxhashazwa kwezilwane. Nanka amaqiniso ayisishiyagalombili le mboni engafuni umphakathi wazi.

Izimboni zezentengiselwano zihlala zisebenzisa inkulumo-ze.

Basebenzisa amasu okukhangisa nokumaketha ukuze baqhubeke benxenxa abantu abaningi ukuba bathenge imikhiqizo yabo, ngokuvamile bedukisa amakhasimende ngokwenza ihaba okuhle nokululaza okungekuhle ngemikhiqizo yabo nemikhuba yabo. Ezinye izici zezimboni zabo ziyingozi kangangokuthi bafuna ukuzigcina zifihliwe ngokuphelele. Lawa maqhinga asetshenziswa ngoba, ukube amakhasimende awazisiwe ngokugcwele, abengashaqeka futhi ayeke ukuthenga le mikhiqizo.

Imboni yobisi ayifani, futhi imishini yayo ye-propaganda idale isithombe esingamanga sokuthi "izinkomo ezijabulayo" zizulazula ngokukhululekile emasimini, zikhiqiza ngokuzithandela ubisi abantu "abaludingayo". Abantu abaningi bebelokhu bewela kulokhu kukhohlisa. Ngisho nabaningi balabo abanolwazi olungcono, abaphaphamele iqiniso lokufuya izilwane ukuze zidliwe base bedla imifino, bakholelwa la manga ngokuthi bangabi yizilwane esikhundleni salokho futhi baqhubeke nokudla ubisi.

Uma kubhekwa imboni yobisi ecekela phansi futhi engenasimilo, maningi amaqiniso encamela ukuthi umphakathi ungawazi. Nazi eziyisishiyagalombili nje zazo.

1. Izinkomo eziningi zobisi zigcinwa endlini, hhayi emasimini

Izinkomo, izinkunzi namathole amaningi kunanini ngaphambili manje avalelwe, futhi eziningi zalezi zilwane zichitha ukuphila kwazo konke zisendlini zingakaze zibone inseba yotshani. Izinkomo ziyimizulane, futhi umuzwa wazo uwukuzulazula ziklabe emasimini aluhlaza. Ngisho nangemva kwamakhulu eminyaka efuywa, lesi sifiso sokuba ngaphandle, ukudla utshani, nokunyakaza asizange sikhishwe kubo. Kodwa-ke, ekulimeni kwasefekthri, izinkomo zobisi zigcinwa ezindlini ezindaweni eziminyene, zimile nje noma zilele endle - ezingathandi - futhi azikwazi nokunyakaza. Futhi emapulazini avumela izinkomo ukuba zibe ngaphandle njengoba zibhekwa njengamapulazi "ezenhlalakahle eziphezulu", ngokuvamile ziphinde zifakwe endlini izinyanga ebusika, njengoba zingavumelani nesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu noma esishisayo sezindawo eziye zahlala kuzo. ukuphoqelelwa ukuphila ( igagasi elishisayo eKansas ekuqaleni kukaJuni 2022 labangela ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwezinkulungwane zezinkomo nezinkunzi). Ukuphathwa ngonya kwabasebenzi basemapulazini asefekthri kuvamile, njengoba iningi lalabo abasebenza embonini babheka izilwane njengempahla elahlayo engenamizwa.

