I-Marine Ecosystems

Kulesi sigaba, hlola ukuthi ukudoba kwezimboni kanye nokuxhashazwa ngokungapheli kolwandle kuye kwaphusha kanjani imvelo yasolwandle onqenqemeni lokuwa. Kusukela ekucekeleni phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kuye ekwehleni ngendlela emangalisayo kwezinhlobo zezilwane, lesi sigaba sidalula izindleko ezifihlekile zokudoba, ukuvuna ngokweqile, kanye nomthelela wazo ofinyelela kude empilweni yasolwandle. Uma ufuna ukuqonda intengo yangempela yokudla kwasolwandle, yilapho ungaqala khona.
Kude nesithombe sothando sokudoba ngokuthula, izilwane zasolwandle zibanjwe ohlelweni olunonya lokuzikhipha. Amanetha ezimbonini awagcini nje ngokubamba izinhlanzi—aphinde abambe futhi abulale izilwane ezingenakubalwa ezingahlosiwe njengamahlengethwa, izimfudu noshaka. Ama-trawler amakhulu kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bucekela phansi ulwandle, bucekele phansi izixhobo zamakhorali, futhi buthuntubeze ibhalansi entekenteke yemvelo yasolwandle. Ukudoba okuhlosiwe kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane kuphazamisa amaketanga okudla futhi kuthumela imiphumela embi kuyo yonke indawo yasolwandle—nangale kwalokho.
Imvelo yasolwandle iwumgogodla wempilo eMhlabeni. Zikhiqiza umoya-mpilo, zilawula isimo sezulu, futhi zisekela uxhaxha lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa inqobo nje uma siphatha izilwandle njengezinsiza ezingenamkhawulo, kokubili ikusasa lazo nelethu kuhlala kusengozini. Lesi sigaba simema ukuzindla ngobuhlobo bethu nolwandle nezidalwa zalo—futhi sidinga ukuguqukela ezimisweni zokudla ezivikela ukuphila kunokukuqeda amandla.

Ukudla kwasolwandle sekunesikhathi eside kuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba emasikweni amaningi, okuhlinzeka ngomthombo wokudla nokuzinza kwezomnotho emiphakathini egudle ugu. Kodwa-ke, ngokukhula kwesidingo sokudla kwasolwandle kanye nokwehla kwezinga lezinhlanzi zasendle, imboni isiphendukele ekulimeni izilwane zasemanzini - ukulima kwezilwane zasolwandle ezindaweni ezilawulwayo. Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale kuyisixazululo esimeme, inqubo yokulima ukudla kwasolwandle iza nesethi yayo yezindleko zokuziphatha nezemvelo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaphakama ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuphathwa kahle kwezinhlanzi ezifuywayo, kanye nemithelela engemihle engaba khona ezinhlelweni zemvelo ezithambile zasolwandle. Kulesi sihloko, sizongena emhlabeni wokulima kwezilwane zasolwandle futhi sihlole izindaba ezahlukahlukene eziwuzungezile. Kusukela ekucatshangelweni kwezimiso zokuziphatha zokukhulisa izinhlanzi ekuthunjweni kuye emiphumeleni yemvelo yokusebenza kwezilwane zasemanzini ezinkulu, sizohlola iwebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yezinto ezidlalwa ohambweni olusuka olwandle luye kwelinye. …

Ukulima efektri, owaziwa nangokuthi ezolimo zezezimboni, sekuyindlela evelele yokukhiqiza ukudla emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Le ndlela ifaka ukukhulisa inani elikhulu lemfuyo ezikhaleni ezivalekile, ngenhloso eyinhloko yokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nenzuzo. Ngenkathi kungabonakala njengendlela ephumelelayo yokondla inani labantu abakhulayo, imithelela emibi yokulima efektri kwimvelo yendawo yendawo kanye nemvelo yonke ingenakunakwa. Ukusuka ekungcoleni kwemithombo yamanzi kuya ekubhujisweni kwezindawo zemvelo, imiphumela yale ndlela yezolimo ethuthukile ifinyelela kude futhi ilimaze. Kulesi sihloko, sizokwehla sijule emiphumeleni emibi yokulima efektri kwimvelo yendawo, futhi sihlole izindlela esingaziqwashisa ngazo ngalolu daba lokucindezela. Ngokuqonda ubukhulu benkinga futhi uthathe isinyathelo sokuyilungisa, singasebenzela ukudala uhlelo lokudla oluzinzile futhi olunobungane bemvelo ...

