Ukulima kwasefekthri, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ezolimo zezimboni, sekuyindlela ehamba phambili yokukhiqiza ukudla emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Nakuba iye yavumela ukukhiqizwa kokudla okuthengekayo ngobuningi, iphinde yaveza ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nokwelashwa kwezilwane kanye nemithelela yako enhlalakahleni yabantu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imiphumela yezimiso zokuziphatha nezemvelo yokulima efekthri iye yabangela inkulumo-mpikiswano esabalele kanye nobushoshovu, okuletha ukunaka kwezimo ezinonya lapho izilwane zikhuliswa khona kanye nemiphumela emibi kokubili empilweni yomuntu neyezilwane. Lesi sihloko sizohlola umthelela wokulima kwefekthri enhlalakahleni yezilwane nokuthi ekugcineni kuyithinta kanjani inhlalakahle yomuntu. Ngokuhlolisisa izici ezihlukahlukene zale mboni enezingxabano, kusukela ezimweni zokuphila kwezilwane zasemapulazini kuya ezingozini zezempilo kubantu, sizohlola ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokulima kwasefekthri, inhlalakahle yezilwane, kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuxhumana kwalezi zindaba ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zokukhiqiza ukudla ezisimeme nezinokuziphatha ezithuthukisa impilo nokuphila kahle kokubili kwezilwane nabantu.
Umthelela wokulima kwefekthri endaweni ezungezile
Izinqubo eziqinile ezihambisana nokulima kwasefemini zinomthelela omkhulu futhi ofinyelela kude endaweni ezungezile. Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, ikakhulukazi i-methane ne-nitrous oxide, okuba nomthelela ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu. I-concentrated Animal feeding operations (CAFOs) ikhulula amanani amakhulu ala magesi ngezinqubo zokugaya imfuyo kanye nokugcinwa nokusabalalisa umquba. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics nama-hormone ekulimeni kwefekthri kuholela ekungcolisweni kwezinhlelo zenhlabathi namanzi, okubeka izingozi kokubili empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu lokudla elidingekayo ezilwaneni ezifuywa efekthri libangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, njengoba kugawulwa indawo ukuze kulinywe izitshalo. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokubhubhisa izindawo zemvelo kodwa futhi kunciphisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi kubhebhethekise ukulahleka kwamasinki ekhabhoni abalulekile. Umthelela omubi wokulima kwamafekthri endaweni ezungezile ugqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme futhi ezinobuntu.
Ukukhathazeka okuphathelene nenhlalakahle yezilwane
Njengoba isidingo senyama nemikhiqizo yezilwane siqhubeka sikhula, ukukhathazeka okuphathelene nenhlalakahle yezilwane kuye kwagqama kakhulu. Izimo nezinqubo ezikhona ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokulima zasefekthri ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokwelashwa kanye nokuphila kahle kwezilwane ezihilelekile. Izilwane zivame ukuvalelwa ezindaweni eziminyene, zincishwe ukuziphatha kwemvelo nokusebenzelana komphakathi, futhi zingaphansi kwezinqubo ezibuhlungu njengokuhlehla noma ukumisa umsila ngaphandle kokubulala izinzwa okufanele. Le mikhuba ayigcini nje ngokubeka engcupheni impilo engokomzimba nengokwengqondo yezilwane kodwa futhi inselele izibopho zethu zokuziphatha ngazo. Imithelela yesimilo yokulima efekthri idlulela ngalé kokuphathwa kwezilwane ngokwazo, njengoba ziphakamisa imibuzo ebanzi mayelana nesibopho sethu sokuhlonipha nokuvikela izidalwa ezizwelayo futhi sicabangele imiphumela yezinqumo zethu kokubili ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye kanye nelomphakathi. Ukubhekana nalokhu kukhathazeka kubalulekile hhayi nje ngenxa yobuqotho bokuziphatha kodwa futhi nokuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yonke yezilwane kanye nokugqugquzela uhlelo lokudla olunozwelo noluzinzile.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezilwane nempilo yomuntu
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezilwane nempilo yabantu kudlulela ngale kokucatshangelwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha futhi kudlulele endaweni yezempilo yomphakathi. Impilo yezilwane ixhumene kakhulu nempilo yabantu ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwezifo ezilwaneni kuye kubantu, ezaziwa ngokuthi izifo ze-zoonotic. Lapho izilwane zikhuliswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingahlanzekile nezigcwele ngokweqile, ingozi yokuqubuka kwezifo iyanda kakhulu. Lokhu kuthinta ikakhulukazi endabeni yokulima kwasefekthri, lapho inqwaba yezilwane ihlaliswa eduze, okwenza indawo ekahle yokuzalanisa amagciwane. Izifo ze-Zoonotic ezifana ne-avian influenza, umkhuhlane wezingulube, kanye ne-salmonellosis ziyizibonelo ezimbalwa zemiphumela engaba khona yemikhuba emibi yenhlalakahle yezilwane. Ukusondelana nokusebenzelana okuvamile phakathi kwabantu nezilwane kulezi zilungiselelo kudala amathuba aphezulu okudluliselwa kwezifo, okubeka engcupheni enkulu yezempilo kubo bobabili abasebenzi kanye nenani labantu abaningi. Ngakho-ke, ukubhekana nokukhathazeka kwenhlalakahle yezilwane akuyona nje indaba yemfanelo yokuziphatha kodwa futhi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuvikela impilo yomphakathi kanye nokuvimbela ukuqubuka kwezifo okungase kube khona.
