Enkathini lapho ukusimama kungaseyona into ewubukhazikhazi kodwa kuyisidingo, imboni yezinto ezibonakalayo ibhekene noguquko oluya emasu anobungani nemvelo. Ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva kwesikhala esimhlophe okwenziwa yi-Material Innovation Initiative (MII) kanye ne-The Mills Fabrica ibheka emkhakheni okhulayo wezinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo, okugqamisa kokubili ukunqoba nezinselele ezichaza lo mkhakha oguqukayo. Lezi zinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo zihlose ukumiselela imikhiqizo esuselwe ezilwaneni njengesikhumba Ngokungafani nezinto zokwenziwa ezivamile ezenziwe ngamakhemikhali e-petroli, izinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo zisebenzisa izithako ezisekelwe ku-bio njengama-microbes, izitshalo, nesikhunta, zilwela ukunciphisa indawo yazo yekhabhoni nomthelela wemvelo.
Umbiko ukhomba amathuba ayisihluthulelo ayisikhombisa okukhula kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ngaphakathi komkhakha wezinto ze-next-gen. Igcizelela isidingo sokwehlukahlukana ngale kwesikhumba sohlobo olulandelayo, okwamanje obusa imakethe, okushiya— ezinye izinto ezinjengoboya, usilika, kanye nokuphansi kungahlolisiswa. Ukwengeza, ukuhlaziya kuveza isidingo esibalulekile sezinto eziphilayo ezisimeme ngokuphelele, kukhuthazwa ukuthuthukiswa kwama-binders, ama-biodegradable binders, ama-coatings, nezithasiselo ezithatha indawo yokuphuma kokunye okuyingozi kwe-petrochemical. Ikhwelo lama-100% e-bio-based synthetic fibers ukumelana nezingozi zemvelo ezibangelwa i-polyester liphinde ligcizelele ukuzibophezela kwemboni ekusimameni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbiko ukhuthaza ukufakwa kwemithombo emisha ye-biofeedstock, efana nezinsalela zezolimo ne-algae, ukuze kudalwe imicu eqhubekayo. Iphinde igqamise ukubaluleka kwezinketho eziguquguqukayo zokuphela kwempilo emikhiqizweni yesizukulwane esilandelayo, iphromotha umnotho oyindilinga lapho izinto zingase zigaywe kabusha noma zicekelwe phansi nge-biodegraded ngomthelela omncane wendawo. Ukuhlaziya kugcizelela isidingo sokuthi amaqembu e-R&D ajulise ubuchwepheshe bawo kusayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo, ikakhulukazi ekuqondeni ubudlelwano besakhiwo nesakhiwo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza nokusimama kwezinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo. idinga ukuthi kukhuliswe izindlela ze-biotechnological, njengobunjiniyela bamaselula, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezitshalwe elebhu.
Njengoba imboni yezinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo iqhubeka nokuvela, lokhu kuhlaziywa komkhathi omhlophe kusebenza njengomhlahlandlela obalulekile wabasunguli nabatshalizimali, okubaqondisa emabhizinisini aqhubekayo futhi anenzuzo emzamweni wokuguqula isimo sezinto ezibonakalayo.
Isifinyezo Ngu: Dr. S. Marek Muller | Isifundo Soqobo Ngo: I-Material Innovation Initiative. (2021) | Kushicilelwe: Julayi 12, 2024
Ukuhlaziywa komkhathi omhlophe kukhonjwe impumelelo yamanje, ubunzima, namathuba embonini yezinto zokwakha "isizukulwane esilandelayo".
