I-United Kingdom kade yamenyezelwa njengomholi womhlaba wonke kwezenhlalakahle yezilwane, iziqhayisa ngemithetho eminingi ehloselwe ukuvikela izilwane ezifuywayo ebuhlungwini nasekuhlukunyezweni. Kodwa-ke, umbiko wakamuva we-Animal Equality kanye ne-Animal Law Foundation udweba isithombe esihluke kakhulu, esiveza ukushiyeka okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwalokhu kuvikela. Naphezu kokuba khona kwemithetho eqinile, lo mbiko wembula “Inkinga Yokuphoqelela” egcwele yonke indawo eholela ekuhluphekeni okwandile phakathi kwezilwane ezifuywayo.
Inkinga iphakama lapho kumiswa imithetho kodwa ingaphoqelelwa ngokwanele, isimo esande ngendlela eshaqisayo emkhakheni wezenhlalakahle zezilwane ezifuywayo . Ama-whistleblower nabaphenyi abacashile baye badalula ukuhlukumeza okuhleliwe nokuvame ukwenziwa ngamabomu, okugqamisa igebe phakathi kwenhloso yomthetho nokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo. Lo mbiko obanzi uhlanganisa idatha evela kuziphathimandla zendawo kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuze ubonise ukwehluleka kwe-UK ukuhlonza ngempumelelo nokushushisa abahlukumezi bezilwane ngokuvumelana nemithetho kazwelonke.
Imithetho esemqoka efana noMthetho Wezenhlalakahle Yezilwane 2006, uMthetho Wezenhlalakahle Yezilwane 2011, kanye Nomthetho Wezempilo Nezenhlalakahle ka-2006 zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ubuncane bezinga lenhlalakahle yezilwane ezifuywayo. Nokho, ukuphoqelela kuhlukanisiwe futhi akuhambisani. UMnyango Wezemvelo, Ukudla, Nezindaba Zasemakhaya (DEFRA) unomthwalo wemfanelo wokwengamela ukuvikelwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo kodwa ngokuvamile ukhipha le misebenzi, okuholela ekuntulekeni kokuqhubeka nokuziphendulela. Izinhlaka ezahlukene zikahulumeni nezinhlangano, okuhlanganisa ne-Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), zabelana ngomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqapha nokuphoqelela le mithetho, nokho imizamo yazo ngokuvamile ayihlangani futhi ayanele.
Umthetho osebenza phansi ngokuvamile uwela kubalimi ngokwabo, nokuhlolwa okwenzeka ikakhulukazi ukuphendula izikhalazo. Le ndlela yokusabela ihluleka ukuthatha isilinganiso esigcwele sokuphulwa kwezenhlalakahle, njengoba kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi angaphansi kuka-3% wamapulazi ase-UK ahlolwe phakathi kuka-2018 no-2021. Ngisho nalapho ukuhlolwa kwenzeka, kuvame ukuphumela ezenzweni ezingajezisi njengesixwayiso. izincwadi noma izaziso zokuthuthukisa, kunokushushiswa.
Uphenyo lomshoshaphansi luye lwembula ngokungaguquki ukwephulwa okukhulu kwezindinganiso zenhlalakahle yezilwane . Naphezu kwentukuthelo yomphakathi kanye nokusakazwa kwabezindaba, njengokudalulwa kwe-BBC Panorama kwepulazi lobisi lase-Wales, izenzo zokujezisa zihlala zingajwayelekile. Lo mbiko uqokomisa ukuthi ophenyweni oluyimfihlo oluyi-65+ kusukela ngo-2016, konke kwadalula ukwephulwa kwenhlalakahle yabantu abaningi, nokho u-69% awuzange uholele ekujezisweni.
Ngocwaningo olunemininingwane eminingi, lo mbiko ugcizelela izisulu ezisheshayo zalokhu kwehluleka kokuphoqelela, ubonisa ukuhlupheka okukhulu phakathi kwezinkomo zobisi, izinkukhu, izingulube, izinhlanzi, nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo.
Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ngokusobala isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthi i-UK iqinise futhi isebenzise ngokufanelekile imithetho yayo yokuvikela izilwane ezifuywayo ukuze kuvinjelwe unya olwengeziwe nokuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yazo zonke izilwane ezifuywayo. I-United Kingdom kade yabonwa njengomholi kwezenhlalakahle zezilwane, ngemithetho eminingi edizayinelwe ukuvikela izilwane ezifuywayo kunya nokuhlukunyezwa. Kodwa-ke, umbiko omusha we-Animal Equality kanye ne-Animal Law Foundation uveza iqiniso elihluke kakhulu. Naphezu kokuba khona kwemithetho ebanzi, ukuqiniswa komthetho kuseyinkinga ebalulekile, okuholela ekuhluphekeni okusabalele phakathi kwezilwane ezifuywayo. Lo mbiko ucubungula izimbangela kanye nemiphumela ebanzi yalokho okubizwa ―Inkinga Yokuphoqelela” kuhlaka lokuvikela izilwane ezifuywayo .
Inkinga Yokuphoqelela Ivela lapho imithetho isungulwa kodwa ingaphoqelelwa ngokwanele, isimo esivame kakhulu endaweni yezenhlalakahle zezilwane ezifuywayo. Ama-whistleblower nabaphenyi basemshoshaphansi badalule ukuhlukunyezwa okuhleliwe futhi okuvamise ukwenziwa ngamabomu, bependa isithombe esibi sesimo samanje sokuvikelwa kwezilwane. Lo mbiko wokuqala wohlobo lwawo uhlanganisa idatha evela emithonjeni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa iziphathimandla zendawo nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ukuze zifanekise. Ukwehluleka kwe-UK ukuhlonza ngempumelelo kanye nokushushisa abahlukumezi bezilwane ngokuvumelana nemithetho kazwelonke.
Umthetho obalulekile ofana noMthetho Wezenhlalakahle Yezilwane 2006, uMthetho Wenhlalakahle Yezilwane 2011, kanye Nomthetho Wezempilo Nezenhlalakahle ka-2006, phakathi kokunye, uklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ubuncane bezinga lenhlalakahle yezilwane ezifuywayo. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwale mithetho kuhlukene futhi akuhambisani. Umnyango Wezemvelo, Ukudla, Nezindaba Zasemakhaya (DEFRA) unomthwalo osobala wokwengamela ukuvikelwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo kodwa ngokuvamile ukhipha le misebenzi, okuholela ekuntulekeni kokuqhubeka nokuziphendulela. Izinhlaka ezahlukene zikahulumeni nezinhlangano, okuhlanganisa ne-Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), zabelana ngomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqapha nokuphoqelela le mithetho, nokho imizamo yazo ngokuvamile ayihlangani futhi ayanele.
Umthetho osebenza phansi ngokuvamile uwela kubalimi ngokwabo, nokuhlolwa okwenzeka kakhulu ukuphendula izikhalo. Le ndlela yokusabela iyehluleka ukuthwebula izinga eligcwele lokwephulwa kwezenhlalakahle, njengoba kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi angaphansi kuka-3% wamapulazi ase-UK ahlolwe phakathi kuka-2018 no-2021. Ngisho noma ukuhlolwa kwenzeka, kuvame ukuholela ezenzweni ezingajezisi. njengezincwadi eziyisixwayiso noma izaziso zokuthuthukisa, kunokushushisa.
Uphenyo oluyimfihlo luye lwembula ngokuqhubekayo ukwephulwa okunzima kwezindinganiso zenhlalakahle yezilwane. Naphezu kwentukuthelo yomphakathi nokusakazwa kwabezindaba, njengokudalulwa kwe-BBC Panorama kwepulazi lobisi lase-Wales, izenzo zokujezisa zihlala ziyivelakancane. Umbiko ugqamisa ukuthi ophenyweni oluyimfihlo olungu-65+ kusukela ngo-2016, konke okudalulwe ukwephulwa kwenhlalakahle yabantu abaningi, nokho u-69% awumphumela wokungajezisi.
