10 Imibono Esekela Izimpande Zethu Ezisekelwe Ezitshalweni

Isazi sesayensi yezilwane uJordi Casamitjana sibeka imibono eyi-10 esiza ukusekela umbono wokuthi abantu bokuqala babenokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni..

I-Palaeonthropology isayensi ekhohlisayo.

Kufanele ngazi, ngoba phakathi nezifundo zami zeziqu zami zesayensi yezilwane, engazenza eCatalonia ngaphambi kokuba ngithuthele e-UK, ngakhetha iPalaeoanthropology njengesinye sezifundo zonyaka wokugcina walezi ziqu zeminyaka emihlanu (emuva lapho ngeminyaka yawo-1980s. amadigri amaningi esayensi ayemade kunanamuhla, ngakho-ke besingafunda uhla olubanzi lwezifundo). Kwabangakaziwa, i-Palaeoanthropology isayensi ecwaninga ngezinhlobo ezingasekho zomndeni wesintu, ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lwezinsalela zezinsalela zomuntu (noma i-hominid). Kuyigatsha elikhethekile le-Palaeontology, elicwaninga zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezingasekho, hhayi kuphela lezo zezilwane ezisondelene nabantu besimanje.

Kunezizathu ezintathu zokuthi kungani i-palaeoanthropology inobuqili. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi ngokuzifundela thina (ingxenye yegama elithi “anthropology”) kungenzeka sicheme, futhi sifake izici zabantu besimanje nezinhlobo zangaphambili zama-hominids. Okwesibili, kusekelwe ekutadisheni izinsalela (ingxenye yegama elithi “paleo”) futhi lezi azivamile futhi zivame ukuhlukaniswa futhi zihlanekezelwe. Okwesithathu, ngoba, ngokuphambene namanye amagatsha e-paleontology, sinohlobo olulodwa kuphela lwabantu olusele, ngakho-ke asinakho ukunethezeka kokwenza uhlobo lokuhlaziya okuqhathanisayo esingalwenza ngocwaningo lwezinyosi zangaphambi komlando, isibonelo, noma umlando wangaphambili. izingwenya.

Ngakho-ke, lapho sifuna ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana nokuthi kwakuyini ukudla kokhokho bethu be-hominid, ngokusekelwe ekuzivumelaniseni kwabo kwe-anatomical kanye ne-physiological, sithola ukuthi iningi lemibono engase ibe khona kunzima ukufakazela ngezinga eliqinisekisayo lokuqiniseka. Akungabazeki ukuthi iningi lozalo lwethu lalinokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni (iminyaka yethu edlule eyizigidi ezingama-32 noma kunjalo, noma kunjalo) njengoba siwuhlobo lwenkawu futhi zonke izinkawu ngokuvamile zisekelwe ezitshalweni, kodwa kube khona ukungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nendlela yethu yokuphila. izidlo zamadlozi ezigabeni zakamuva zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwethu, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-3 edlule noma kanjalo.

Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, intuthuko emandleni okutadisha i-DNA yezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kanye nenqubekelaphambili ekuqondeni izakhi zofuzo, i-physiology, kanye nemetabolism, ibilokhu inikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe olusivumela kancane kancane ukuthi sinciphise ukungaqiniseki okubangele ukungezwani. Enye yezinto ebesiyibona emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule ukuthi umbono wakudala olula wokuthi abantu bokuqala babenokudla okugqamile kokudla inyama kungenzeka ukuthi awulungile. Ososayensi abaningi ngokwengeziwe (kuhlanganise nami) manje sebeqinisekile ukuthi ukudla okuyinhloko kwabantu abaningi bakuqala, ikakhulukazi labo abasezandleni zethu eziqondile, kwakusekelwe ezitshalweni.

Kodwa-ke, i-Palaeoanthropology iyilokho eyikho, nawo wonke umthwalo ozuzwe njengefa lesi sifundo sesayensi esikhohlisayo, ukuvumelana phakathi kososayensi bayo akukafinyelelwa, imibono eminingi isala nje, imibono, okuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ithembisa futhi ijabulisa kangakanani, azikafakazelwa.

Kulesi sihloko, ngizokwethula i-10 yalezi zinkolelo ezithembisayo ezisekela umbono wokuthi abantu bokuqala babenokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni, okunye okuvele kunolwazi lokuzisekela, kuyilapho ezinye zisewumbono nje odinga ukutadisha okuqhubekayo ( futhi eminye yayo ingase ibe imibono yokuqala efike kimi lapho ngiphendula ukuphawula kwabantu ababefunde isihloko esandulele engisibhalile ngale ndaba).

1. Ukukhuthazela ukugijima kwavela ukuze kugwenywe izilwane ezidla ezinye

Siyingxenye yezinhlobo ezincane ze- Homo sapiens sapiens zohlobo lwe -Homo sapiens , kodwa nakuba lokhu kuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezisele ze-hominid, zazikhona ezinye izinhlobo eziningi esikhathini esidlule (ezingaphezu kwezingu -20 ezitholakele kuze kube manje ), ezinye ziyingxenye yokhokho bethu. , kuyilapho abanye abavela emagatsheni afile bengaxhumene nathi ngokuqondile.

Ama-Hominids okuqala esiwaziyo ayengekho ngisho nasohlobo olufanayo nathi (uhlobo lwe- Homo ) kodwa ohlotsheni i- Ardipithecus . Zavela phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyisi-6 nezi-4 edlule, futhi akukho okuningi esikwaziyo ngazo njengoba sithole amathambo ambalwa kakhulu. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi i -Ardipithecus inezici eziningi eziseduze ne-bonobos (izihlobo zethu eziphilayo eziseduze ezazibizwa ngokuthi izimfene ze-pygmy) futhi ezazihlala kakhulu ezihlahleni, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi zazisewuhlobo lwe-frugivore njengazo. Phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezi-5 kanye ne-3 edlule, i-Ardipithecus yavela kwelinye iqembu lama-Hominids ohlobo lwe -Australopithecus (zonke izinhlobo zazo ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Australopithecines), kanti uhlobo lokuqala lohlobo lwe- Homo lwavela kwezinye zezinhlobo zazo, basohlwini lwethu oluqondile. Kukholakala ukuthi i-Australopithecines yayingama-hominids okuqala asuka ezihlahleni ayohlala kakhulu phansi, kulokhu, i-savannah yase-Afrika, futhi eyokuqala ukuhamba kakhulu ngemilenze emibili.