I-Sentience Institute ilinganisela ukuthi ama-99% ezilwane ezifuywayo e-US bezihlala emapulazini efektri ngo-2019, okubandakanya ama-70.4% ezinkomo ezifuywayo. Ngokusho kweFood and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) , ngo-2021 bekunezinkomo nezinkunzi ezibalelwa ku-1.5 billion emhlabeni, iningi lazo ezifuywa kakhulu. Kulezi zimo ezibizwa ngokuthi “Imisebenzi Egxilile Yokondla Izilwane” (ama-CAFOs), amakhulu ( e-US, okungenani angama-700 ukuze afaneleke) noma izinkulungwane zezinkomo zobisi zigcinwa ndawonye futhi ziphoqwe “umugqa wokukhiqiza” osuye waba ngomshini futhi ozenzakalelayo. . Lokhu kwakuhilela ukuphiwa ukudla okungekona okwemvelo kwezinkomo (ikakhulukazi okusanhlamvu okuhlanganisa umkhiqizo wombila, ibhali, i-alfalfa ne-cottonseed meal, okunezelwa amavithamini, imithi elwa namagciwane, nama-hormone), zigcinwe endlini (ngezinye izikhathi ukuphila kwazo konke), zisengwa imishini, nokubulawa ezilaheni ezinesivinini esikhulu.

2. Amapulazi obisi athengiswayo ayizimboni ezinonya zokukhulelwa

Esinye sezici zokukhiqiza ubisi esibonakala singaqondwa kahle iningi labantu elinolwazi oluncane lokulima inkolelo eyiphutha yokuthi izinkomo ziye zafuywa ngandlela thize ukuze zikhiqize ubisi ngokuzenzekelayo - njengokungathi zifana nezihlahla zama-apula ezikhula ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu akukwazi ukuqhela eqinisweni. Izilwane ezincelisayo zikhiqiza ubisi kuphela ngemva kokuzala, ngakho ukuze izinkomo zikhiqize ubisi, kufanele zibelethe njalo. Ngokuvamile ziphoqeleka ukuthi zikhulelwe futhi lapho zisazokhiqiza ubisi lwenkonyane yazo yangaphambili. Naphezu kwayo yonke intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ayikho inkomo eye yashintshwa noma yashintshwa ngendlela yokuthi akudingeki ukuba ikhulelwe futhi izale ukuze ikhiqize ubisi. Ngakho-ke, ipulazi lobisi yimboni yokukhulelwa kwenkomo kanye nokuzalwa.

Ngokusetshenziswa kwamahomoni ( i-Bovine somatotropin isetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kobisi ezinkomeni zobisi), ukususa amathole ngokushesha, nokufaka izinkomo lapho zisakhiqiza ubisi - okuyisimo esingesona nezemvelo - umzimba wenkomo ungaphansi kwengcindezi. ukusebenzisa izinsiza eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuze “zichithwe” ngokushesha, futhi zilahlwe lapho zisencane. Bayobe sebebulawa ngobuningi ezilaheni, ngokuvamile benqunywe uqhoqhoqho, noma ngokudutshulwa ngebhawodi ekhanda. Lapho, zonke ziyoshona ziyoshona, cishe zesaba ngenxa yokuzwa, ukubona, noma ukuhogela ezinye izinkomo ezibulawa phambi kwazo. Lezo zigemegeme zokugcina ezimpilweni zezinkomo zobisi ziyefana kulezo ezifuywa emapulazini amafekthri amabi kakhulu kanye nalezo ezifuywa emapulazini avuselelayo afunzwa utshani - zombili zigcina zithuthwa ngokungafuni futhi zibulawelwe endaweni. amadelakufa afanayo besebancane.

Ukubulala izinkomo kuwumsebenzi wezimboni zokukhiqiza ubisi, njengoba imboni izozibulala zonke uma zingakhiqizi ngokwanele, njengoba kubiza imali ukuzigcina ziphila, zidinga izinkomo ezincane ukuze zikhiqize ubisi olwengeziwe. Embonini yokulima, izinkomo zibulawa ezincane kakhulu kunasemapulazini endabuko, ngemva kweminyaka emine noma emihlanu nje kuphela (zingaphila iminyaka engu-20 uma zisuswa emapulazini), ngoba izimpilo zazo zinzima kakhulu futhi zicindezela kakhulu, ngakho ukukhiqizwa kobisi lwazo. iyancipha ngokushesha. E-US, izinkomo nezinkunzi eziyizigidi ezingu-33.7 zahlatshwa ngo-2019. E-EU, izinkomo eziyizigidi ezingu-10.5 zahlatshwa ngo-2022. Ngokusho kwe-Faunalytics, isamba sezinkomo nezinkunzi eziyizigidi ezingu-293.2 zahlatshwa ngo-2020 emhlabeni.

