Ukusetshenziswa kwenyama bekuyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwabantu amakhulu eminyaka, kuhlinzeka ngemisoco ebalulekile ekusekeleni impilo yomzimba. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwesidingo senyama ezikhathini zanamuhla kubangele imikhuba yokukhiqiza engalawuleki elimaza imvelo. Imboni yemfuyo ibhekene nengxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nezinye izinkinga zemvelo. Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni wonke liqhubeka nokukhula kanye nesidingo senyama sikhuphuka, kubalulekile ukuhlola umthelela wemvelo wokukhiqizwa kwenyama futhi uthole izixazululo ezisimeme. Lesi sihloko sizocubungula izindlela ezehlukene lapho ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kunomthelela omubi emvelweni futhi kuhlole izixazululo ezingaba khona zokunciphisa ukukhokhiswa kwemvelo. Kusukela ekulimeni kwefekthri kuya ekuthuthweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwenyama, zonke izigaba zenqubo yokukhiqiza zinomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni. Nakuba ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kungase kubonakale kuyisixazululo esisobala, kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela indlela yokuziphilisa yalabo abahilelekile embonini kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko enyama emiphakathini eminingi. Ngokuqonda imiphumela yemvelo yokukhiqizwa kwenyama, singasebenzela endleleni esimeme futhi enesibopho sokuhlangabezana nesidingo somhlaba wonke senyama.
Ukufuywa kwemfuyo kunomthelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi
Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu imvelo okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwenyama indima edlalwa ukufuywa ekugawulweni kwamahlathi. Ukwandiswa kwamadlelo nokutshalwa kwezitshalo zokudla kwezilwane kudinga indawo enkulu, ngokuvamile okuholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi. Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa yi-Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), cishe u-80% wendawo egawuliwe ehlathini lase-Amazon isiguqulelwe ukufuya izinkomo. Lokhu kugawulwa kwamahlathi akugcini nje ngokuba nengxenye ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibalulekile kodwa futhi kukhiphela inani elikhulu lesikhutha emkhathini, okwenza kube kubi nakakhulu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukwengeza, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuphazamisa imvelo yendawo, kuthinta imiphakathi yendabuko, futhi kunomthelela ekugugulekeni kwenhlabathi nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuxhumana phakathi kokufuywa kwemfuyo nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuhlola izixazululo ezisimeme ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela yemvelo yokukhiqizwa kwenyama.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ekukhiqizeni inyama
Ukushoda kwamanzi kungenye indaba ebalulekile ehambisana nokukhiqizwa kwenyama, ikakhulukazi mayelana nenani elikhulu lamanzi adingekayo kuyo yonke inqubo. Kusukela ekuniseleni amanzi ezilwaneni nasekuniseleni izitshalo zokuphakelayo kuya ekucutshungulweni kwenyama nasekuhlanzeni imisebenzi, izidingo zamanzi zibalulekile. Imvelo ejulile yokufuywa kwemfuyo ibandakanya ukuphuziswa okukhulu nokuthuthwa kwendle emfuyweni, okunomthelela ekucindezelekeni kwemithombo yamanzi evele inethiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo zokudla ezifana nesoya, ummbila, kanye ne-alfalfa, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo zezilwane, kudinga ukuchelelwa okukhulu futhi kwengeza endaweni yonke yamanzi. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile akugcini nje ngokuqeda imithombo yamanzi endawo kodwa futhi kuholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi ngokukhipha ukungcola okuvela emfucumfucwini yezilwane nokugeleza kwezolimo. Ukusimama kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza inyama kudinga izindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokuhlola eminye imithombo yamaprotheni enciphisa umthelela wemvelo emithonjeni yamanzi.
Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ezilwaneni
Njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kuqhubeka nokuba nomthelela omkhulu ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo, kubalulekile ukubhekana nokukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa ahambisana nokulima kwezilwane. Imfuyo, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezondlayo njengezinkomo nezimvu, ikhipha i-methane, igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla esebenza ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-28 ekubambeni ukushisa emkhathini kune-carbon dioxide. Izinqubo zokugaya zalezi zilwane, ikakhulukazi ukuvutshelwa kwe-enteric kanye nokuphathwa komquba, kukhulula inani elikhulu le-methane emkhathini. Ukwengeza, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuthuthwa kwezitshalo zokudla, kanye nokusebenza okudinga amandla kwezindlu nokucubungula izilwane, kufaka isandla embonini yekhabhoni yezolimo zezilwane. Ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa ezilwaneni kudinga ukwamukela izinqubo ezizinzile njengokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphakelayo, ukusebenzisa amasu okulawula udoti, kanye nokukhuthaza eminye imithombo yamaprotheni. Ngokubhekana nalokhu kukhishwa kwegesi, singasebenzela uhlelo lokukhiqiza inyama olunakekela imvelo.
Umthelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo
Umthelela obalulekile wokukhiqizwa kwenyama udlulela ngale kokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, kube nemiphumela emibi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo. Ukwandiswa kokulima kwezilwane kuvame ukuholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi njengoba izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba zigawulwa ukuze kwenziwe imfuyo iklabe futhi itshale izitshalo. Lokhu kucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo kuphazamisa ukuhleleka okuntekenteke kwezimiso zemvelo, okuphumela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokufuduka kwezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kukamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizeni izitshalo zokudla kungcolisa imizimba yamanzi, kubangele ukuqhakaza kwama-algal ayingozi kanye nokuncipha kwezinhlobo zasemanzini. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo yamanzi ekulimeni kwezilwane kubhebhethekisa ubunzima bemvelo, okuholela ekuswelekeni kwamanzi kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezihlala emanzini. Umthelela onqwabelene ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo udinga ukushintshelwa ezindleleni zezolimo ezisimeme nezivuselelayo ukuze kuncishiswe omunye umonakalo futhi kugcinwe ukulingana okubucayi kwezinhlelo zemvelo zeplanethi yethu.
Imfucuza kanye nokungcola ekukhiqizeni inyama
Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama nakho kudala imfucuza enkulu kanye nokungcola, okunomthelela ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo. Enye inkinga enkulu ukulahlwa kwemfucuza yezilwane, equkethe amazinga aphezulu e-nitrogen ne-phosphorus. Uma zilawulwa ngendlela engafanele, njengasemapulazini emboni emikhulu, lezi zakhi zomsoco zingangena emithonjeni yamanzi eseduze, okuholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi futhi kwakhiwe izimbali eziyingozi zolwelwe. Ukwengeza, ukukhishwa kwe-methane emfuyweni, ikakhulukazi okuvela ekuvubeleni kwe-enteric kanye nokubola komquba, kunomthelela ekungcoleni komoya kanye nomphumela we-greenhouse. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokufaka isandla ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu kodwa futhi kubeka engcupheni yezempilo emiphakathini eyakhelene nayo. Ukubhekana nezinqubo zokulawulwa kwemfucuza ekukhiqizweni kwenyama kubalulekile ekwehliseni ukukhokhiswa kwemvelo kanye nokukhuthaza izinhlelo zokudla ezisimeme.
Ezokuthutha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla
Ezokuthutha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kudlala indima enkulu kuwo wonke umthelela wemvelo wezimboni ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa nokukhiqizwa kokudla. Ukuthuthwa kwemikhiqizo yenyama, isuka epulazini iye ezindaweni zokucubungula iye ezikhungweni zokusabalalisa futhi ekugcineni iye kubathengi, kudinga inani elikhulu lamandla kanye nezibaso ezimbiwa phansi. Lokhu kuthembela emithonjeni engavuseleleki kunomthelela ekungcolisweni komoya kanye nokukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya, okubhebhethekisa kakhulu ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukwengeza, ingqalasizinda esekela ezokuthutha, njengemigwaqo emikhulu namachweba wemikhumbi, ivamise ukungena ezindaweni zemvelo futhi ibe nomthelela ekuqhekekeni kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Izinkathazo zezempilo ezihlobene nenyama
Ukudliwa kwenyama kuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga ezehlukene zempilo okungafanele zishaywe indiva. Ukudla kakhulu inyama ebomvu negayiwe kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yezifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, okuhlanganisa nesifo senhliziyo nesifo sohlangothi. Lezi zilwane ngokuvamile ziphezulu ngamafutha agcwele, i-cholesterol, ne-sodium, konke okuye kwaboniswa ukuthi kunethonya elibi empilweni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luye lwaphakamisa ukuhlobana okungaba khona phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwenyama okuphezulu kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, njengomdlavuza we-colorectal. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe inhlalakahle iyonke, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukufaka imithombo eminingi yamaprotheni asekelwe ezitshalweni ekudleni kwethu kanye nokuqinisekisa indlela elinganiselayo nehlukahlukene yokudla okunomsoco.
Ezinye izindlela ezisimeme zokudliwa kwenyama
Ezinye izindlela ezisimeme zokudliwa kwenyama ziya ngokuya zidlondlobala njengoba abantu abaningi bebeka eqhulwini impilo yabo kanye nomthelela wemvelo wokukhetha kwabo ukudla. Amaprotheni asekelwe ezitshalweni, njenge-tofu, tempeh, ne-seitan, anikeza enye indlela esebenzayo kunemikhiqizo yenyama yesintu. Lezi zinketho ezisekelwe ezitshalweni azicebile ngamaprotheni kuphela kodwa futhi ziqukethe izakhi ezibalulekile, amavithamini namaminerali. Ukwengeza, inqubekelaphambili kubuchwepheshe bokudla iholele ekudalweni kwezinto ezintsha ezithatha indawo yenyama, njengama-burger asekelwe ezitshalweni namasoseji, alingisa eduze ukunambitheka nokuthungwa kwenyama. Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zindlela eziphumelelayo ekudleni kwethu, singanciphisa ukuthembela kwethu ekulimeni kwezilwane okudinga izinsiza kuyilapho sisajabulela ukudla okumnandi nokunomsoco.