Ulwandle luhlanganisa ngaphezulu kwama-70% omhlaba futhi luyikhaya lokuhlekisa ngempilo yasemanzini. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isidingo sokudla kwasolwandle siholele ekukhuphukeni kwamapulazi olwandle namapulazi ezinhlanzi njengendlela yokudoba okuqhubekayo. Lawa mapulazi, abizwa nangokuthi ama-aquaculture, ajwayele ukubonwa njengesixazululo sokudoba ngokweqile nendlela yokuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sokudla kwasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kobuso kukhona iqiniso elimnyama lomthelela lawa mapulazi anawo endalini yemvelo yasemanzini. Ngenkathi zingabonakala njengesixazululo ebusweni, iqiniso ukuthi amapulazi olwandle nama-fish angaba nemiphumela emibi emvelweni nasezilwaneni ezibiza ulwandle ekhaya. Kulesi sihloko, sizokwehla ngokujulile emhlabeni wolwandle kanye nokulima izinhlanzi futhi siveze imiphumela efihliwe esisongela imvelo yethu engaphansi kwamanzi. Ukusuka ekusetshenzisweni kwama-antibiotic nama-pesticides ku ...

I-nitrogen iyinto ebalulekile yokuphila emhlabeni, idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo nezilwane. Kodwa-ke, lapho amanani aphezulu we-nitrogen engena imvelo, angaba nemiphumela elimazayo kwimvelo yemvelo kanye nempilo yabantu. Omunye wabanikeli abaphambili kulolu daba ngumkhakha wezolimo, ngokuqondile ezolimo zezilwane. Ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuphathwa kwemfuyo, okubandakanya izinkomo, izinkukhu nezingulube, zixhunyaniswe namazinga abalulekile ekungcoleni kwe-nitrogen. Le nto yenzeka ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa umanyolo nomquba, ocebile eNitrogen, nasekukhuphukeni kwe-ammonia okukhiqizwa imfucuza yezilwane. Njengoba isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane siyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka emhlabeni jikelele, ngakho-ke ukukhathazeka ngomthelela wezolimo zezilwane ekungcoleni kwe-nitrogen. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwezolimo zezilwane nokungcoliswa kwe-nitrogen, sihlolisise izimbangela, imiphumela, kanye nezixazululo ezingaba khona. Ngokuqonda lobu budlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi, ...

Ukulima efektri, indlela ethuthukile nenqwaba yokukhulisa izilwane ukukhiqizwa kokudla, sekuyinto ebalulekile yemvelo. Inqubo yezilwane ezikhiqiza ngobuningi zokudla ayikhuphuki kuphela imibuzo yokuziphatha ngenhlalonhle yezilwane kodwa futhi inomthelela omubi emhlabeni. Nawa amaqiniso ayi-11 abalulekile mayelana namapulazi efektri kanye nemiphumela yawo yezemvelo: Amapulazi awo angu-1- abamba amanzi aphuma efektri angomunye wabahlinzeki abaholayo ekuphumeni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa abamba ukushisa, ekhulula amanani amakhulu we-methane ne-nitrous oxide emkhathini. Lawa magesi anamandla amakhulu kune-carbon dioxide endimeni yawo ekushiseni komhlaba, nge-methane eneminyaka engaba ngu-28 ephumelela kakhudlwana ekushiseni ukushisa kweminyaka engu-100, futhi i-nitrous oxide cishe ama-298 amahlandla angama-298. Umthombo oyinhloko wokukhishwa kwe-methane epulazini efektri uvela ezilwaneni ezihlubukayo, njengezinkomo, izimvu nezimbuzi, ezikhiqiza inqwaba ye-methane ngesikhathi sokugaya ...

I-Aquaculture, yayivame ukugujwa njengesixazululo sokudla okukhulayo komhlaba kwezindawo zasolwandle, kufihla okungaphansi kwangaphansi okudinga ukunakwa. Ngemuva kwesithembiso sezinhlanzi eziningi futhi ukuncipha kokudoba amanga akhona imboni ehlushwa ukubhujiswa kwemvelo nezinselelo zokuziphatha. Amapulazi agcwele kakhulu akhuthaza ukuqubuka kwezifo, kanti imfucuza kanye namakhemikhali angcolisa imvelo ethambile. Le mikhuba ayigcini ngokufaka engcupheni ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kodwa futhi iphakamise ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngenhlala-kahle yezinhlanzi ezifuywayo. Njengoba izingcingo zokuguqula izinguquko zikhula, le ndatshana ikhama ngamaqiniso afihliwe e-aquaculture futhi ihlole imizamo yokusimama okuwumpetha, ububele, kanye noshintsho olunenjongo yokuthi sixhumana kanjani nolwandle lwethu