3. Imboni yobisi ihlukumeza ngokocansi izigidi zezilwane

Lapho abantu beqala ukulawula ukuzalaniswa kwezinkomo, okwadala izinhlobo eziningi zezinkomo zasekhaya esizibona namuhla, lokhu kwabangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu. Okokuqala, ngokuvimbela izinkomo nezinkunzi ekukhetheni umngane womshado ezibathandayo futhi ziphoqelele ukuthi zishade zodwa noma ngabe zingafuni. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zakuqala zezinkomo zokulima zase zinezakhi zokuhlukunyezwa kokuzala ezingaba ukunukubezwa ngokocansi kamuva. Okwesibili, ukuphoqa izinkomo ukuthi zikhulelwe kaningi, kucindezele imizimba yazo kakhulu, nokuguga ngokushesha.

Ngokulima kwezimboni, ukuhlukunyezwa kokuzala okwaqalwa ukulima ngokwendabuko sekuphenduke ukunukubezwa ngokocansi, njengoba izinkomo manje sezifakwa ngokungemthetho ngumuntu othathe isidoda senkunzi abuye atholwe ngokunukubezwa ngokocansi (ngokuvamile esebenzisa ukushaqeka kukagesi ukukhipha isidoda ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-electroejaculation. ). Kusukela lapho sezinezinyanga eziyi-14 ubudala, izinkomo zobisi manje zimithiswa ngokungemthetho futhi zigcinwa zilandelana njalo, zisengwa, futhi zifakwe ama-insemination, zize zibulawe lapho zineminyaka engu- 4 kuya kweyisithupha ubudala - lapho imizimba yazo iqala ukuwohloka. kukho konke ukuhlukunyezwa.

Abalimi abakhiqiza ubisi bavame ukumithisa izinkomo minyaka yonke besebenzisa into imboni ngokwayo ebiza ngayo “ indawo yokudlwengula ”, njengoba isenzo esenziwe kuzo sihlanganisa ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi izinkomo. Ukuze bamithise izinkomo, abalimi noma odokotela bezilwane bajamisa izingalo zabo embotsheni yenkomo ukuze bathole futhi bamise isibeletho bese bephoqelela ithuluzi esithweni sangasese ukuze liyimithise ngesidoda esasiqoqwe enkunzini. I-rack ivimbela inkomo ekuzivikeleni kulokhu kuphulwa kobuqotho bayo bokuzala.

4. Imboni yobisi yeba izingane komama bazo

Into yokuqala abantu abayenza ezinkomeni eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 500 edlule lapho beqala ukuzifuya kwaba ukuthumba amathole azo. Babona ukuthi uma behlukanisa amankonyane komama bazo, bangase bantshontshe ubisi olukhiqizwa ngunina. Leso kwakuyisenzo sokuqala sokulima izinkomo, futhi yilapho ukuhlupheka kwaqala khona - futhi kuye kwaqhubeka kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Njengoba omama babenomqondo oqinile wokuzala, namankonyane abhalwa konina njengoba ukusinda kwawo kwakuzoncika ekunamatheleni kuwo ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenkathi ehamba emasimini ukuze akwazi ukuncelisa, ukuhlukanisa amathole kunina kwakuyisihluku esikhulu. isenzo esaqala ngaleso sikhathi futhi esisaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Ukukhipha amankonyane konina nakho kwenza amankonyane alambe njengoba edinga ubisi lukanina. Ngisho nasezindaweni ezinjengaseNdiya, lapho izinkomo zingcwele phakathi kwamaHindu, izinkomo ezifuywayo zihlupheka ngale ndlela, ngisho noma zigcinwe emasimini zishiywe zizenzela zona izikhathi eziningi.