Kube nocwaningo oluphakamisa ukuthi ukujwayela okuningi kwe-anatomical kanye ne-physiological ye-Australopithecines kuwukujwayela ukuzingela ngokukhathala (noma ukuzingela ngokukhuthazela), okusho ukugijima amabanga amade nokujaha izilwane kuze kube yilapho umthandazo ungasakwazi ukugijima ngenxa yokukhathala), futhi lokhu isetshenziselwe ukusekela umbono wokuthi basuka ekudleni izitshalo baya ekudleni inyama (futhi kuchaza ukuthi kungani sisengabagijimi abahle bemarathon).

Kodwa-ke, kukhona enye i-hypothesis echaza ukuvela kokukhuthazela okugijima ngaphandle kokukuxhumanisa nokuzingela nokudla inyama. Uma ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenza i-Australopithecines yaba abagijimi abahle bebanga elide, kungani siphetha ngokuthi ukugijima kwakuhlobene nokuzingela? Kungase kube okuphambene. Kungase kuhlobane nokugijima usuka ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, hhayi ukuyodla inyamazane. Ngokusuka ezihlahleni siye endaweni evulekile, savele sachayeka ezilwaneni ezintsha ezizingela ngokugijima, njengezingulule, amabhubesi, izimpisi, njll. Lokhu kwakusho ingcindezi eyengeziwe ukuze sisinde, okungaholela kuphela ohlotsheni oluphumelelayo uma zithola okusha. izindlela zokuzivikela kulezi zilwane ezintsha ezizingelayo.

Lawo ma-savannah hominids okuqala awazange abe nomgogodla, amazinyo amade abukhali, amagobolondo, ushevu, njll. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuzivikela abathuthukile ababengenawo ngaphambili yikhono lokugijima. Ngakho-ke, ukugijima kungase kube ukujwayela okusha ngokumelene nezilwane ezidla ezinye ezintsha, futhi ngenxa yokuthi isivinini ngeke sibe phezulu kunezilwane ezizingelayo ngokwazo njengoba sinemilenze emibili kuphela, ukukhuthazela ukugijima (ngokujuluka okuhambisanayo njengoba sikwenza kuma-savannah ashisayo avulekile) kungaba okuwukuphela kwenketho engakwazi ngisho ne-predator/i-predator. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakukhona umhlaseli othile owaba yisipesheli ekuzingeleni abantu (njengohlobo lwebhubesi le-sabretooth) kodwa lesi silwane esizingelayo sayeka ukucupha abantu ngemva kwebanga elide , ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ama-hominids akudala ashintsha amandla okugijima nokuhlala egijima isikhathi eside lapho bebona elinye lala mabhubesi, okwakungenza amabhubesi anikezele.

2. Amazinyo Omuntu ajwayele ukudla izitshalo

Amazinyo abantu banamuhla afana kakhulu nezinkawu ze-anthropoid kunanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane. Izinkawu ze-Anthropoid zihlanganisa i-gibbon, i-Simbos, i-orangutan, i-gorilla, imfene, ne-bonobo, futhi ayikho kulezi mfene eyizilwane ezidla inyama. Zonke zingama-folivore (amagorila) noma ama-frugivores (okunye). Lokhu sekuvele kusitshela ukuthi asizona izilwane ezidla inyama futhi amathuba okuba abantu bajwayele i-frugivore angaphezulu kunokuba ne-folivore/herbivore adaptation.

Kukhona umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwamazinyo abantu nalawo ezinkawu ezinkulu. Selokhu sahlukana nezinye izinkawu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-7 edlule, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo bekulokhu kushintsha amazinyo ozalo lwe-hominid. Amazinyo amakhulu ngokwedlulele, anjengenkemba abonakala ezinkawini ezinkulu zamaduna abengekho kokhokho abangabantu okungenani iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-4.5 . Njengoba ama-canine amade ezimfene ahlobene kakhulu nesimo kunemikhuba yokudla, lokhu kusikisela ukuthi okhokho besilisa baba nolaka phakathi kwabo ngesikhathi esifanayo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi abesifazane babekhetha abangane bomshado abangenalo ulaka.

Abantu banamuhla banezinja ezine , eyodwa engxenyeni ngayinye yomhlathi, futhi abesilisa banezinja ezincane kakhulu kuzo zonke izinkawu ezinkulu zesilisa, kodwa banezimpande ezinkulu, okuyinsalela ye-canine enkulu yezinkawu. Ukuvela kwama-hominoid kusukela ku-Miocene kuya enkathini ye-Pliocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-5-2.5 edlule) kwabona ukuncipha kancane kancane kobude be-canine, ukujiya koqweqwe lwawo lwama-molars kanye nokuphakama kwe-cuspal. Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-3.5 edlule, amazinyo okhokho bethu ayesehlelwe ngemigqa eyayithe ukuhlukana kancane ngemuva kunangaphambili, futhi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-1.8 edlule, izinja zokhokho bethu zase zifushane futhi zibuthuntu njengezethu.

Kuwo wonke amazinyo, ukuziphendukela kwe-hominin kubonise ukuncipha kukho kokubili ubukhulu bomqhele nobukhulu bezimpande, kanti owangaphambili cishe wandulela owakamuva . Ushintsho ekudleni kungenzeka lwehlise imithwalo yokusebenza emiqhele yamazinyo okubangela ukwehla okulandelayo kokumila kwezimpande nosayizi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ngempela ukuthi ama-hominids adla inyama kakhulu (njengoba isikhumba, izicubu namathambo ziqinile, ngakho-ke ungalindela ukwanda kosayizi wezimpande), kodwa kungaba ekudleni izithelo ezithambile (njengamajikijolo), ukuthola izindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa isisindo. phula amantongomane (njengamatshe), noma ngisho nokupheka ukudla (umlilo wakwaziwa ngabantu cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule), okwakuzonikeza ukutholakala kokudla kwemifino emisha (njengezimpande nokunye okusanhlamvu).

