Amahlathi, amboze cishe ingxenye yesithathu yomhlaba, kubalulekile ekulinganiseleni kwemvelo kweplanethi kanye nasekhaya ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo eziningi. Lezi zinto ezinyakazayo azigcini ngokusekela izinto eziphilayo kodwa futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni i-ecosystem yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, imashi engapheli yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, iqhutshwa ikakhulu yimboni yezolimo, ibangelwa kanzima kulezi zindawo zemvelo. Le ndatshana idonsela umthelela ovame ukunganakwa kwezolimo ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuhlola ubukhulu bokulahleka kwamahlathi, izimbangela eziyinhloko, kanye nemiphumela emibi yemvelo yethu. Ukusuka emahlathini emvula ashisayo ase-Amazon ezinqubomgomo ezingasiza ukunciphisa leli mbubhiso, sihlola indlela imikhuba yezolimo eyenziwa kabusha umhlaba wethu futhi lokho okungenziwa ukumisa lo mkhuba owethusayo.
Amahlathi, amboze cishe ingxenye yesithathu yomhlaba, kubalulekile ekulinganiseleni kwemvelo kweplanethi kanye nasekhaya ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo eziningi. Lezi zinto ezinyakazayo azigcini ngokusekela izinto eziphilayo kodwa futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni i-ecosystem yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, i-March eguqukayo i-desiretation dengwane, iqhutshwa ikakhulu yimboni yezolimo, ibangelwa ukusabisa kanzima ukuze lezi zindawo zemvelo. Lo mbhalo ukhipha umthelela ovame ukunganakwa kwezolimo ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuhlola ubukhulu bokulahlekelwa kwamahlathi, izimbangela eziyinhloko, kanye nemiphumela emibi Ukusuka emahlathini emvula ashisayo e-Amazon kuya ezinqubomgomo ezingasiza ukuncishiswa okubhujisweni,
Amahlathi angenye yezindawo ezihluke kakhulu zezinto eziphilayo, ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokwezemvelo Emhlabeni. Emboze cishe ingxenye yesithathu yomhlaba, amahlathi ayikhaya lamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni imvelo yomhlaba . Ngeshwa, amahlathi nawo acekelwa phansi ngokuhlelekile yimboni yezolimo , futhi lokhu kugawulwa kwamahlathi okudlangile kubeka engcupheni izimpilo zezitshalo , izilwane kanye nabantu ngokufanayo.
Kuyini Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi?
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuwukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi ngamabomu, unomphela. Abantu, ohulumeni kanye nezinkampani zigawula amahlathi ngenxa yezizathu eziningi; ngokuvamile, kungaba ukuphinda kusetshenziswe umhlaba ukuze usetshenziswe ezinye, njengokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo noma izindlu, noma ukugawula izingodo nezinye izinsiza.
Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka abantu begawula amahlathi, kodwa izinga lokugawulwa kwamahlathi liye lenyuka kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka amuva nje: inani lendawo enamahlathi elalahleka ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule lilingana nenani elalahleka phakathi kuka-8,000 BC no-1900, futhi eminyakeni engu-300 edlule, amahektha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.5 amahlathi aye acekelwa phansi - indawo enkulu kune-United States yonke.
Umqondo ofanayo nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi. Lokhu kuphinde kubhekise ekugawulweni kwezihlahla endaweni enamahlathi; umehluko ukuthi uma ihlathi licekelwa phansi, ezinye zezihlahla zishiywa zimile, futhi indawo ngokwayo ayiphinde isetshenziswe nganoma iyiphi enye indlela. Amahlathi awonakele ngokuvamile akhula kabusha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuyilapho izwe eligawuliwe alikhuli.
Kuvamise Kangakanani Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi?
Nakuba amanani aye ehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iZizwe Ezihlangene zibika ukuthi abantu bacekela phansi amahektha angaba yizigidi ezingu-10 amahlathi , noma izihlahla eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-15.3 , minyaka yonke. Kusukela ekupheleni kwe-Ice Age yokugcina cishe eminyakeni eyi-10,000 edlule, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yawo wonke umhlaba owawunamahlathi ngaphambili emhlabeni uye wagawulwa amahlathi.
Kukuphi Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi Okuvame Kakhulu?
Ngokomlando, amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo eNyakatho nenkabazwe ayengaphansi kokugawulwa kwamahlathi amaningi kunalawo asezindaweni ezishisayo; nokho, lokho kuthambekela kwashintsha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, futhi phakathi neminyaka eyikhulu edlule noma ngaphezulu, iningi lezindawo ezigawuliwe zamahlathi bezilokhu zisezindaweni ezishisayo, hhayi izinga lokushisa.
