Esikhathini lapho ukusimama sekuba yinto ekhathazayo kakhulu, ukuphambana kwenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nomthelela wemvelo kuthola ukunakwa okukhulu. Lesi sihloko sidingida ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)—imodeli eyaziwa kabanzi yokuhlola imithelela yemvelo yemikhiqizo—ngokucatshangelwa kwenhlalakahle yezilwane, ikakhulukazi embonini yezolimo. Ibhalwe ngu-Skyler Hodell futhi isekelwe ekubuyekezweni okuphelele kukaLanzoni et al. (2023), i-athikili ihlola ukuthi i-LCA ingathuthukiswa kanjani ukuze i-akhawunti engcono yenhlalakahle yezilwane ezifuywayo, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze indlela ephelele yokusimama.
Ukubuyekezwa kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa i-LCA nokuhlolwa kwenhlalakahle yasepulazini ukuze kwakhiwe imodeli yokuhlola ebanzi. Ngaphezu kwesimo se-LCA njengendlela “izinga legolide” lokuhlola imithelela yemvelo, igxekwe ngendlela yayo esekelwe kumkhiqizo, evamise ukubeka kuqala umkhiqizo wesikhathi esifushane ngaphezu kokusimama kwesikhathi eside . Ngokuhlola izifundo ezingaphezu kwe-1,400, ababhali bahlonze igebe elibalulekile: izifundo ezingama-24 kuphela ezihlanganiswe ngempumelelo nenhlalakahle yezilwane ne-LCA, ezigqamisa isidingo socwaningo oludidiyelwe kakhudlwana.
Lezi zifundo ezikhethiwe zihlukaniswe ngokususelwa kuzinkomba ezinhlanu ezibalulekile zempilo yezilwane: umsoco, indawo ezungezile, impilo, ukusebenzisana kokuziphatha, nesimo sengqondo. Okutholakele kuveza ukuthi imigomo ekhona yenhlalakahle yezilwane igxile kakhulu ezimeni ezingezinhle, ehluleka ukubhekelela izimo zenhlalakahle ezinhle. Lokhu kugxila okuncane kuphakamisa ithuba elilahlekile lokuthuthukisa amamodeli okusimama ngokuhlanganisa ukuqonda okune-nuances okwengeziwe kwenhlalakahle yezilwane.
I-athikili ikhuthaza ukuhlolwa okukabili komthelela wemvelo kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane ukuze kuhlolwe kangcono ukusimama kwepulazi. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ihlose ukugqugquzela indlela elinganiselayo engafinyeleli nje kuphela izimfuno zokukhiqiza kodwa futhi eqinisekisa inhlalakahle yezilwane ezifuywayo, egcina ibambe iqhaza emikhubeni yezolimo esimeme .
Isifinyezo Ngu: Skyler Hodell | Isifundo Soqobo Ngu: Lanzoni, L., Whatford, L., Atzori, AS, Chincarini, M., Giammarco, M., Fusaro, I., & Vignola, G. (2023) | Kushicilelwe: Julayi 30, 2024
I-Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) iyimodeli yokuhlola imithelela yemvelo yomkhiqizo othile. Ukucatshangelwa kwenhlalakahle yezilwane kungase kuhlanganiswe nama-LCA ukuze awenze abe wusizo nakakhulu.
Ngaphakathi kwemboni yezolimo, izincazelo zenhlalakahle yezilwane ngokuvamile zihlanganisa amamodeli wokusimama epulazini. I-Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) iyimodeli ebonisa isithembiso ekwabeleni inani elilinganiselwe emithelela yemvelo yemikhiqizo kuzo zonke izimakethe, kuhlanganise nalezo zezilwane ezifuywayo. Ukubuyekezwa kwamanje kugxile ekutheni ukuhlola kwe-LCA kwangaphambilini kwakubeka eqhulwini yini ukukalwa kwedatha ngokuhambisana nokuhlolwa kwenhlalakahle yasepulazini.
Ababhali bokubuyekeza bakhomba i-LCA njengephakathi kwamathuluzi angcono kakhulu atholakalayo okuhlola imithelela engaba khona kwezemvelo, bephawula ukwamukelwa kwayo okusakazekile emhlabeni wonke njengemodeli “yezinga legolide” esetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimboni. Naphezu kwalokhu, i-LCA inemikhawulo yayo. Ukugxeka okuvamile kuvame ukuncika endleleni ye-LCA ebonwa “esekelwe kumkhiqizo”; kunomuzwa wokuthi i-LCA ibeka isisindo ekuhloleni izixazululo ezibhekene nesidingo, ngezindleko zokusimama kwesikhathi eside. I-LCA ithambekele ekuthandeni izinqubo ezigxile kakhulu eziveza umkhiqizo ophezulu, ngaphandle kokucabangela imithelela yesikhathi eside yemvelo .