Siyazi ukuthi kuma-primates, ama-caines anemisebenzi emibili engenzeka, owodwa owokususa amakhoba nembewu kanti omunye ungowokuboniswa lapho kungqubuzana khona i-intraspecific antagonistic, ngakho-ke lapho ama-hominids ephuma ezihlahleni aye e-savannah ashintsha kokubili amandla awo ezenhlalo nokuzala. kanye nengxenye yokudla kwabo, ukube lokhu bekuwukuqhubekela phambili kwe-carnivorism, bekuyoba namandla amabili okuziphendukela kwemvelo ashintsha usayizi we-canine, enye ibheke ekunciphiseni (isidingo esincane semibukiso ephikisanayo) kanti enye ekukhuliseni (ukusebenzisa izinja. ukuzingela noma ukuklebhula inyama), ngakho-ke ubukhulu bezinja kungenzeka abushintshile kakhulu. Nokho, sithole ukuncipha okukhulu kosayizi wezinja, okusikisela ukuthi awekho amandla okuziphendukela kwemvelo “ezilwane ezidla inyama” okwandisa usayizi wezinja lapho zishintsha indawo yokuhlala, futhi ama-hominid aqhubeka esekelwe kakhulu ezitshalweni.

3. Ama-omega-3 fatty acids atholakala emithonjeni engeyona eyezilwane

Kube nemibono ephakamisa ukuthi abantu bokuqala babedla inqwaba yezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasemanzini, futhi ngisho nokuthi ezinye ze-morphology yethu kungenzeka ukuthi zavela ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo zasemanzini kuya ekudobeni (njengokuntuleka kwethu kwezinwele zomzimba kanye nokuba khona kwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba). Isazi sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle saseBrithani u-Alister Hardy waqala ukuphakamisa le nkolelo-mbono ethi "Aquatic Ape" ngawo-1960. Wabhala, “Inkolelo-mbono yami ukuthi igatsha lalesi silwane senkawu saphoqwa ukuncintisana kwezilwane ezihlahleni ukuze lizondle ogwini lolwandle futhi lizingele ukudla, amagobolondo, ama-urchin olwandle njll., emanzini angashoni ngasogwini. .”

Nakuba i-hypothesis inodumo oluthile kumphakathi ovamile, ngokuvamile ayishaywanga indiva noma yahlukaniswa njenge-pseudoscience yi-paleoanthropologists. Kodwa-ke, kusekhona iqiniso elisetshenziselwa ukusekela, noma okungenani ukusekela umbono wokuthi okhokho bethu bokuqala badla izilwane eziningi zasemanzini kangangokuthi i-physiology yethu yashintsha ngenxa yalokho: isidingo sethu sokudla i-Omega-3 fatty acids.

Odokotela abaningi batusa iziguli zabo ukuthi zidle izinhlanzi ngoba bethi abantu banamuhla badinga ukuthola la mafutha abalulekile ekudleni, kanti izilwane zasemanzini ziyimithombo engcono kakhulu. Baphinde bacebise abadla inyama ukuthi badle izithasiselo ze-Omega 3, njengoba abaningi bekholelwa ukuthi bangagcina bentula uma bengakudli ukudla kwasolwandle. Ukungakwazi ukuhlanganisa ngokuqondile amanye ama-Omega 3 acid kuye kwasetshenziswa ukuze kuthiwe asilona uhlobo lwezitshalo ngoba kubonakala sengathi sidinga ukudla izinhlanzi ukuze sizithole.

Nokho, lokhu akulungile. Singathola i-Omega-3 emithonjeni yezitshalo futhi. Ama-Omega angamafutha abalulekile futhi afaka i-Omega-6 ne-Omega-3. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-Omega-3s: i-molecule emfushane ebizwa ngokuthi i-alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), i-molecule ende ebizwa ngokuthi i-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), ne-molecule ephakathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). I-DHA yenziwe nge-EPA, kanti i-EPA yenziwe nge-ALA. I-ALA itholakala kumbewu ye-flax, imbewu ye-chia kanye nama-walnuts, futhi ikhona emafutheni ezitshalo, njenge-flaxseed, ubhontshisi wesoya kanye namafutha e-rapeseed, futhi itholakala kalula kuma-vegans uma iwasebenzisa ekudleni. Kodwa-ke, i-DHA ne-EPA kunzima ukuyithola njengoba umzimba unesikhathi esinzima kakhulu ukuguqula i-ALA ibe kuzo (ngokwesilinganiso, kuphela i-1 kuya ku-10% ye-ALA eguqulelwa ku-EPA kanye no-0.5 kuya ku-5% ibe yi-DHA), yingakho abanye odokotela (ngisho nodokotela bezilwane) batusa ama-vegans ukuthi athathe izithasiselo nge-DHA.

Ngakho-ke, uma kubonakala kunzima ukuthola i-Omega-3 eyanele enamaketanga amade uma kungaphumi ezilwaneni zasemanzini noma ekuthatheni izithasiselo, ingabe lokhu kusikisela ukuthi abantu bakuqala babengasekelwe kakhulu ezitshalweni, kodwa mhlawumbe ama-pescatarians?

Akunjalo. Enye inkolelo-mbono ukuthi imithombo engeyona eyesilwane ye-Omega-3 eboshwe ngamaketanga amade yayitholakala kakhulu ekudleni kokhokho bethu. Okokuqala, imbewu ethile equkethe i-Omega-3s kungenzeka ukuthi yayichichima kakhulu ekudleni kwethu esikhathini esidlule. Namuhla, sidla izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezilinganiselwe kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nalokho okungenzeka okhokho bethu bakudla ngoba silinganisele kulezo esingazihlakulela kalula. Kungenzeka ukuthi sidle imbewu ecebile ye-Omega 3 ngaleso sikhathi ngoba yayichichima e-savannah, ngakho-ke sakwazi ukuhlanganisa i-DHA eyanele ngoba sidla i-ALA eningi.