Ukuhlaziywa komkhathi omhlophe kuyimibiko enemininingwane ngezimakethe ezikhona. Bahlonza isimo semakethe, okuhlanganisa ukuthi yimiphi imikhiqizo, izinsizakalo, kanye nobuchwepheshe obukhona, obuphumelelayo, obudonsa kanzima, kanye nezikhala zemakethe ezingaba khona zokusungula izinto ezintsha nezamabhizinisi. Lokhu kuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwesikhala esimhlophe somkhakha wezinto ezihlukile zezilwane "wesizukulwane esilandelayo" kwakhiwe njengokulandelela umbiko wesimo semboni kaJuni 2021 owenziwe yi-Materials Innovation Initiative. I-MII ithangi lokucabanga le-next-gen materials science kanye nokusungula. Kulo mbiko, babambisene ne-The Mills Fabrica, umtshali-zimali owaziwayo embonini yezimpahla zesizukulwane esilandelayo.
Izinto ze-Next-gen ziwukungena esikhundleni esiqondile sezinto ezijwayelekile ezenzelwe izilwane njengesikhumba, usilika, uvolo, uboya, naphansi (noma "izinto ezikhona"). Abasunguli basebenzisa i-“biomimicry” ukuze bakopishe ukubukeka, ukuzwa, nokusebenza kahle kwemikhiqizo yezilwane eshintshwayo. Kodwa-ke, izinto ze-next-gen azifani nezinye "izinhlobo zamanje" zezilwane ezifana ne-polyester, i-acrylic, nesikhumba sokwenziwa esenziwe ngamakhemikhali e-petroli njenge-polyurethane. Izinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo zivame ukusebenzisa izithako "ezisekelwe ku-bio" - hhayi ipulasitiki - ukuze kuncishiswe i-carbon footprint yazo. Izinto ezisekelwe ku-bio zihlanganisa amagciwane, izitshalo, nesikhunta. Yize kungeyona yonke ingxenye yokukhiqizwa kwe-sex-gen esekelwe ngokuphelele ku-bio, imboni ilwela ukusungula izinto ezintsha ezisimeme ngobuchwepheshe obusafufusa bamakhemikhali aluhlaza.
Ukuhlaziywa komkhathi omhlophe kukhomba amathuba ayisikhombisa abalulekile okuqamba izinto ezintsha embonini yezinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo.
- Kunezinto ezimbalwa ze-next-gen ezinokusungula okulinganiselwe. Inani elingalingani (cishe u-2/3) labasunguli embonini babandakanyeka esikhumbeni sesizukulwane esilandelayo. Lokhu kushiya uboya besizukulwane esilandelayo, usilika, phansi, uboya, nezikhumba zangaphandle zingatshaliwe phansi futhi zingathuthukisiwe, okuhlinzeka ngamathuba amaningi okukhula okuzayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemboni yesikhumba, lezi ezinye izinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo zingaholela kumthamo ophansi wokukhiqiza kodwa zibe namandla okwenza inzuzo ephezulu ngeyunithi ngayinye.
- Umbiko ugqamisa izinselelo zokwenza i-ecosystem yesizukulwane esilandelayo ukuthi isimeme ngo-100%. Nakuba imboni ihlanganisa “imfuyo yokudla” efana nemfucuza yezolimo kanye nemikhiqizo yamagciwane, ukwakhiwa kwezindwangu zohlobo olulandelayo kuvame ukudinga i-petroleum nezinto eziyingozi. Okukhathaza kakhulu i-polyvinyl chloride namanye ama-polymer asekelwe ku-vinyl, avame ukutholakala esikhumbeni sokwenziwa. Naphezu kokuqina kwayo, ingenye yepulasitiki elimaza kakhulu ngenxa yokuthembela kwayo emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, ukukhululwa kwezithako eziyingozi, ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki ayingozi, kanye nezinga eliphansi lokugaywa kabusha. I-Bio-based polyurethane inikeza enye indlela ethembisayo, kodwa isathuthukiswa. Ababhali basikisela ukuthi abasunguli nabatshalizimali kumele bathuthukise futhi bahwebe ngezinguqulo ezisuselwa ku-bio, ezibolayo ezingaboli, zokuhlanganisa, odayi, izithasiselo, nama-ejenti wokuqeda.