Ngenxa yokuthi ubuchwepheshe abutholanga indlela yokuphoqa izinkomo ukuba zikhiqize ubisi ngaphandle kokukhulelwa njalo ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, ukukhathazeka ngokuhlukana okubangelwa ukuhlukanisa omama namathole kusenzeka emapulazini efektri yobisi, kodwa manje ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu, hhayi nje ngokwemibandela inani lezinkomo ezithintekayo kanye nenani lezikhathi ezenzeka ngayo inkomo ngayinye kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuncipha kwesikhathi amathole avunyelwe ukuba nonina ngemva kokuzalwa ( ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwamahora angu-24 ).

5. Imboni yobisi ihlukumeza futhi ibulale izingane

Amankonyane esilisa emapulazini emboni yobisi abulawa ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa, njengoba engeke akwazi ukukhiqiza ubisi lapho esekhulile. Kodwa-ke, manje, abulawa ngamanani aphezulu kakhulu ngoba ubuchwepheshe abukwazanga ukwehlisa inani lamathole aduna azalwayo, ngakho-ke u-50% wokukhulelwa odingekayo ukuze izinkomo zikhiqize ubisi uzogcina usuzala futhi ubulawe amankonyane aduna maduze. ngemva kokuzalwa, noma ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa. I-UK Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) ilinganisela ukuthi cishe kumankonyane angama-400,000 azalelwa emapulazini obisi unyaka ngamunye, angu-60,000 abulawa epulazini ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuzalwa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani lamathole ahlatshwe e-US ngo-2019 laliyi-579,000, futhi lelo nani liye landa kusukela ngo-2015 .

Amankonyane aphuma emapulazini efekthri yobisi ahlupheka kakhulu manje njengoba kunabaningi okuthi esikhundleni sokudutshulwa babulawe ngokushesha, bayiswe “emapulazini enyama yenkonyane” amakhulu, lapho ahlaliswa ngawodwa amasonto. Lapho, banikezwa ubisi lokwenziwa olungenayo i-ayoni okubenza baphelelwe igazi futhi kushintshe izimbaza zabo zibe “mnandi” kakhudlwana kubantu. Kula mapulazi, avame ukugcinwa emasimini avulekele kakhulu izakhi - okuthi, ngenxa yokuthi anqatshelwe ukufudumala nokuvikelwa komama, esinye isenzo sonya. Amakhreyithi enyama yenkonyane lapho avame ukugcinwa khona amaqhugwane epulasitiki amancane, ngalinye linendawo ebiyelwe engenkulu kakhulu kunomzimba wenkonyane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ukube bezikwazi ukugijima futhi zigxume—njengoba bezingenza uma zingamankonyane akhululekile—bezizoba nemisipha eqinile, okungeyona into ethandwa abantu abazidlayo. E-US, ngemva kwamasonto angu-16 kuya kwangu-18 elahlekile omama kula mapulazi, babe sebebulawa futhi inyama yabo ithengiswe kwabadla amankonyane (e-UK kamuva, kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili ).

6. Imboni yobisi idala ukulutheka okungenampilo

I-Casein iphrotheni etholakala obisini olunikeza umbala walo omhlophe. Ngokusho kwe-University of Illinois Extension Programme, ama-casein enza ama-80% amaprotheni obisi lwenkomo . Le phrotheni inesibopho sokubangela ukulutheka ezinganeni ezincelisayo zanoma yiluphi uhlobo okuzenza zifune unina ukuze zinceliswe ibele njalo. “Umuthi” wemvelo owavela ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi izingane ezincelisayo, ezivame ukuhamba ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa, zihlala eduze komama bazo, zifuna ubisi lwazo njalo.