Okwesibili, isizathu esisodwa sokuthi kungani ukudla izilwane zasemanzini kunikeza ama-Omega-3 amaningi amaketanga amade ukuthi lezi zilwane zidla ulwelwe, okuyizinto eziphilayo ezihlanganisa i-DHA. Eqinisweni, ama-Omega-3 supplements vegans athatha (kuhlanganise nami) avela ngokuqondile olwelweni olutshalwe emathangeni. Kungenzeka-ke ukuthi abantu bakudala nabo babedla ulwelwe olwengeziwe kunathi, futhi uma bengena ogwini lokhu kungase kungasho ukuthi babelandela izilwane lapho, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi babelandela ulwelwe - njengoba babengenazo izinto zokudoba, bekungaba nzima kakhulu kuma-hominids okuqala ukubamba izinhlanzi, kodwa kulula kakhulu ukucosha ulwelwe.

4. Ama-carbohydrate asekelwe ezitshalweni aqhubekisela phambili ukuguquguquka kobuchopho bomuntu

Esikhathini esithile, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi lapho i-Australopithecus iguqukela ohlotsheni lokuqala lwe- Homo (Homo rudolfensis noHomo habilis ) eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-2.8 edlule, ukudla kwashintsha ngokushesha kwagxila ekudleni inyama njengoba amathuluzi amasha amatshe abawakhiqizayo enza kwaba nokwenzeka. ukusika inyama, kodwa ucwaningo lwakamuva olubandakanya ama-isotopes e-carbon asikisela ukuthi kwakungekho ukushintsha okunjalo ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa kamuva kakhulu - ubufakazi bokuqala bokudla inyama ye-vertebrate enkulu kuma-hominins kusukela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-2.6 edlule. Kunoma yikuphi, singasho ukuthi kungalesi sikhathi lapho "ukuhlolwa kwenyama" kuqala okhokho babantu, kuqala ukufaka ukudla okuningi okuvela ezilwaneni ezinkulu.

Nokho, izazi ze-paleoanthropologists azikholelwa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zamaHomo zakuqala zazingabazingeli. Kucatshangwa ukuthi u-H. habilis wayesadla ngokuyinhloko ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kodwa kancane kancane waba umuntu odla inyama esikhundleni sokuba umzingeli, futhi ukweba okubulalayo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ezincane njengezimpungushe noma izingulule. Isithelo cishe sasiseyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla yala ma-hominids, njengoba ukuguguleka kwamazinyo okuhambisana nokuchayeka kaningi ku- asidi yezithelo kusikisela . Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-microwear-texture yamazinyo, i-Homo yayiphakathi kwabadla ukudla okunzima nabadla amaqabunga .

Okwenzeka ngemva kwalezi zeHomo yikho okuhlukanise ososayensi. Siyazi ukuthi izinhlobo ezalandela ze -Homo eziholela kithi zaba nobuchopho obukhulayo futhi baba bakhudlwana, kodwa kunemibono emibili yokuchaza lokhu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwenyama kwavumela ithumbu elikhulu nelibiza ikhalori ukuba linciphe ngosayizi okuvumela la mandla ukuthi aphambukiselwe ekukhuleni kobuchopho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi isimo sezulu esomile esinezinketho zokudla eziyivelakancane sibenze bathembela kakhulu ezithweni zokugcina izitshalo ezingaphansi komhlaba (njengama-tubers nezimpande ezicebile ngesitashi) kanye nokwabelana ngokudla, okwenze kwaba lula ukuhlangana phakathi kwamalungu eqembu abesilisa nabesifazane - okwaholela ebuchosheni obukhulu bokuxhumana obagqugquzelwa i-glucose ehlinzekwa yisitashi.

Akungabazeki ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu budinga i-glucose ukuze busebenze. Ingase futhi idinge amaprotheni namafutha ukuze ikhule, kodwa lapho ubuchopho sebukheke kumntwana, khona-ke budinga i-glucose, hhayi amaprotheni. Ukuncelisa ibele kungenzeka kunikeze wonke amafutha adingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchopho (okungenzeka ukuthi izingane ezincela ibele isikhathi eside kunabantu banamuhla), kodwa-ke ubuchopho bebungadinga ukufakwa kweglucose eningi njalo kuzo zonke izimpilo zabantu. Ngakho-ke, ukudla okuyisisekelo kufanele kube isithelo esicebile nge-carbon-hydrate, okusanhlamvu, izilimo eziyizigaxa nezimpande, hhayi izilwane.

5. Ukuqonda umlilo kwandisa ukufinyelela ezimpandeni kanye nezinhlamvu

Ithonya elibaluleke kakhulu elishukumisayo ekushintsheni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhlobene nokudla ezinhlotsheni ze -Homo cishe kwakuwukuqonda umlilo nokupheka ukudla okulandelayo. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukupheka inyama kuphela, kodwa kungase kusho ukupheka imifino.

Kube nokutholakala okusikisela ukuthi ngemva kweHomo habilis kwakukhona ezinye izinhlobo zakuqala zamaHomo , njengeHomo ergater, Homo ancestor, noHomo naledi , kodwa kwakunguHomo erectus , owaqala ukuvela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule, owantshontsha umbukiso. njengoba kwakungowokuqala owashiya i-Afrika elibangise e-Eurasia futhi wakwazi ukuvutha, waqala ukudla ukudla okuphekiwe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-1.9 edlule. Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwatholakala izinsalela eziningi nezinto zakudala zemivubukulo ye- Homo erectus emazweni amaningi, futhi iminyaka eminingi ososayensi baye basikisela ukuthi lolu hlobo lwadla inyama eningi kunezinhlobo zangaphambili, okwenza ushintsho olucacile luqhelelane nenkathi yethu esekwe ezitshalweni. Hhayi-ke, kuvele ukuthi bebenephutha.