Ngocwaningo olunemininingwane eminingi, umbiko ugcizelela izisulu ezisheshayo zalokhu kwehluleka kokuphoqelela, ubonisa ukuhlupheka okukhulu phakathi kwezinkomo zobisi, izinkukhu, izingulube, izinhlanzi, nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ngokusobala isidingo esiphuthumayo se-UK ukuthi iqinise futhi isebenzise ngokufanelekile imithetho yayo yokuvikela izilwane ezifuywayo ukuze kunqandwe olunye unya nokuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yazo zonke izilwane ezifuywayo.
Isifinyezo Ngu: Dr. S. Marek Muller | Isifundo Soqobo Ngu: Animal Equality & The Animal Law Foundation (2022) | Kushicilelwe: Meyi 31, 2024
Imithetho yase-UK yokuvikela izilwane ezifuywayo ayiphoqelelwa, okuholela ekuhluphekeni okukhulu kwezilwane. Lo mbiko unikeza imininingwane ngezimbangela kanye nobubanzi benkinga kanye nemiphumela yayo ezilwaneni ezifuywayo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abenzi bomthetho e-United Kingdom baqale ukubhekana nemikhuba yokulima enonya efana namakhreyithi okukhulelwa, amakheji ebhethri, kanye nokufaka uphawu. Ngakho-ke, kungokwemvelo ukucabanga ukuthi i-UK yenze inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo enhlalakahleni yezilwane ezifuywayo. Nokho, kulo mbiko obanzi, izinhlangano ze-Animal Equality kanye ne-Animal Law Foundation zihlukanisa “Inkinga Yokuphoqelela” ekuphenduleni kwe-UK emithethweni yokuvikela izilwane ezifuywayo.
Ngobubanzi, inkinga yokuqinisa umthetho yenzeka lapho imithetho ikhona “ephepheni” kodwa ingaqiniswa njalo yiziphathimandla emhlabeni wangempela. Lolu daba luhlaba umxhwele kakhulu emthethweni wezilwane ezifuywayo ngenxa yama-akhawunti wabaphenyi bakamuva kanye nama-akhawunti wabaphenyi abacashile mayelana nesistimu, ubudlova - futhi ngokuvamile ngamabomu - ukuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane. Lo mbiko wokuqala wohlobo lwawo uqoqa futhi usabalalise idatha kusuka emithonjeni esukela kuziphathimandla zendawo kuya ezikhulwini zikahulumeni ukuze kubhalwe ukuthi kungani futhi kungani i-UK yehluleka ukukhomba nokushushisa abahlukumezi bezilwane ngokuhambisana nomthetho kazwelonke.
Ukuze uqonde Inkinga Yokuphoqelela Ukuvikelwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi yimiphi imithetho engaphoqelelwa nokuthi isetshenziswa ngobani. Izibonelo zifaka Umthetho Wenhlalakahle Yezilwane 2006 e-England/Wales, Welfare of Animals Act 2011 (Northern Ireland), I-Animal Health and Welfare Act 2006 (Scotland), kanye Nemithetho Yenhlalakahle Yezilwane Ezifuywayo etholakala kulo lonke elase-United Kingdom. Le mithetho igomela “izindinganiso zenhlalakahle encane” ezilwaneni ezifuywayo futhi ivimbela izenzo ezibangela ukuhlupheka okungadingekile. Ezilaheni, imithetho ihlanganisa Imithetho Yezenhlalakahle Ngesikhathi Sokubulala, okuhloswe ngayo "ukuvikela" izilwane ezikhathini zazo zokugcina zokuphila. Ukuthuthwa kwezilwane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuqondiswa umthetho weWelfare of Animals (Transport).
Ukuvikelwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo e-UK kuthiwa kuphakathi koMnyango Wezemvelo, Ukudla, Nezindaba Zasemakhaya (DEFRA). Kodwa-ke, i-Defra ikhipha imisebenzi yayo eminingi yokuphoqelela kwezinye izinhlaka, okuholela ohlelweni oluhlukene lokuvikela izilwane oluntula ukuqhubeka nokuziphendulela. Ukwengamela ngokomthetho kwabelwana phakathi kwezinhlaka zikahulumeni eziningi ezizweni zonke, okuhlanganisa i-Scotland's Agriculture and Rural Economy Directorate kanye noMnyango Wezolimo, Imvelo, kanye Nezindaba Zasemakhaya (DAERA) waseNyakatho Ireland. Akuyona yonke le mizimba eyenza imisebenzi efanayo. Nakuba bonke benomthwalo wemfanelo womthetho, abanye kuphela abenza ukuqapha nokuqapha okudingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe le mithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iRoyal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) ivamise ukungena njengomphenyi omkhulu kanye nomshushisi wamacala abhekiswe ezilwaneni ezifuywayo.
Inqubo eyinhlakanhlaka yokwengamela inhlalakahle yezilwane ezifuywayo iza ngezindlela eziningi. Emapulazini, ngokwesibonelo, ukuphoqelelwa kwenhlalakahle yezilwane kakhulu phansi kuvame ukuvela kubalimi ngokwabo. Ukuhlola kuvame ukwenzeka ngemva kwezikhalazo ze-RSPCA, ilungu lomphakathi, udokotela wezilwane, ummemezeli, noma omunye ummangali. Nakuba ukuhlolwa nokwephulwa kwemithetho elandelayo kungase kubangele ukushushiswa, ezinye izenzo ezivamile “zokuqinisa” zihlanganisa izincwadi eziyisixwayiso nje, izaziso zokuthuthukisa, nezaziso zokunakekela, okusikisela kubalimi ukuthi badinga ukuthuthukisa izimo zezilwane zabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho imithetho eqinile futhi esheshayo yokuthi ukuhlolwa kufanele kwenziwe kaningi kangakanani. Impela, abantu okungenzeka ukuthi bagwetshwe ngokungalandeli inhlalakahle yezilwane ezifuywayo yilabo asebenamacala ngaphambilini. Ngenxa yalolu hlelo olusebenzayo, olungasheshi, "umbuso osekelwe engcupheni," ukuhlolwa cishe akuthwebuli ngokugcwele ukwephulwa kwezenhlalakahle ngaphandle kweminyango evaliwe. Kusukela ngo-2018-21, ngaphansi kwama-3% amapulazi ase-UK athole ukuhlolwa. Angu-50.45% kuphela amapulazi ahlolwe ngemuva kokuthola izikhalazo eziqondile mayelana nenhlalakahle yezilwane, lapho u-0.33% wamapulazi ashushiswa kulandela izikhalo zokuqala. Amanye alawa maphuzu edatha angabalelwa ukushoda kwabahloli besikhathi esigcwele, njengoba kunomhloli oyedwa kuwo wonke amapulazi ase-UK angama-205.
Ngakho-ke uphenyo lomshoshaphansi luye lwembula ukwephulwa okwengeziwe kwezindinganiso zenhlalakahle yezilwane kunokuba amazinga okushushiswa angaholela izakhamuzi ukuba zikholelwe. NgoFebhuwari 2022, ngokwesibonelo, i-BBC Panorama yasakaza uphenyo lomshoshaphansi lwe-Animal Equality epulazini lobisi lwase-Wales, olubonisa ukuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane okubabazekayo nokunenjongo. Ukusakazwa kwabezindaba kubangele ukucasuka komphakathi. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-2016, uphenyo oluyimfihlo lwe-65+ lwenzekile, lapho u-100% udalule ukwephulwa kwenhlalakahle yabantu abaningi. Amaphesenti angama-86 ophenyo adlulisele i-video kwiziphathimandla ezifanele. Kulokhu, ama-69% aphelele aholele ekutheni kungabi bikho izinyathelo zokujezisa ezithathelwa izephula-mthetho. Lawa maphuzu edatha amele ukungalandelwa okuhlelekile kwemithetho yezenhlalakahle yezilwane ezifuywayo, ngisho nalapho kubhekene nobufakazi bevidiyo obuqondile.