Kusukela ngo-2019, cishe amaphesenti angama-95 okugawulwa kwamahlathi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi ingxenye yesithathu yakho kwenzeka eBrazil . Okunye okungamaphesenti angu-19 okugawulwa kwamahlathi kwenzeka e-Indonesia, okusho ukuthi ngokuhlanganyela, iBrazil ne-Indonesia yibo ababangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi amaningi emhlabeni. Abanye ababambe iqhaza ababalulekile bahlanganisa amazwe aseMelika ngaphandle kweMexico neBrazil, okuyiwo ahlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angama-20 okugawulwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni wonke, kanye nezwekazi lase-Afrika, elingamaphesenti ayi-17.
Ziyini Izimbangela Zokugawulwa Kwamahlathi?
Indawo enamahlathi ngezinye izikhathi igawulwa abagawuli bemithi, noma ukuze kuvuleleke amadolobha noma amaphrojekthi kagesi. Kodwa-ke, ezolimo yizona ezihamba phambili ekugawulweni kwamahlathi ngokushesha nangemingcele. Izibalo azikasondeli nakancane: Cishe amaphesenti angu-99 awo wonke umhlaba ogawulwe amahlathi kule minyaka eyizi-10 000 edlule uguqulelwe kwezolimo. Namuhla, ukwanda kwezindawo zokulima kubangela “kuphela” amaphesenti angu-88 okugawulwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni wonke.
Iyiphi Indima Edlalwa Ezokulima Kwezilwane Ekugawulweni Kwamahlathi?
Inkulu. Iningi lendawo egawuliwe isetshenziselwa ukulima kwezilwane, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, futhi imboni yenyama yenkomo iyona ehamba phambili ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi .
Umhlaba wokulima uvame ukusetshenziselwa izinhloso ezimbili: ukukhulisa izitshalo noma ukuklaba imfuyo. Kuwo wonke umhlaba owagawulwa waguqulwa waba wezolimo phakathi kuka-2010 no-2018, cishe u-49% wawusetshenziselwa izitshalo futhi cishe u-38% wawusetshenziselwa imfuyo.
Kodwa uma sibuza ukuthi ingakanani indima edlalwa ukulima kwezilwane ekugawulweni kwamahlathi , ukuwohloka okungenhla kuyadukisa kancane. Yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi iningi lezindawo zokulima ezigawuliwe zisetshenziselwa izitshalo, hhayi ukuklama kwemfuyo, izilimo eziningi zalezo zitshalwa kuphela ukuze zidle imfuyo edla kwamanye amahlathi. Uma sihlanganisa lezo zitshalo ekubaleni kwethu, isabelo somhlaba ogawuliwe osetshenziselwa ukulima kwezilwane sikhula sifike kumaphesenti angama-77.
Imboni yenkomo ikakhulukazi iyona ehamba phambili ekugawulweni kwamahlathi. Ukufuywa kwezinkomo kwenza amaphesenti angu-80 ayo yonke indawo egawuliwe yamahlathi e-Amazon, namaphesenti angu-41 akho konke ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ashisayo emhlabeni wonke .
Kungani Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi Kubi?
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunemiphumela emibi eminingi. Nazi ezimbalwa.
Ukukhushulwa Kwegesi Yokushisa Okushisa
Amahlathi emvula - ikakhulukazi izihlahla, izitshalo kanye nenhlabathi ekuwo - abamba inani elikhulu lesikhutha emoyeni. Kuhle lokho, njengoba i-CO2 ingesinye sezishayeli ezinkulu zokufudumala komhlaba. Kodwa lapho la mahlathi esuswa, cishe yonke leyo CO2 ibuyiselwa emkhathini.
Ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon liwumfanekiso omuhle walokhu, uma ucindezela. Ngokwesiko bekungenye “yezinki zekhabhoni” ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, okusho ukuthi ivalela i-CO2 eningi kunaleyo eyikhiphayo. Kodwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okudlangile kuye kwaliphushela onqenqemeni lokuba umshini wokukhipha isikhutha esikhundleni salokho; Amaphesenti angu-17 e-Amazon asegawuliwe kakade, futhi ososayensi babikezela ukuthi uma ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kufinyelela kumaphesenti angu-20, ihlathi lemvula liyoba umshini okhipha isikhutha esikhundleni salokho.
Ukulahlekelwa Kwezinto Ezihlukahlukene
Amahlathi angezinye zezinto eziphilayo ezihluke kakhulu eMhlabeni. Ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon lilodwa linezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3 , kuhlanganise nezilwane ezincelisayo ezingu-427, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingu-378, izilwane ezihlala emanzini angu-400 kanye nezinhlobo zezihlahla ezingu-1,300 . Amaphesenti ayishumi nanhlanu azo zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni nezimvemvane eMhlabeni ahlala e-Amazon, futhi izilwane ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili e-Amazon , njengehlengethwa lasemfuleni elibomvana kanye nenkawu yaseSan Martin titi, azihlali kwenye indawo.