Izinzuzo zezinqubo zokulima ezisimeme
Izindlela zokulima ezisimeme zinikeza inqwaba yezinzuzo kokubili emvelweni kanye nenhlalakahle yomuntu. Ngokubeka eqhulwini impilo yomhlabathi, izindlela zokulima ezisimeme ezinjengokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo kanye nezitshalo zokumboza zisiza ukulondoloza ukuvunda komhlabathi nokunciphisa ukuguguleka. Lokhu akuqinisekisi nje kuphela ukukhiqiza kwesikhathi eside komhlaba wezolimo kodwa futhi kusiza ekwehliseni imithelela emibi yokucekelwa phansi komhlaba, njengokuncipha kwezinga lamanzi kanye nokwanda kwesisi esingcolisa umoya. Ukwengeza, izinqubo zokulima ezisimeme zikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo ngokunikeza izindawo zokuhlala zezinambuzane ezinenzuzo, izinyoni nezinye izilwane zasendle. Lokhu kusiza ekugcineni imvelo futhi kusekela ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane zemvelo, kunciphisa isidingo sezibulala-zinambuzane eziyingozi zamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokulima ezisimeme zibeka eqhulwini ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngendlela efanele, ukunciphisa ukumosheka kwamanzi nokungcoliswa. Ngokombono wezempilo yomuntu, ukudla ukudla okukhiqizwa ngezindlela ezisimeme zokulima kunciphisa ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali ayingozi nezibulala-zinambuzane, okungaba nemiphumela elimazayo empilweni yomuntu. Sekukonke, ukwamukela izindlela ezisimeme zokulima akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa impilo yendawo esizungezile kodwa futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni inhlalakahle yabantu.
Umthelela wokulima kwefekthri emnothweni
Umthelela wokulima kwamafekthri emnothweni yisihloko esikhathazayo nengxoxo enkulu. Ukulima kwasefekthri, okubonakala ngokukhiqizwa kwezilwane okujulile ezindaweni ezivalekile, kukhule kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yamandla ako okukhiqiza amanani aphezulu kanye nokungabizi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, le modeli yokulima inemithelela ebalulekile kwezomnotho edinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela. Omunye umthelela ophawulekayo ukuqoqwa kwamandla nengcebo ezandleni zezinkampani ezinkulu ezimbalwa, njengoba ukulima kwasefekthri kuvame ukuholela emikhubeni yokubusa ngokweqile kanye nokuxoshwa kwabalimi abancane, abazimele. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela omubi emnothweni wendawo, njengoba ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi yabalimi abancane kungaholela ekwehleni kwamathuba omsebenzi kanye nokunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwezomnotho emiphakathini yasemakhaya. Ukwengeza, izindleko zangaphandle ezihlobene nokulima kwasefekthri, njengokungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nobungozi bezempilo yomphakathi, zingabeka umthwalo kubakhokhintela futhi zicindezele izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, zibe nomthelela omubi emnothweni. Kubalulekile ukucabangela le miphumela yezomnotho lapho kuhlolwa ukusimama kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwezinqubo zokulima zasefekthri.
Iqhaza lemithetho kahulumeni
Isici esisodwa esibalulekile esidlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekaneni nokukhathazeka okuphathelene nokulima kwasefekthri, inhlalakahle yezilwane, kanye nemithelela yako enhlalakahleni yabantu ukuqaliswa kwemithetho kahulumeni. Imithetho kahulumeni isebenza njengohlaka olubalulekile lokuqinisekisa ukuthi imboni yezolimo isebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokuziphatha futhi igcina izinga eliphezulu lenhlalakahle yezilwane. Le mithethonqubo ihlanganisa izici ezihlukahlukene, njengokuqapha kanye nokuphoqelela izindinganiso zenhlalakahle, ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kokungcola nokungcoliswa komhlaba, nokuvikela impilo nokuphepha kokubili kwezilwane kanye nabathengi. Ngokusungula kanye nokuphoqelela imithethonqubo eqinile, uhulumeni angafaka isandla ekwehliseni imithelela emibi yokulima kwasefekthri enhlalakahleni yezilwane kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu. Ukwengeza, imithetho kahulumeni ingahlinzeka ngokusobala nokuziphendulela, ivumele abathengi ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokudla abakudlayo futhi ikhuthaze imboni ukuthi yamukele izinqubo ezisimeme kakhulu nezinokuziphatha okuhle. Ngakho-ke, indima yemithetho kahulumeni ngeke yeqiswe ekukhuthazeni indlela enobubele nenesibopho sokulima kwasefekthri, ekugcineni kuzuzise kokubili izilwane nabantu ngokufanayo.