Lo mbiko ubuye wethula uchungechunge lwezifundo zonya lwezilwane ezifuywayo e-UK - ngamanye amazwi, izisulu ezisheshayo ze-Enforcement Problem yezizwe. Lezi zifundo zezibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukuntuleka kokuphoqelela kuye kwabangela kanjani ukuhlupheka okukhulu ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu. Amacala ethulwe ahlanganisa izinkomo zobisi, izinkukhu, izingulube, izinhlanzi, kanye nolwazi olujwayelekile lwezilwane ezifuywayo ezindaweni zokulashelwa, konke okuveza izigameko ezinzima zonya lwezilwane ezephula imithetho yezilwane ezifuywayo yase-UK kube nemiphumela emincane.
Esinye isibonelo umkhuba ononya “wokufaka umsila,” okwenzeka njalo emapulazini ezingulube naphezu kwemithetho ecacile yomthetho ethi lo mkhuba kufanele wenzeke kuphela njengendlela yokugcina ngemva kokuba zonke ezinye izindlela zokuvimbela ukulunywa komsila zizanyiwe. Idatha iphakamisa ukuthi ama-71% ezingulube zase-UK afakwe imisila. Ukumiswa komsila kubangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu ezingulubeni, eziluma kuphela imisila yezinye izingulube ngenxa yokucikeka, ukukhungatheka, ukugula, ukuntuleka kwendawo, noma ezinye izimpawu zendawo engafanele yepulazi yalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezihlakaniphile. Ukuntuleka kokuhlolwa nokuqiniswa komthetho, okuhambisana nokuntuleka kokugcinwa kwamarekhodi, kusho ukuthi ukugoqa umsila kuvame ukulimaza izingulube, ezibhekana nokucindezeleka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ngenxa yalokho.
Umbiko uphinde waveza ukuthi izindinganiso zezenhlalakahle ngesikhathi sokubulala zazingagcinwa njalo. I-UK ihlaba izinkomo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili, izingulube eziyizigidi ezingu-10, izimvu namawundlu ayizigidi ezingu-14.5, izinhlanzi ezifuywayo eziyizigidi ezingu-80, nezinyoni eziyizigidi ezingu-950 ngonyaka. Naphezu kwemithetho eminingi Yenhlalakahle Ngesikhathi Sokubulala eyayikhona kulo lonke elase-UK, uphenyo lomshoshaphansi lwalubonisa ngokungaguquki, ukweqisa, izenzo ezinde, nezihlukumezayo ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo. Isibonelo, ngo-2020, i-Animal Justice Project yathwebula amadada ngokucashile asethelwe ukuhlatshwa ngokucindezeleka okucacile. Abanye babeboshwe ngamaketango, abanye babanjwa bahudulwa ngentamo, abanye basala belenga imizuzu engaphezu kweshumi. Amadada aboshiwe aphinde athola ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile ngokugoba okubukhali kanye nokuwa entanjeni yamaketango, okubangela zona kanye izinhlobo zobuhlungu “obungagwemeka” kanye nokucindezeleka iNhlalakahle Yangesikhathi Sokubulala Imithetho eyayiklanyelwe ukuvinjelwa.
Umthetho okhona ephepheni awuwona nhlobo umthetho uma ungalandelwanga ngokwanele. Imithetho yase-UK yokuvikela izilwane ezifuywayo ivamise ukwephulwa futhi ngokusobala, okuholela ekuhluphekeni okungadingekile kwezilwane. Uma i-UK izimisele ngezindinganiso zayo zenhlalakahle yezilwane, kubalulekile ukuthi izishoshovu, abenzi bomthetho, kanye nezakhamizi ezijwayelekile zicindezele ukuqiniswa kwemithetho ekhona njengamanje.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ngoFaunalyTics.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono ye Humane Foundation.