- Bakhuthaza abasunguli be-new-gen ukuthi bakhe imicu yokwenziwa ye-bio-based engu-100% ukulwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-polyester. Njengamanje, i-polyester yenza ama-55% azo zonke izinto zokusetshenziswa zendwangu ezikhiqizwa minyaka yonke. Ngenxa yokuthi isekelwe ku-petroleum, ibhekwa “njengesitha sokuqala somphakathi” embonini yemfashini esimeme . I-polyester yinto eyinkimbinkimbi ngoba okwamanje isebenza njenge-"current-gen" esikhundleni sezinto ezifana nosilika naphansi. Kodwa-ke, futhi kuyingozi yemvelo, njengoba ingakhulula ama-microfibers emvelweni. Lo mbiko ukhuthaza ukuthuthuka okusimeme kumasu esizukulwane samanje ngokuthuthukisa imicu ye-polyester esekelwe ku-bio. Izindlela ezintsha eziqanjiwe zamanje zokudala i-polyester ekwazi ukugaywa kabusha, kodwa izinkinga zokubola kokuphela kwempilo zisalokhu zikhathaza.
- Ababhali bakhuthaza abatshalizimali nabasunguli ukuthi bafake i-biofeedstock entsha ezintweni zesizukulwane esilandelayo. Ngamanye amazwi, bafuna ukutholwa okusha kanye nobuchwepheshe emiculweni yemvelo kanye ne-semi-synthetic (cellulosic). Imicu yezitshalo efana nekotini ne-hemp yenza ~ 30% wokukhiqizwa kwefayibha yomhlaba wonke. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-semi-synthetics afana ne-rayon akha ~ 6%. Naphezu kokuthi ithathwe ezitshalweni, le micu isabangela ukukhathazeka kokusimama. Ukotini, ukwenza isibonelo, usebenzisa u-2.5% womhlaba olimekayo, nokho u-10% wawo wonke amakhemikhali ezolimo. Izinsalela zezolimo, njengezinsalela zerayisi nesundu samafutha, zinikeza izinketho ezisebenzisekayo zokukhushulwa zibe imicu esebenzisekayo. Ulwelwe, olusebenza kahle ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-400 kunezihlahla ekususeni i-CO2 emkhathini, lunamandla njengomthombo omusha we-biofeedstock.
- Ukuhlaziywa kudinga ukwanda kokuguquguquka kwezinketho zokuphela kwempilo zemikhiqizo yesizukulwane esilandelayo. Ngokwababhali, abahlinzeki bohlobo olulandelayo, abaklami, nabakhiqizi banesibopho sokuqonda ukuthi ukukhetha kwempahla kusithinta kanjani isiphetho somkhiqizo wabo. Kufika ku-30% wokunukubezeka kwe-microplastic kungase kuvele ezindwangu, ezinezimo ezihlukahlukene zokuphela kwempilo. Angase alahlwe endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu, ashiswe ukuze athole amandla, noma alahlwe endaweni ezungezile. Izinketho eziningi ezithembisayo zihlanganisa kabusha/ukunyusa amabhayisikili kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo. Abasunguli kufanele basebenzele “umnotho oyindilinga,” lapho ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa, nokulahlwa kwezinto kuhlobene, okunciphisa ukumosha konke. Ukwengeza, izinto zokwakha kufanele zikwazi ukugaywa kabusha noma ze -biodegraded, kuncishiswe umthwalo wabathengi. Okungase kube umdlali kule ndawo i-polylactic acid (PLA), okuphuma kwesitashi esivutshiwe, okwamanje okusetshenziselwa ukwenza amapulasitiki abolekayo. Izingubo ezingu-100% ze-PLA zingase zitholakale esikhathini esizayo.