Sengiphetha, kusobala ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kunomthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo. Kusukela ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kuya ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba namanzi, imboni yenyama inegalelo ezindabeni eziningi zemvelo esibhekene nazo njengamanje. Njengabathengi, kubalulekile kithi ukuthi sizifundise ngomthelela wezinketho zethu zokudla futhi sicabangele ezinye izindlela ezisimeme. Ngokwenza izinguquko ezincane ekudleni kwethu, sonke singabamba iqhaza ekunciphiseni inani lemvelo lokukhiqizwa kwenyama nokudala iplanethi enempilo yezizukulwane ezizayo. Sonke masithathe izinqumo ezinengqondo futhi sisebenzele ikusasa elisimeme.
FAQ
Yimiphi imithelela emikhulu kwezemvelo ehlobene nokukhiqizwa kwenyama?
Imithelela emikhulu yemvelo ehambisana nokukhiqizwa kwenyama ihlanganisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nokucekelwa phansi komhlaba. Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane, okufana nesoya nommbila, kuholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi njengoba izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba zigawulwa ukuze zilinywe. Ukufuywa kwemfuyo kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, ikakhulukazi nge-methane ekhishwa izilwane kanye ne-carbon dioxide ezinguqukweni zokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizeni ukudla kuholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi, kuyilapho ukuklaba ngokweqile kanye nemikhuba yokulima kakhulu kunomthelela ekucekeleni phansi komhlaba. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kanye nokusebenzisa izindlela zokulima ezisimeme kungasiza ukunciphisa le mithelela yemvelo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kunomthelela kanjani ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala?
Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kunomthelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, izindawo eziwudedangendlale zamahlathi ziyagawulwa ukuze kuvuleke indawo yokudla imfuyo kanye nokutshalwa kwezitshalo zokudla kwezilwane. Lokhu kususwa komhlaba kuholela ekucekeleni phansi kwezindawo zemvelo kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukwengeza, isidingo senyama siholela ekwandeni kwezolimo zezimboni, okuvame ukubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nomanyolo ongalimaza kakhulu imvelo. Okokugcina, imboni yenyama inomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, okuholela ngokungaqondile ekugawulweni kwamahlathi, njengoba ukukhiqizwa nokuthuthwa kwemikhiqizo yenyama kukhulula amanani amakhulu amagesi abamba ukushisa. Sekukonke, imboni yenyama inomthelela omkhulu ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Ithini indima yemfuyo ekukhiqizweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu?
Imfuyo idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi ngokukhiqizwa kwe-methane ne-nitrous oxide. I-Methane, igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla, ikhishwa phakathi nenqubo yokugaya izilwane ezondlayo njengezinkomo nezimvu. Ukwengeza, ukukhiqizwa nokuphathwa kwemfuyo kunomthelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi, okwenza kube kubi nakakhulu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha ezinsalela ekuthuthweni nasekucutshungulweni kwemikhiqizo yemfuyo nakho kuba nomthelela ekukhishweni kwegesi. Ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wemfuyo kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphakelayo, ukunciphisa ukuvutshelwa kwama-enteric, ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezisimeme zokuphatha umhlaba, kanye nokukhuthaza eminye imithombo yamaprotheni ukuze kwehliswe ukuthembela kwezolimo zezilwane.
Ingabe zikhona ezinye izindlela ezisimeme zokukhiqiza inyama evamile?
Yebo, kunezinye izindlela eziningana ezisimeme zokukhiqiza inyama evamile. Inyama esekelwe ezitshalweni, njengaleyo eyenziwe ngesoya, uphizi, noma amakhowe, iya ngokuya ithandwa futhi inganikeza ukunambitheka nokuthungwa okufanayo kwenyama yesintu. Ukwengeza, inyama ekhulisiwe noma ekhule elebhu iyathuthukiswa, okubandakanya ukukhulisa amaseli enyama elebhu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlatshwa kwezilwane. Lezi zindlela ezihlukile zinamandla okunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokukhiqizwa kwenyama, okufana nokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba, kuyilapho zisahlinzeka ngomthombo wamaprotheni kubathengi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kuyithinta kanjani imithombo yamanzi futhi kunomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi?
Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kunomthelela omkhulu emithonjeni yamanzi futhi kunomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Okokuqala, ukufuya imfuyo kudinga amanani amakhulu amanzi okuphuza, ukuhlanza, nokunisela ukukhiqiza ukudla kwezilwane. Lokhu kubeka ingcindezi emithonjeni yamanzi ahlanzekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivame ukuba nesomiso. Ukwengeza, ukugeleza kwemfucuza yezilwane kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kukamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ezitshalweni eziphakelayo kunomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingangcolisa izindawo zamanzi eziseduze, okuholela eutrophication, algal blooms, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yasemanzini. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi embonini yenyama kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo kunomthelela ekucindezelekeni okuphelele kwemithombo yamanzi kanye nokuwohloka kwezinga lamanzi.