Njengoba ababhali bokubuyekeza bekwenza kucace, izilwane ezisetshenziselwa ukudla zingacatshangwa njengesilinganiso semizamo yokusimama kwemboni yezolimo. Ekuhloleni izifundo ezitholakalayo, ababhali bafuna ukwahlulela ukuthi ukuntula ukuqonda kwe-LCA kunikeza ithuba lokusiza ukwandisa ukufinyeleleka kwamamodeli okusimama.
Ababhali bahlole izifundo ezingaphezu kwe-1,400, lapho i-24 kuphela eyahlangabezana nenqubo yokuhlanganisa yokuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwenhlalakahle yezilwane ne-LCA futhi yafakwa ephepheni lokugcina. Lezi zifundo zahlukaniswa zaba ngamaqembu amahlanu, ngalinye lisekelwe ezinkomba zenhlalakahle yezilwane izifundo zangaphambilini ezazisetshenziselwa ukuhlola inhlalakahle yasepulazini. Lezi zizinda zazibandakanya umsoco, indawo ezungezile, impilo, ukuxhumana kokuziphatha, nesimo sengqondo sezilwane ezifuywayo. Ababhali bayaqaphela ukuthi cishe zonke izimiso zenhlalakahle yezilwane ezikhona zigxile “ezenzweni ezimbi,” zibala izimo ezingezinhle kuphela. Bandisa kulokhu ngokugcizelela ukuthi ukuntuleka kwezimo ezicatshangwayo ezimbi akulingani nenhlalakahle enhle.
Ukubuyekezwa kubonise ukuthi izinkomba ezisetshenziswe ocwaningweni ngalunye zaziguquguquka. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kocwaningo lokudla okunomsoco kungenzeka kucabangele ingxenye yenani lesilwane ngasinye kwabaphuzayo/abaphakeli endaweni, kanye nokuhlanzeka kwazo. Ngokuqondene "nesimo sengqondo," izifundo zivumele amasampula akhishwe ezilwaneni ukusiza ekunqumeni ukugxila kwe-hormone yokucindezeleka. Ubuningi bezifundo ezisetshenziswe izinkomba eziningi zezenhlalakahle; idlanzana elincane lisetshenziswe eyodwa kuphela. Ababhali basikisela ukuthi kungaba ngcono ukuhlola kokubili umthelela wendawo kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane ndawonye, kunokuba kuhlolwe ngokuhlukana, lapho kuhlolwa ukusimama epulazini.
Ukubuyekezwa kuphinde kwahlola uhla lokuhlolwa kwezenhlalakahle okufakwe ezifundweni zangaphambilini, ngakunye kuhlola inhlalakahle yasemapulazini kuzo zonke izinkomo, izingulube nezinkukhu. Ezinye izifundo zibike idatha yezenhlalakahle ngokuhlanganisiwe. Kwamanye, le datha yalinganiswa kumphumela ngokusekelwe kuyunithi yokulinganisa yokusebenza evamile ye-LCA. Ezinye izifundo zisebenzise ukuhlola kwekhwalithi okwengeziwe, njengamaphuzu asekelwe esikalini noma izilinganiso ezingokomfanekiso.
Inkomba evame ukuhlolwa kakhulu ocwaningweni ihlanganisa isimo semvelo yezilwane ezifuywayo; okwakunganakwa kakhulu kwakuyisimo sengqondo. Ukubuyekezwa kuphinde kwathola ukuthi izifundo ezimbalwa zihlaziye zonke izindlela zezinkomba ndawonye. Ababhali baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ejwayelekile yamazwe ngamazwe kungaveza idatha esabalalisiwe futhi eqinile - ngokuhambisana nesidingo sokuqonda ama-nuances amahle wesistimu yezolimo. Sekuhlanganiswe ndawonye, kubonakale kunokuvumelana okuncane ekuhlanganiseni izindlela zezenhlalakahle ngaphakathi kwezifundo.
Phakathi kwabacwaningi nabameli bezenhlalakahle yezilwane - kanye nezibalo ngaphakathi kwezolimo - kubonakala sengathi kukhona ukuvumelana ukuthi incazelo "yomhlaba wonke" yenhlalakahle yezilwane ayikho. Sekukonke, imibhalo ikwenza kucace ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwe-LCA njengemodeli yokuhlola imithelela yezemvelo akuqinisekiswanga ngokuphelele. Ababhali bagcina bedweba umehluko phakathi kokucatshangelwa kwenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokusebenza kwayo ekuthuthukiseni amaphrojekthi okuzinza.
I-LCA isalokhu ibonakala njengendlela ehamba phambili yokuhlola umthelela wemvelo ekukhiqizeni. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuqondanisa kwayo nokho kusewumgomo osalinde ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo yonke imboni. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe cishe luyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe kangcono ukuhambisana kwe-LCA nezincazelo ezibanzi zokusimama - okuhlanganisa nalezo ezingaphakathi kwesizinda senhlalakahle yezilwane.
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