Indlela lokhu okusebenza ngayo iwukuba i-casein ikhiphe ama-opiate abizwa ngokuthi ama-casomorphins njengoba igayeka, engabonisa ukunethezeka ebuchosheni ngokungaqondile ngamahomoni, ibe umthombo wokulutheka. Ucwaningo oluningana lubonise ukuthi ama-casomorphin akhiya nama-opioid receptors, axhumene nokulawula ubuhlungu, umvuzo, kanye nokulutheka ebuchosheni bezilwane ezincelisayo.

Kodwa-ke, lesi sidakamizwa sobisi sithinta abantu futhi, ngisho nalapho bephuza ubisi lwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Uma uqhubeka uncelisa abantu ubisi lapho sebekhulile (ubisi lwenzelwe izingane, hhayi abantu abadala) kodwa manje selugxile kushizi, iyogathi, noma ukhilimu, onomthamo ophezulu we-casein egxilile, lokhu kungase kudale imilutha yobisi .

Ucwaningo olwenziwa yiNyuvesi yaseMichigan lwango-2015 lwembula ukuthi ushizi wezilwane uvusa ingxenye efanayo yobuchopho njengezidakamizwa. UDkt. Neal Barnard, umsunguli weKomidi Lodokotela Lezokwelapha Ezinesibopho, wathi kuyi-Vegetarian Times , “ Ama-Casomorphin anamathisela kuma-opiate receptors obuchopho ukuze abangele umphumela wokuthulisa ngendlela efanayo ne-heroin ne-morphine. Eqinisweni, njengoba ushizi ucutshungulwa ukuze ukhiphe lonke uketshezi, uwumthombo ogxile ngendlela emangalisayo wama-casomorphin, ungase uwubize ngokuthi 'i-dairy crack.'

Uma usuyizigqila zobisi, kulula ukuqala ukulinganisa ukusetshenziswa kweminye imikhiqizo yezilwane. Imilutha eminingi yobisi iyazivumela ukuba ixhaphaze izinyoni ngokudla amaqanda azo, bese ixhaphaza izinyosi ngokudla uju lwazo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi abadla imifino bengakashintsheli ku-veganism, njengoba ukuluthwa kwabo ubisi kuphazamisa ukwahlulela kwabo futhi kubaphoqe ukuba banganaki usizi lwezinye izilwane ezifuywayo ngaphansi kwenkohliso yokuthi bazohlupheka kancane kunalezo zilwane ezifuyelwa inyama.

7. Ushizi awuwona umkhiqizo wezempilo

Ushizi awuqukethe noma iyiphi i-fiber noma i-phytonutrients, isici sokudla okunempilo, kodwa ushizi wezilwane uqukethe i-cholesterol, ngokuvamile ngamanani aphezulu, okungamafutha akhulisa ingozi yezifo eziningana lapho edliwa ngabantu (imikhiqizo yezilwane kuphela equkethe i-cholesterol). Inkomishi kashizi we-cheddar osuselwe esilwaneni iqukethe u -131 mg we-cholesterol , ushizi waseSwitzerland 123 mg, ushizi waseMelika usakazwa ngo-77mg, i-Mozzarella 88 mg, ne-parmesan 86 mg. Ngokusho kweNational Cancer Institute e-US, ushizi ungumthombo wokudla ophezulu wamafutha akhulisa i-cholesterol ekudleni kwaseMelika.

Ushizi uvame ukuba namafutha agcwele (afinyelela ku-25 amagremu inkomishi ngayinye) kanye nosawoti, okwenza kube ukudla okungenampilo uma udliwa njalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukudla ushizi wezilwane omningi kungaholela ku-cholesterol ephezulu egazini kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme , okwandisa ingozi yabantu yesifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi (CVD). Lokhu kungaba ngaphezu kwanoma yiziphi izinzuzo ezingaba khona mayelana noshizi ekubeni umthombo we-calcium, uvithamini A, uVithamini B12, i-zinc, i-phosphorus, ne-riboflavin (konke okungatholakala ezitshalweni, kukhunta, nasemithonjeni yamagciwane), ikakhulukazi kubantu abakhuluphele noma abakhuluphele ngokweqile. abantu asebevele basengozini ye-CVD. Ukwengeza, ushizi uwukudla okunekhalori, ngakho ukudla kakhulu kungase kubangele ukukhuluphala, futhi njengoba kuwumlutha, abantu bakuthola kunzima ukuwudla ngokulinganisela.