- Ababhali bafuna amaqembu ocwaningo nentuthuko (R&D) ukuthi akhulise ubuchwepheshe bawo emigomeni ewumongo yesayensi yezinto. Ikakhulukazi, abacwaningi besizukulwane esilandelayo kanye nabathuthukisi kufanele baqonde ubudlelwano besakhiwo nesakhiwo. Ukwenza lobu budlelwano kuzovumela amaqembu e-R&D ukuthi alinganise ukuthi izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo zikwazisa kanjani ukusebenza kokubalulekile kanye nendlela yokushuna kahle ukwakheka kwezinto, ukwakheka, nokucutshungulwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okufunayo. Ukwenza kanjalo kungasiza amaqembu e-R&D ukuthi ajike asuke endleleni “phezulu-phansi” aye ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezigcizelela ukubukeka nomuzwa womkhiqizo wenoveli. Esikhundleni salokho, i-biomimicry ingasebenza njengendlela “esuka phansi-phezulu” yokwakheka kwezinto ezicabangela ukusimama nokuqina ngaphezu kobuhle besizukulwane esilandelayo. Enye inketho ukusebenzisa i-recombinant protein synthesis - usebenzisa amaseli ezilwane akhule elebhu ukukhulisa "isikhumba" ngaphandle kwesilwane ngokwaso. Isibonelo, "isikhumba" esikhule elebhu singacutshungulwa futhi sishukwe njengesikhumba esivela ezilwaneni.
- Kudinga abasunguli abasha ukuthi bakhulise ukusebenzisa kwabo i-biotechnology, ikakhulukazi endaweni yobunjiniyela bamaselula. Izinto eziningi zesizukulwane esilandelayo zincike ezindleleni ze-biotechnological, njengesikhumba esikhule elebhu esishiwo ngenhla esenziwe ngamaseli akhulisiwe. Ababhali bagcizelela ukuthi njengoba i-biotechnology ithuthuka ekudaleni izinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo, abasunguli kufanele bakhumbule izinqubo ezinhlanu zokucatshangelwa: into ekhethiwe yokukhiqiza, indlela yokunikeza izakhi emzimbeni, indlela yokugcina amangqamuzana "ejabule" ukuze akhule kakhulu, indlela yokukhulisa umzimba. vuna/guqula ube umkhiqizo owufunayo, nokukhuphula. Ukukhulisa, noma ikhono lokunikeza umthamo omkhulu womkhiqizo ngenani elifanele, kuyisihluthulelo sokubikezela impumelelo yezentengiselwano yesizukulwane esilandelayo. Ukwenza kanjalo kungaba nzima futhi kubize ezikhaleni zesizukulwane esilandelayo. Ngenhlanhla, inani lama-accelerator nama-incubator ayatholakala ukusiza abasunguli.
Ngaphezu kwezikhala eziyisikhombisa ezimhlophe okuxoxwe ngazo, ababhali batusa ukuthi imboni yezinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo ifunde izifundo embonini ehlukile yamaprotheni. Lokhu kungenxa yokufana kwalezi zimboni ezimbili ngenhloso nangobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, abasunguli besizukulwane esilandelayo bangabheka ukukhula kwe-mycelial (ubuchwepheshe obusekelwe kumakhowe). Imboni ehlukile yamaphrotheni isebenzisa ukukhula kwe-mycelial ngokudla kanye nokuvutshelwa okunembayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele nezakhiwo ze-mycelium, iyindlela ethembisayo kunesikhumba. Imboni yezinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo, njengozakwabo ohlukile wamaphrotheni, kufanele futhi igxile ekudaleni isidingo sabathengi. Enye indlela yokwenza lokho ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo zemfashini ezidumile ezithatha izinto ezingenazo izilwane.
Sekukonke, imboni yezinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo iyathembisa. Olunye ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi u-94% wabaphenduli bavulekele ukuzithenga. Ababhali banethemba lokuthi ukuthengiswa kwesizukulwane esilandelayo sokushintshwa okuqondile kwezinto ezisuselwa ezilwaneni kuzokhuphuka kufikela ku-80% ngonyaka eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo. Uma izinto zesizukulwane esilandelayo sezifana nokuthengeka nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinto zohlobo lwamanje, imboni ingahola umkhankaso obheke ekusasa elizinzile.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ngoFaunalyTics.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono ye Humane Foundation.