Imiphumela yokulima kwasefekthri emiphakathini
Ukulima kwasefekthri, nezindlela zakho zokukhiqiza ezijulile kanye nokusebenza ngezinga elikhulu, kunemiphumela efinyelela kude emiphakathini. Omunye wemithelela ebalulekile ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zendawo. I-concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) ehambisana nokulima kwasefekthri ikhiqiza isamba esikhulu semfucumfucu yezilwane, evame ukungcolisa imithombo yamanzi eseduze. Lokhu kungcola akugcini nje ngokubeka usongo empilweni yezakhamuzi zendawo kodwa futhi kulimaza imvelo nezilwane zasendle. Ukwengeza, iphunga elibi eliphuma kule misebenzi linganciphisa izinga lempilo yemiphakathi eseduze, lithinte inhlalakahle yayo yonke kanye namanani ezakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulima kwasefekthri kunemithelela kwezenhlalo-mnotho, njengoba kuvame ukuxosha abalimi abancane kanye nezinhlelo zokudla zasendaweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezinkampani ezihlanganisiwe. Lokhu kushintshwa kungaholela ebunzimeni bomnotho, ukulahlekelwa amagugu amasiko, kanye nokwehla kokubumbana komphakathi. Kubalulekile ukubhekana nale miphumela emibi yokulima emafekthri emiphakathini ukuze kuqinisekiswe intuthuko yayo esimeme kanye nenhlalakahle yabahlali bayo.
Ukukhuthaza izinhlelo zokudla ezisimeme
Ukukhuthaza izinhlelo zokudla okusimeme kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikusasa elinempilo kokubili iplanethi nenhlalakahle yabantu. Ngokugxila ezenzweni zezolimo ezisimeme, singanciphisa umthelela omubi wokukhiqizwa kokudla endaweni ezungezile, songe imithombo yemvelo, futhi sinciphise ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukusebenzisa izindlela zokulima ngokwemvelo, njengokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo, ukwenza umquba, nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane okudidiyelwe, akugcini nje ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziyingozi kanye nomanyolo wokwenziwa kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukwengeza, ukusekela izinhlelo zokudla zendawo kanye nokunciphisa ukuthembela ekuthuthweni kokudla okude kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni futhi kusekele umnotho wendawo. Ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kokukhetha ukudla okusimeme, njengokufaka izinketho eziningi ezisekelwe ezitshalweni ekudleni kwethu, kungase futhi kukhuthaze imiphumela engcono yezempilo kuyilapho kunciphisa ubunzima emithonjeni yemvelo. Sekukonke, ngokubeka eqhulwini izinhlelo zokudla ezisimeme, singakha ikusasa elinempilo, eliqinile ngokwethu nezizukulwane ezizayo.
Kafushane, ukulima kwasefekthri sekuyinkinga enkulu enhlalakahleni yezilwane kanye nomthelela wako enhlalakahleni yomuntu. Nakuba kungase kunikeze ukudla okushibhile nokuchichimayo, ukuphathwa ngendlela engenabuntu kwezilwane kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona empilweni kubangela izinkinga ezinkulu zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha. Njengabathengi, kubalulekile ukuzifundisa ngezinqubo zemboni yenyama futhi sithathe izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokudla esikudlayo. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ohulumeni nezinhlaka ezilawulayo basebenzise imithetho eqinile futhi baphoqelele izindinganiso zokuziphatha ekulimeni kwefekthri. Ngokubhekana nalezi zinkinga, singasebenzela ikusasa elisimeme nelinobuntu kokubili izilwane nabantu.
FAQ
Ukulima kwasefekthri kunamthelela muni enhlalakahleni yezilwane futhi yiziphi ezinye zezinto ezikhathazayo eziphakanyiswe abashisekeli bamalungelo ezilwane?
Ukulima kwasefekthri kunomthelela omubi kakhulu enhlalakahleni yezilwane. Izilwane zivame ukuvalelwa ezindaweni ezincane ezinokunyakaza okulinganiselwe futhi azikwazi ukufinyelela endaweni yemvelo. Bangaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelayo, ukuminyana, futhi ngokuvamile belashwa ngamahomoni nama-antibiotic. Izishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuhlupheka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo okubekezelelwa izilwane emapulazini emboni. Baphikisa ngokuthi izindlela zokulima ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zibeka inzuzo kuqala kunempilo yezilwane. Izishoshovu zikhuthaza izindinganiso ezingcono zenhlalakahle yezilwane, okuhlanganisa nezimo zokuphila ezithuthukisiwe, ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezingaphandle, kanye nokuphela kwemikhuba enjengokuxebuka, ukugoqa umsila, nokuphakelwa ngenkani.