Oshizi abathambile kanye noshizi abanemithambo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngezinye izikhathi bangangcoliswa i-listeria, ikakhulukazi uma benziwe ngobisi olungaxutshiwe noma “oluluhlaza”. Ngo-2017, kwashona abantu ababili kwathi abayisithupha balaliswa esibhedlela ngemuva kokungenwa yi-listeriosis evela kushizi i-Vulto Creamery. Kamuva, ezinye izinkampani zikashizi ezingu-10 zakhumbula imikhiqizo ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokungcoliswa kwe-listeria.

Abantu abaningi emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi abadabuka e-Afrika nase-Asia, bahlushwa ukungabekezelelani kwe-lactose, ngakho ukudla ushizi neminye imikhiqizo yobisi akunampilo kubo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ama-95% abantu base-Asia baseMelika, 60% kuya ku-80% abantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye namaJuda ase-Ashkenazi, 80% kuya ku-100% aboMdabu baseMelika, kanye nama-50% kuya ku-80% ama-Hispanics e-US, ahlushwa ukungabekezelelani kwe-lactose.

8. Uma uphuza ubisi lwezilwane, ugwinya ubomvu

UMnyango wezoLimo waseMelika uthi i-mastitis, ukuvuvukala kombele okubuhlungu, ingenye yezimbangela zokufa kwezinkomo ezindala embonini yobisi. Kunamagciwane angaba ngu-150 angadala lesi sifo.

Ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe akhiqizwa ukuze alwe nezifo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi achithelwa ngaphandle komzimba kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "ubomvu". Ezinkomeni, amangqamuzana egazi amhlophe kanye namangqamuzana esikhumba ngokuvamile aphuma olwelweni lombele aye obisini, ngakho ubomvu obusuka ekuthelelekeni buconsela obisini lwenkomo.

Ukuze kulinganiswe inani lobomvu, i-somatic cell count (SCC) iyalinganiswa (amanani aphezulu angabonisa ukutheleleka). I-SCC yobisi olunempilo ingaphansi kwamaseli angu-100,000 ngemililitha ngayinye , kodwa imboni yobisi ivunyelwe ukuhlanganisa ubisi oluvela kuzo zonke izinkomo emhlambini ukuze ifike "ethangini le-bulk" somatic cell count (BTSCC). Umkhawulo wamanje olawulayo wamaseli e-somatic obisini e-US ochazwe ku-Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance amaseli angu-750,000 ngemililitha ngayinye (mL), ngakho abantu badla ubisi olunobomvu obuvela ezinkomeni ezinegciwane.

I-EU ivumela ukusetshenziswa kobisi olunamaseli obomvu afinyelela ku-400,000 ngemililitha ngayinye. Ubisi olunesibalo se-somatic cell esingaphezu kuka -400,000 luthathwa njengelingakufanele ukusetshenziswa yi-European Union kodwa lwamukelwe e-US nakwamanye amazwe. E-UK, engasekho e-EU, ingxenye yesithathu yazo zonke izinkomo zobisi zine-mastitis unyaka ngamunye., futhi amazinga ajwayelekile obomvu obisini azungeze amaseli e-SCC angama-200,000 ngemililitha ngayinye.

Ungakhohliswa abaxhaphazi bezilwane abahlukumezayo kanye nezimfihlo zabo ezimbi.

Ubisi Lucekela Imindeni. Zibophezele Ukuhamba Ngaphandle Kwamahhala Namuhla: https://drove.com/.2Cff