Ucwaningo lwango-2022 lwezindawo zemivubukulo e-Afrika lwaphakamisa ukuthi umbono wokuthi i -Homo erectus idle inyama eningi kunama-hominids avela kuwo ngaleso sikhathi ingaba amanga njengoba ingase ibe umphumela wenkinga ekuqoqweni kobufakazi .

Esikhundleni sokufinyelela inyama eningi, ikhono lokupheka kungenzeka linikeze i -Homo erectus ukufinyelela ezigabeni nasezimpandeni ngaphandle kwalokho azidleki. Cishe aguqule ikhono lokugaya isitashi kangcono, njengoba lawa ma-hominids abe ngawokuqala ukungena ezindaweni ezipholile zeplanethi lapho izitshalo zikhiqiza isitashi esiningi (ukugcina amandla ezindaweni ezinelanga nemvula encane). Ama-enzyme abizwa ngokuthi ama-amylase asiza ekuphuleni isitashi sibe i-glucose ngosizo lwamanzi, futhi abantu banamuhla bawakhiqiza ematheni. Izimfene zinamakhophi amabili kuphela ofuzo lwe-amylase yamathe kuyilapho abantu benesilinganiso sayisithupha. Mhlawumbe lo mehluko waqala nge-Australopithecus lapho beqala ukudla okusanhlamvu futhi bagqama kakhulu nge- Homo erectus lapho bethuthela e-Eurasia ecebile isitashi.

6. Abantu abadla inyama baphela nya

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo kanye nezinhlobo ezincane ze-hominids ezazikhona, yithi sodwa esisele. Ngokwesiko, lokhu kuye kwahunyushwa ngokuthi abantu banecala ngokuqondile ngokushabalala kwabo. Njengoba siye saba necala lokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, lokhu kuwukucabangela okunengqondo.

Nokho, kuthiwani uma isizathu esiyinhloko sokushabalala kwethu sonke ngaphandle kwethu siwukuthi abaningi bathuthela ekudleni inyama, futhi kusinda kuphela labo ababuyela ekudleni izitshalo? Siyazi inzalo yezihlobo ezidla izitshalo esabelana ngazo ngokhokho bethu ngaphambi kokuba singene e-savannah zisekhona (ezinye izinkawu, njengama-bonobos, ama-chimp, nama-gorilla), kodwa bonke abeza emva kwabo bashabalele (ngaphandle kuka- thina). Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bashintsha ukudla kwabo bafaka imikhiqizo eminingi yezilwane, futhi lokhu kwakuwumbono omubi ngoba umzimba wabo wawungaklanyelwe lokho. Mhlawumbe thina kuphela esisindile ngoba sibuyele ekudleni izitshalo, futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abantu abaningi badla inyama namuhla, lokhu kuyinto yakamuva kakhulu, futhi iningi lokudla kwabantu besimanje besimanje kusukela kwangaphambi komlando kwakusekelwe ezitshalweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, bheka amaNeanderthal . I-Homo neanderthalensis (noma i -Homo sapiens neanderthalensis ), abantu bakudala abangasekho ababehlala e-Eurasia kusukela eminyakeni eyi-100,000 edlule kuze kube cishe eminyakeni engu-40,000 edlule, babezingela ngokusobala izilwane ezinomgogodla futhi badla inyama, nemiphakathi ethile ehlala amathafa ezindaweni ezibandayo ngokuyinhloko. inyama. Kodwa-ke, akwaziwa ukuthi i -Homo sapiens sapiens , uhlobo lwethu olwavela eminyakeni engaba ngu-300,000 edlule futhi lwafika e-Eurasia luvela e-Afrika futhi (i-diaspora yethu yesibili ephuma e-Afrika) ehlala namaNeanderthals okwesikhashana, yadla inyama eningi njengoba yayinjalo ngaphambili. umcabango. Ucwaningo oluvela ku -Eaton no-Konner ngo-1985 kanye no-Cordain et al. ngo-2000 balinganisela ukuthi cishe ama-65% okudla kwabantu basePalaeolithic ngaphambi kwezolimo kungenzeka ukuthi kusavela ezitshalweni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abantu banamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi banamakhophi amaningi ezakhi zofuzo zokugaya isitashi kunamaNeanderthal kanye namaDenisovans (olunye uhlobo olungasekho noma izinhlobo ezincane zabantu bakudala ezazitholakala kulo lonke elase-Asia phakathi nePalaeolithic Ephansi Naphakathi), ephakamisa ukuthi ikhono lokugaya ukudla. isitashi bekulokhu kungumshayeli oqhubekayo ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu njengokuhamba uqondile, ukuba nobuchopho obukhulu kanye nenkulumo ecacile.

Manje siyazi ukuthi, nakuba kwakukhona ukuzalanisa, uhlu lozalo lwe-Neanderthal oludla inyama oluvela eNyakatho ebandayo lwaphela, futhi labo bantu abasindayo, okhokho bethu abaqondile, abantu besimanje be-anatomically Homo sapiens sapiens (owaziwa nangokuthi Early Modern Human noma i-EMH) eningizimu, cishe bekusadla izitshalo eziningi (okungenani ngaphezu kwamaNeanderthal).