Imiphi imithelela engaba khona yokulima kwasefekthri enhlalakahleni yabantu, njengokusabalala kokumelana nama-antibiotic noma umthelela empilweni yomphakathi?
Ukulima kwasefekthri kunemithelela eminingi engaba khona enhlalakahleni yomuntu. Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics kwezolimo zezilwane kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okwenza kube nzima ukwelapha izifo kubantu. Ukwengeza, ukulima kwasefekthri kunomthelela ekusakazekeni kwezifo ze-zoonotic, njengoba izimo eziminyene nezingahlanzekile zinikeza izindawo ezikahle zokuzalanisa amagciwane. Ukusetshenziswa kwenyama yezilwane ezifuywa efektri kungandisa ingozi yezifo ezitholakala ekudleni, njenge-salmonella noma izifo ze-E. coli. Okokugcina, imithelela yemvelo yokulima efekthri, njengokungcoliswa kwamanzi nomoya, ingaba nomthelela ongaqondile empilweni yomphakathi. Sekukonke, lezi zici zigqamisa isidingo sezinqubo zokulima ezizinzile nezinokuziphatha okuhle.
Yiziphi ezinye izindlela zokulima ezibeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane futhi ziqhathaniswa kanjani nokulima kwasefekthri kwendabuko mayelana nokusimama nokusebenza kahle?
Ezinye izindlela zokulima ezibeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane zihlanganisa ukulima okuphilayo, ezolimo ezivuselelayo, kanye ne-agroecology. Lezi zindlela zigxile ekuhlinzekeni izilwane ngendawo eyengeziwe, ukufinyelela emadlelweni, nokudla kwemvelo. Mayelana nokusimama, lezi zindlela zivame ukubeka phambili impilo yenhlabathi, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, nokongiwa kwamanzi. Bahlose ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo okwenziwa, izibulala-zinambuzane nama-antibiotic. Nakuba lezi zindlela zingase zibe nesivuno esincane uma kuqhathaniswa nokulima kwefekthri yendabuko, zikhuthaza ukusimama kwesikhathi eside ngokunciphisa umthelela wendawo kanye nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezilwane. Ukwengeza, zingaba nemiphumela emihle ekuvundeni kwenhlabathi, ukuchithwa kwekhabhoni, kanye nempilo yonke ye-ecosystem.
Ukulima efekthri kunomthelela kanjani ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo futhi yimiphi imiphumela engaba khona enhlalakahleni yomuntu, njengokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu noma ukungcoliswa kwamanzi?
Ukulima kwasefekthri kunomthelela ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, kudinga umhlabathi omkhulu, amanzi namandla, okuholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi, ukuntuleka kwamanzi, nokwanda kwesisi esingcolisa umoya. Okwesibili, imfucuza yezilwane egxilile ekhiqizwa amapulazi ezimboni ingangcolisa imithombo yamanzi futhi ibe nomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwefekthri kungalimaza kakhulu i-ecosystem futhi kube nomthelela ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic. Le mithelela yezemvelo ingaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu enhlalakahleni yabantu, okuhlanganisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuncipha kokutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile, nokwanda kwezingozi zempilo ezivela emithonjeni engcolile yokudla nemithombo yamanzi.
Yiziphi ezinye zezimiso zokuziphatha eziphathelene nokulima kwasefekthri, futhi lokhu kucatshangelwa kuhlangana kanjani nenhlalakahle yomuntu kanye nesibopho sethu sokuziphatha ezilwaneni?
Ukulima kwasefekthri kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuningana kokuziphatha, okuhlanganisa inhlalakahle yezilwane, umthelela wendawo, kanye nempilo yabantu. Izilwane ezisemapulazini ezimboni zivame ukubhekana nokuboshwa, ukuminyana, nezinqubo ezibuhlungu, okuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuphathwa kwazo kokuziphatha. Umthelela wemvelo wokulima emafekthri, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokungcola, akuthinti izilwane kuphela kodwa nakubantu, njengoba kunomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nasekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukwengeza, ukulima kwasefekthri kungaba yingozi empilweni yabantu, njengokungazweli ngama-antibiotic kanye nezifo ezitholakala ekudleni. Isibopho sethu sokuziphatha ezilwaneni sibandakanya ukuqaphela amandla azo okuhlupheka kanye nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yazo. Ngokubhekana nezimiso zokuziphatha zokulima efekthri, singalwela uhlelo lokudla olunozwelo futhi oluzinzile oluzuzisa kokubili izilwane nabantu.