Akushiwo, lapho amahlathi emvula ecekelwa phansi, kanjalo nemizi yalezi zilwane. Usuku ngalunye cishe izinhlobo ezingu-135 zezitshalo, izilwane nezinambuzane ziyalahleka ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi . Ucwaningo lwango-2021 lwathola ukuthi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-10,000 zezitshalo nezilwane e- Amazon zibhekene nokushabalala ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi , okuhlanganisa ukhozi i-harpy, i-orangutan yaseSumatran kanye nezinye izilwane ezingaba ngu-2,800.
Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezitshalo nezilwane kubi ngokwenele ngokwako, kodwa lokhu kulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kubangela ingozi nakubantu . Umhlaba uyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi, esixhumene ngokujulile, futhi ukufinyelela kwethu kokudla okuhlanzekile, amanzi nomoya kuncike kulesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo sigcina izinga elithile lokulingana . Ukufa kwabantu abaningi ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kusongela lokho kulingana.
Ukuphazanyiswa Kwemijikelezo Yamanzi
Umjikelezo we-hydrological, owaziwa nangokuthi umjikelezo wamanzi, inqubo amanzi ajikeleza ngayo phakathi kweplanethi nomkhathi. Amanzi Emhlabeni ayahwamuka , ajiya esibhakabhakeni enze amafu, futhi ekugcineni linemvula noma likhithika libuyela eMhlabeni.
Izihlahla ziyingxenye yalo mjikelezo, njengoba zimunca amanzi enhlabathini futhi ziwakhiphele emoyeni ngamahlamvu azo, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-transpiration. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuphazamisa le nqubo ngokunciphisa inani lezihlahla ezitholakalayo ukuze kube lula ukuphefumula, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungase kubangele isomiso.
Ingabe Izinqubomgomo Zomphakathi Zingasebenza Ukunciphisa Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi?
Izindlela eziqondile zokulwa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi a) ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezikwenqabela ngokomthetho noma ezikubekela imingcele futhi b) nokuqinisekisa ukuthi leyo mithetho iyasetshenziswa. Leyo ngxenye yesibili ibalulekile; kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuze kufike kumaphesenti angama-90 wokugawulwa kwamahlathi eBrazil kuye kwenziwa ngokungemthetho , okuqhuba ukubaluleka kokudlula kuphela, kodwa nokuphoqelela, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Esingakwazi Ukukufunda Ngenqubomgomo Yezemvelo Evela EBrazil
Ngokujabulisayo, iBrazil ibone ukwehla okukhulu kokugawulwa kwamahlathi kusukela ngo-2019, lapho uLuiz Inacio Lula da Silva ethatha isikhundla sikamongameli. Singabheka eLula naseBrazil ngesibonelo sokuthi izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo zokulwa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi zibukeka kanjani.
Ngemva nje kokuthatha izintambo, uLula wasiphinda kathathu isabelomali senhlangano yezwe eqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwemvelo. Wandisa ukuqapha e-Amazon ukuze abambe abagawuli bamahlathi ngokungemthetho, waqala umkhankaso wokugawula amahlathi ngokungemthetho futhi washaqa izinkomo endaweni egawulwe ngokungemthetho. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinqubomgomo - zonke okuyizindlela zokuphoqelela - wenze isivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe ayisishiyagalombili ukunciphisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni zawo.
Lezi zinqubomgomo zisebenzile. Ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisithupha zokuphatha kukaLula, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwehle ngeyesithathu , kwathi ngo-2023, kwaba nenani eliphansi leminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye .
Ungasiza Kanjani Ukulwa Nokugawulwa Kwamahlathi
Ngenxa yokuthi ukulima kwezilwane kuyisona sizathu esikhulu sokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, ucwaningo lubonisa indlela engcono kakhulu yokuba abantu ngabanye banciphise iminikelo yabo ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi iwukuba badle imikhiqizo yezilwane ezimbalwa , ikakhulukazi inyama yenkomo, njengoba imboni yenkomo ibhekene nengxenye engalingani yokugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Enye indlela enamandla yokusiza ukuguqula imiphumela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi iwukuvuthwa kabusha, okusho ukuvumela umhlabathi ukuba ubuyele kulokho owawukubheka ngaphambi kokuba ulinywe, okuhlanganisa izitshalo nezilwane zasendle. Ucwaningo olulodwa lwathola ukubuyisela kabusha amaphesenti angama-30 omhlaba weplanethi kuzomunca uhhafu wakho konke ukukhishwa kwe-CO2.
Umugqa Ophansi
Intuthuko yamuva nje eBrazil, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kusewusongo olukhulu . Kodwa kusengenzeka ukunqanda ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuhlehlisa izitayela zeminyaka eyi-100 edlule . Wonke umuntu oyeka ukudla inyama yenkomo, atshale isihlahla noma amavoti abamele izinqubomgomo zabo ezisekela imvelo esiza ukwenza ingxenye yabo. Uma sithatha isinyathelo manje, lisekhona ithemba lekusasa eligcwele amahlathi anempilo, aqinile agcwele ukuphila nenala.
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