I-Octopus Farming, impendulo ekufuneni kwasolwandle okukhuphuka kwasolwandle, iye yaveza impikiswano enkulu ngeMvelo yayo yokuziphatha nezemvelo. Lawa ma-cephalopods athakazelisayo awawumiswa kuphela ngokudluliswa kwawo kwe-Cullinary kodwa futhi ahlonishwa ubuhlakani bayo, ukuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nokujula ngokomzwelo - izimfanelo eziphakamisa imibuzo ebucayi ngokuziphatha okuhle. Ukusuka ekukhathazekeni ngenhlalonhle yezilwane ekucindezelweni okubanzi kwamalungelo ezilwane zasolwandle, le ndatshana ihlola ubunzima obuzungezile i-Octopus Aquaculture. Ngokuhlola umthelela wayo kwimvelo, ukuqhathanisa nemikhuba yokulima esekwe emhlabeni, futhi kudinga amazinga okulashwa okunobuntu, sibhekane nesidingo esiphuthumayo sokulinganisa ukusetshenziswa kwabantu ngenhlonipho yempilo yasolwandle enobuhlakani

Uhlelo lwethu lwamanje lokudla lunembangela yokufa kwezilwane zasemhlabeni ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyisi-9 ngonyaka. Kodwa-ke, lesi sibalo esishaqisayo simane nje sikhomba ububanzi bokuhlupheka ohlelweni lwethu lokudla, njengoba sikhuluma ngezilwane zasemhlabeni kuphela. Ngaphezu kwamanani asemhlabeni, imboni yokudoba ibangela umonakalo odabukisayo ezilwaneni zasolwandle, ezibulala izigidi zezigidi zezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle unyaka ngamunye, ukuze zidliwe abantu ngokuqondile noma njengezingozi ezingahlosiwe zokudoba. I-Bycatch ibhekisela ekubanjweni kwezinhlobo okungahlosiwe ngazo ngesikhathi sokudoba ngenjongo yokudayisa. Lezi zisulu ezingahlosiwe zivame ukubhekana nemiphumela emibi, kusukela ekulimaleni nokufa kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zokudotshwa kwezinhlanzi, okusikhanyisela ngomonakalo wesibambiso odalwe izinqubo zokudoba zezimboni. Kungani imboni yokudoba imbi? Imboni yokudoba ivamise ukugxekwa ngemikhuba embalwa enomthelela omubi kuzinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye…

Ezolimo Zezilwane, insika enkulu yokukhiqizwa kokudla, umnikelo oholayo wokungcoliswa kwamanzi emhlabeni wonke. Ukusuka ekudleni okunothile okunothile kanye namagciwane alimazayo ekungcoleni amakhemikhali, imfucuza ekhishwe ukulima imfuyo ethonya kakhulu ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngesidingo esikhulayo senyama, ubisi namaqanda kuqinisa lezi zinselelo, ukubhekana nokukhokhiswa kwemvelo komkhakha akukaze kube ngokucindezela ngokwengeziwe. Lo mbhalo uhlola abashayeli abaphambili bokungcoliswa kwamanzi okuxhumene nokulima kwezilwane, imiphumela yako yezempilo yabantu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, namasu asebenzayo wokukhuthaza ukuqina ngenkathi kuhlangana nezidingo zezolimo zomhlaba wonke

Ukudoba kuvame ukubonwa njengokwenziwa kwengqondo okunokuthula noma umthombo obalulekile wokudla, kepha umthelela waso eMarine Welfare utshela izindaba ezihlukile. Zombili izindlela zokudoba zokuzijabulisa nezentengiselwano zibheka izinhlanzi kanye nezinye izilwane zasemanzini ekucindezelekeni okukhulu, ukulimala nokuhlupheka. Ukusuka enyameni efihlekile yezindlela zokubamba nokukhishwa ekubhujisweni okukhulu okubangelwa ukugoqa, le misebenzi ayilimazi kuphela izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlosiwe kodwa futhi ingenakubalwa abanye nge-bycatch negiya elahliwe. Lo mbhalo uvimba ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha okuboshelwe ekudobeni ngenkathi kugqamisa ezinye izindlela ezi-Humane zivikela impilo yasolwandle futhi zikhuthaza ukuhlangana nemvelo