Kwakukhona ezinye izinhlobo zabantu zasendulo ezaziphila ngesikhathi se- H.sapiens sapiens nazo ezashabalala, njengoHomo floresiensis, owayehlala esiqhingini saseFlores, e-Indonesia, kusukela eminyakeni engaba yisigidi edlule kuze kube sekufikeni kwabantu banamuhla eminyakeni engaba ngu-50 000 edlule, futhi amaDenisovan aseshiwo kakade (namanje, akukho sivumelwano sokuthi aqanjwe ngokuthi H. denisova noma H. ​​altaiensis , noma Hsdenisova ), okungenzeka ukuthi ashabalala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka eyi-15,000 edlule eNew Guinea, kodwa wonke atholakala iminyaka engu-20 edlule futhi abukho ubufakazi obanele bokwazi ngokudla kwabo kuze kube manje. Kodwa-ke, ngiyazibuza ukuthi, njengenzalo eqondile ka -H. erectus, lezi zinhlobo zazingase zidle inyama eyengeziwe, futhi lokhu kungase kuzibeke esimweni esingesihle ngamaHssapien agcina ewaxoshile. Mhlawumbe le hominid yase-Afrika (thina) yayinempilo enhle ngokuba nezitshalo, futhi isingcono kakhulu ekuxhashazweni izimila (mhlawumbe ukugaya isitashi kangcono nakakhulu), idla ama-carbs amaningi ondla ubuchopho futhi abenza bahlakaniphe, futhi bapheka ama-pulses amaningi abengawenza. bezingadliwa.

Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe “ukuhlolwa kwenyama” ye-hominid kwehlulekile njengoba zonke izinhlobo zeHomo ezazama kakhulu zashabalala, futhi mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo ezasinda yilezo ezibuyele ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni njengoba kwakuwukudla kweningi. ngokhokho bayo.

7. Ukwengeza izimpande esithelweni kwakwanele kubantu bangaphambi komlando

Akumina ngedwa onombono wokuthi ngemva “kokuhlolwa kwenyama” kwe-hominid, ukudla kwenyama kwabantu bangaphambi komlando akuzange kube ukudla okuyinhloko kwabantu basendulo banamuhla, okungenzeka ukuthi balondoloza ukujwayela kwabo okusekelwe ezitshalweni zangaphambili njengoba babeqhubeka nokudla. kakhulu izitshalo. NgoJanuwari 2024, i-Guardian yashicilela i-athikili enesihloko esithi “ Abazingeli-abaqoqi ngokuvamile babengabaqoqi, kusho umvubukuli . Kubhekiselwa ocwaningweni ngezinsalela zabantu abangu-24 abavela ezindaweni ezimbili zokungcwaba e-Andes yasePeru okwasukela eminyakeni ephakathi kuka-9 000 no-6 500 edlule, futhi kwaphetha ngokuthi amazambane asendle neminye imifino yezimpande kungenzeka kwakuwukudla kwabo okuvelele. UDkt Randy Haas waseNyuvesi yase-Wyoming kanye nombhali omkhulu wocwaningo uthe, “ Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kubamba ukuthi umnotho wabantu bokuqala wawugxile ekuzingeleni - umqondo oholele ezinhlobonhlobo zokudla okunamaphrotheni amaningi njengokudla kwe-paleo. Ukuhlaziya kwethu kukhombisa ukuthi ukudla kwakhiwe u-80% wezitshalo kanye no-20% wenyama…Uma ubungakhuluma nami ngaphambi kwalolu cwaningo bengizoqagela ukuthi inyama inama-80% okudla. Kuwumcabango owandile wokuthi ukudla kwabantu kwakubuswa inyama.”

Ucwaningo luphinde lwaqinisekisa ukuthi kuzoba nezitshalo ezidliwayo ezanele e-Europe ezizophilisa abantu ngaphambi kwezolimo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthembela enyameni. Ucwaningo luka-2022 olwenziwa ngu-Rosie R. Bishop mayelana nendima yama-carbohydrate ekudleni kwabazingeli abaqoqayo e-Europe epholile lwaphetha ngokuthi ama-carbohydrate namandla ezimpande/ama-rhizomes asendle angaba phezulu kunamazambane alinyiwe, okubonisa ukuthi bebengahlinzeka ngokudla okukhulu. carbohydrate kanye nomthombo wamandla abazingeli-abaqoqi e-Mesolithic Europe (phakathi kuka-8,800 BCE kuya ku-4,500 BCE). Lesi siphetho sisekelwe ucwaningo lwakamuva oluthole izinsalela zezinye zezitshalo zase-Europe ezingu-90 ezinezimpande ezidliwayo nezigaxa endaweni yokuzingela e-Mesolithic e-Harris, e-Western Isles of Scotland. Okuningi kwalokhu kudla kwezitshalo cishe bekungeke kumelelwe kahle emivubukulweni yemivubukulo njengoba kuntekenteke futhi kungaba nzima ukukulondoloza.

8. Ukudlondlobala kwempucuko yabantu kwakusasekelwe ezitshalweni

Eminyakeni engaba ngu-10,000 edlule, iNguquko Yezolimo yaqala, futhi abantu bafunda ukuthi kunokuba bahambe bezungeza imvelo beqoqa izithelo nezinye izitshalo, bangathatha imbewu kulezi futhi bayitshale ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala. Lokhu kufanelana kahle nabantu ngoba indima yemvelo yezinkawu eziwuhlobo lwe-frugivore ikakhulukazi ukusabalalisa imbewu , ngakho-ke njengoba abantu basenesimo sokujwayela i-frugivore, ukutshala imbewu isuka endaweni eyodwa iye endaweni entsha yokuhlala kwenye indawo kwakusendlini yabo yamasondo yemvelo. Phakathi nalokhu kuguquguquka, idlanzana lezilwane zaqala ukufuywa futhi zilinywe, kodwa ngokuvamile, uguquko lwalusekelwe ezitshalweni, njengoba amakhulu ezitshalo ezihlukahlukene agcina etshaliwe.

Lapho impucuko enkulu yabantu iqala ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa ezedlule, sasuka emlandweni saya emlandweni, futhi abaningi bacabanga ukuthi yilapho ukudla inyama kwathatha khona yonke indawo. Kodwa-ke, enye inkolelo-mbono ukuthi impucuko yabantu esuka emlandweni eya emlandweni yahlala ikakhulukazi isekelwe ezitshalweni.

Cabanga ngakho. Siyazi ukuthi ayikaze ibe khona impucuko yomuntu eyayingasekelwe embewini yezitshalo (okuyimbewu yotshani enjengokolweni, ibhali, i-oats, i-rye, i-millet noma ummbila, noma ezinye izitshalo eziyisisekelo ezifana nobhontshisi, umdumbula, noma i-squash. ), futhi alikho ngempela elisekelwe emaqandeni, uju, ubisi, noma inyama yengulube, izinkomo, noma ezinye izilwane. Akukaze kube khona noma yimuphi umbuso ongazange wakhiwe ngemuva kwembewu (okungaba yileyo yetiye, ikhofi, ukhokho, amantongomane, upelepele, isinamoni, noma izitshalo ze-opium), kodwa awukho owakhelwa emhlane wenyama. Izilwane eziningi zazidliwa kule mibuso, futhi izinhlobo ezifuywayo zazihambahamba zisuka kwesinye ziye kwenye, kodwa azizange zibe umfutho wezomnotho namasiko wempucuko emikhulu ozakwabo abasekelwe ezitshalweni abazenza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kube nemiphakathi eminingi emlandweni eyasuka ekudleni imikhiqizo yezilwane. Siyazi ukuthi imiphakathi efana namaTao asendulo, amaPhythagorians, amaJain nama-Ajivika; amaEssene angamaJuda, amaTherapeutae, namaNazaretha ; amaBrahmin namaVaishnavists angamaHindu; ama-Christian Ebionites, amaBogomil, amaCathars, nama-Adventist; kanye nama-Dorrelites anemifino, ama-Grahamites nama-Concordites, akhetha umzila osekelwe ezitshalweni futhi afulathela ukudla inyama.

Uma sibheka konke lokhu, kubonakala sengathi ngisho nomlando wabantu, hhayi nje umlando wangaphambili, kungenzeka ukuthi wawusekelwe ezitshalweni. Kwaba ngemva kweNguquko Yezimboni emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka edlule lapho ukuhlolwa kwenyama ye-hominid ehlulekile kwavuselelwa, futhi inyama neminye imikhiqizo yezilwane yathatha isintu futhi yaphithizwa ngayo yonke into.

9. Akukho ukushoda kwe-vitamin B12 kumadlozi asekelwe ezitshalweni

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ama-vegans kufanele athathe i-vitamin B12 ngendlela yezithako noma ukudla okuqinisiwe, ngoba ukudla kwanamuhla kwabantu kuntula kuyo, ukudla kwe-vegan nakakhulu. Lokhu bekusetshenziselwe ukusho ukuthi abantu abaningi badla inyama, noma ukuthi, okungenani, besikade singabadli benyama okhokho bethu njengoba salahlekelwa amandla okuhlanganisa i-B12, futhi ayikho imithombo yezitshalo ye-B12 - noma abantu babevame ukusho kuze kutholakale amalenti amanzi muva nje.

Kodwa-ke, enye inkolelo-mbono ingaba ukuthi ukuntuleka okuvamile kwe-B12 kubantu banamuhla kuyinto yesimanje, futhi abantu bokuqala babengenayo le nkinga, noma ngabe iningi labo lalisekelwe ezitshalweni. Iqiniso elibalulekile elisekela le thiyori ukuthi izilwane ngokwazo aziyihlanganisi i-B12, kodwa ziyithola kumagciwane, okuyiwona ayihlanganisayo (futhi izithasiselo ze-B12 zenziwa ngokuhlakulela amagciwane anjalo).

Ngakho-ke, enye inkolelo-mbono ithi ukuhlanzeka kwesimanje kanye nokugeza njalo kokudla yilokho okubangela ukuntuleka kwe-B12 kubantu, njengoba sigeza amagciwane awenzayo. Okhokho bethu babengakugezi ukudla, ngakho babedla amanye ala magciwane. Nokho, ososayensi abaningana abaye bahlola lokhu bacabanga ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthola okwanele ngisho nangokungenisa izimpande “ezingcolile” (okuyilokho okhokho ababeyokwenza). Bathi endaweni ethile, salahlekelwa amandla okumunca i-vitamin B12 emathunjini amakhulu (lapho sisenamagciwane ayikhiqizayo kodwa asiyimunce kahle).

Enye i-hypothesis ingase ibe ukuthi sasivame ukudla izitshalo eziningi zasemanzini njengamanzi ama-lentils (ama-duckweed) akhiqiza i-B12. Ngo-2019, i-vitamin B12 yatholakala esitshalweni -lentil samanzi saseParabel USA , esisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izithako zamaprotheni ezitshalo. Ukuhlola okuzimele okuvela eceleni kubonise ukuthi u-100g wamalentile amanzi omile aqukethe cishe u-750% yenani lansuku zonke elinconyiwe lase-US lezinhlobo ze-bioactive ze-B12. Kungase kube nezitshalo ezengeziwe eziwukhiqizayo, okhokho bethu ababezidla ngisho noma abantu banamuhla bengasazenzi, nokuthi, kanye nesinambuzane ngezikhathi ezithile ababezozidla (ngamabomu noma ngenye indlela), kungenzeka zikhiqize i-B12 eyanele kubo.

Kukhona i-hypothesis engcono engingathanda ukuyiphakamisa. Kungase kube inkinga yokushintsha kwe-microbiome yethu yamathumbu. Ngicabanga ukuthi amabhaktheriya akhiqiza i-B12 ayehlala njalo emathunjini ethu ngaleso sikhathi, futhi angena ngokudla izimpande ezingcolile, kanye nezithelo eziwile namantongomane. Ngicabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izithasiselo zethu zamathumbu bezikhudlwana (manje siyazi ukuthi enye yezinto ezingase zisetshenziswe lesi sici samathumbu ukugcina amanye amagciwane emathunjini lapho silahlekelwa amaningi kakhulu ngesikhathi sohudo) futhi kungenzeka ukuthi eminyakeni sazama ukudla inyama kusuka ku -Homo erectus kuya kubantu bokuqala besimanje (inkathi kusukela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-1.9 edlule kuya eminyakeni engaba ngu-300,000 edlule) sangcolisa i-microbiome yethu futhi sakha ingcindezi engemihle yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuze sigcine i-appendix enkulu, ngakho-ke lapho sibuyela ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni okune- Homo sapiens sapiens asizange sakwazi ukuthola i-microbiome efanele.

I-microbiome yethu isebudlelwaneni bokuzwana nathi (okusho ukuthi siyazuzana ngokuba ndawonye), kodwa amagciwane abuye aguquke, futhi ngokushesha kunathi. Ngakho-ke, uma siphula ubudlelwano bethu iminyaka eyisigidi, kungenzeka ukuthi amagciwane ayekade esebenzelana nathi aqhubeke futhi asilahle. Njengoba ukuvela ngokubambisana kwabantu namagciwane kuhamba ngesivinini esihlukile, noma yikuphi ukuhlukana, ngisho noma kukufushane nje, kungase kuphule ubudlelwano.

Khona-ke, ezolimo esizithuthukise eminyakeni engaba ngu-10,000 edlule kungenzeka ukuthi zenze kwaba kubi nakakhulu, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi sikhethe izitshalo ezibola kancane, mhlawumbe ukumelana kakhulu namagciwane asinika i-B12. Konke lokhu kuhlangene kungenzeka kuguqule i-gut microbiome yethu ngendlela eholele enkingeni yokuntuleka kwe-B12 (okungeyona inkinga yezilwane ezifuywayo kuphela, kodwa kubantu abaningi, ngisho nabadla inyama manje okufanele badle inyama ekhulile B12 supplements ezilwaneni zasepulazini).

10. Irekhodi lezinsalela lichemile ekudleni inyama

Okokugcina, i-hypothesis yokugcina engifuna ukuyethula ukusekela umbono wokuthi okhokho babantu badla ukudla okusekelwe esitshalweni kakhulu ukuthi izifundo eziningi eziphakanyiswe ngenye indlela kungenzeka ukuthi zichemile mayelana ne-paradigm yokudla inyama ebonisa imikhuba yososayensi, hhayi. iqiniso lezifundo abazifundile.

Sesivele silushilo ucwaningo lwango-2022 lwezindawo zemivubukulo e-Afrika olwaphakamisa ukuthi umbono wokuthi u -Homo erectus udle inyama eningi kune-hominids avela kuyo ngokushesha ingaba ngamanga. Izazi ze-Palaeontologists esikhathini esidlule ziye zathi zithole izinsalela eziningi zamathambo ezilwane eziphawuliwe ezizungeze izinsalela ze- Homo erectus kunasezinsalela ze-hominids yangaphambilini, kodwa ucwaningo olusha lubonise ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngoba kwenziwa umzamo omkhulu wokuzithola -Homo erectus , hhayi ngoba zivame kakhulu.

UDkt WA Barr, umbhali oholayo walolu cwaningo, uthe ku- Natural History Museum : “ Izizukulwane zezazi ze-paleoanthropologists ziye ezindaweni ezidumile ezigcinwe kahle ezindaweni ezifana ne-Olduvai Gorge zifuna, futhi zithola ubufakazi obuqondile obudonsa umoya bokuthi abantu bokuqala badla inyama, ukuqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi kwaba nokuqhuma okukhulu kokudliwa kwenyama ngemva kweminyaka eyizigidi ezimbili edlule. Kodwa-ke, uma uhlanganisa ngokwezibalo idatha evela kumasayithi amaningi empumalanga ye-Afrika ukuze uhlole lo mbono, njengoba senzile lapha, indaba 'yenyama yasenza abantu' iqala ukucasuka."

Lolu cwaningo luhlanganisa izindawo ezingu-59 ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalolunye empumalanga ye-Afrika ezineminyaka ephakathi kwezigidi ezingu-2.6 nezingu-1.2 edlule futhi lwathola ukuthi izindawo ezandulela ukubonakala kwe -H . amathambo akhombisa ubufakazi bokuthi inyama idliwe. Lapho inani lamathambo lilungiswa ngenani lomzamo owenziwe ekuwatholeni, ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi izinga lokudla inyama lahlala lifana kakhulu.

Khona-ke, sinendaba yokuthi amathambo ezilwane kulula ukuwagcina efossil kunezitshalo, ngakho-ke izazi ze-palaeoanthropologists zasendulo zazicabanga nje ukuthi abantu bokuqala babedla inyama eningi ngoba kulula ukuthola izinsalela zesidlo sezilwane kunokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni.

Futhi, izinsalela eziningi kungenzeka zitholakale kuma-hominids adla inyama kakhulu kunalawo adla izitshalo kakhulu. Isibonelo, ama-Neanderthal adla inyama kakhulu ayehlala ezindaweni ezibandayo, ngisho nangenkathi yeqhwa lapho iplanethi yayibanda kakhulu, ngakho-ke ayethembele emigedeni ukuze aphile (yingakho igama elithi “caveman”) njengoba izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi lalihlala licishe libe njalo. Imigede iyizindawo ezikahle kakhulu zokulondoloza izinsalela zemivubukulo nemivubukulo, ngakho-ke sinezinsalela eziningi ezivela kuma-Neanderthal adla inyama kakhulu kunezabantu abadla izitshalo abaningi abasuka eningizimu (njengoba bebengaba nokufinyelela okwengeziwe ezitshalweni ezidliwayo), behlanekezela umbono. yalokho okwadliwa “abantu bangaphambi komlando” (njengoba izazi ze-paleoanthropologists zakuqala zazihlanganisa ndawonye).

Sengiphetha, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kukhona ubufakazi obuningi obuphakamisa ukuthi abantu bokuqala kanye nokhokho babo babengabadli bezitshalo, kodwa amaqiniso amaningi asetshenziselwa ukusekela idlozi lenyama edla inyama aneminye imibono esekela idlozi le-frugivore.

I-Palaeonthropology ingase ibe yinto ekhohlisayo kodwa isagxile eqinisweni.

Sayina Isithembiso Sokuba I-Vegan Impilo Yonke: https://drove.com/.2A4o