Njengoba umhlaba uya ngokuya uqaphela umthelela wezenzo zethu endaweni ezungezile, ingxoxo emayelana nalokho esikudlayo iye yagqama kakhulu. Nakuba ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kukhula ukuthandwa, basebaningi abantu abadla inyama yezilwane njalo. Nokho, iqiniso ngokudla inyama yezilwane liyashaqisa futhi liyakhathaza. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi ukudla inyama yezilwane kunomthelela omubi hhayi nje empilweni yethu, kodwa nasemvelweni nasezilwaneni ngokwazo.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizocubungula ngokujulile izizathu zokuthi kungani kufanele uyeke ukudla inyama yezilwane futhi ushintshele ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni. Sizohlola imiphumela elimazayo yokulima kwezilwane, okuhlanganisa nomthelela wako ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ukwengeza, sizohlola ubungozi bezempilo obuhlobene nokudla inyama yezilwane, njengokwanda kwengozi yesifo senhliziyo, umdlavuza, nesifo sohlangothi.
1. Amapulazi ezilwane anesandla ekungcoleni.
Ukufuywa kwezilwane kungenye yezinto ezihamba phambili ekungcolisweni kwemvelo. Ngokombiko weNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (i-FAO), ukufuywa kwezilwane kubangela ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya emhlabeni wonke esingama-14.5%. Lokhu kungaphezu kwawo wonke umkhakha wezokuthutha uhlangene. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcola okuvela emapulazini ezilwane umquba nomanyolo, okhipha amagesi ayingozi njenge-methane ne-nitrous oxide. Ukwengeza, ukufuywa kwezilwane nakho kunomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi ngokuchithwa kwemfucuza yezilwane emanzini. Umthelela omubi wokufuywa kwezilwane endaweni ezungezile ugqamisa isidingo sokuthi abantu nohulumeni banciphise ukudla kwabo inyama futhi bakhuthaze izindlela zokulima ezizinzile.
2. Inyama yezilwane inekhalori ephezulu.
Elinye lamaqiniso ashaqisayo mayelana nokudla inyama yezilwane ukuthi inama-kilojoule amaningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukudla inyama yezilwane kungaholela ekudleni ngokweqile kwama-kilojoule, okungase kubangele ukukhuluphala kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yezifo ezingamahlalakhona ezifana nesifo sikashukela nesifo senhliziyo. Inyama yezilwane, ikakhulukazi inyama ebomvu, igcwele amafutha agcwele kanye ne-cholesterol, okunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwalezi zimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo eminingi yezilwane ivame ukuphekwa ngamafutha angeziwe namafutha, okwandisa okuqukethwe kwawo kwekhalori. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama yezilwane bese ukhetha imithombo yamaprotheni esekelwe ezitshalweni, ngokuvamile ane-calories ephansi futhi engcono empilweni yonke.
3. Ukufuywa kwemfuyo kudinga izinsiza.
Elinye lamaqiniso ashaqisayo ngokukhiqizwa kwenyama yezilwane ukuthi ukufuywa kwemfuyo kudinga izinsiza ngendlela emangalisayo. Inqubo yokufuya izilwane ukuze uthole inyama idinga umhlabathi omkhulu, amanzi nokudla. Eqinisweni, kuthatha umhlaba ophindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 ukukhiqiza ikhilogremu yenyama uma kuqhathaniswa nekhilogremu yemifino. Amanzi okukhiqizwa kwenyama nawo aphakeme, ezinye izilinganiso ziphakamisa ukuthi kuthatha amalitha angu-15,000 amanzi ukukhiqiza ikhilogremu eyodwa nje yenyama yenkomo. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kakhulu kwemithombo kunomthelela omkhulu emvelweni, okunomthelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ukwengeza, isidingo esikhulu sokudla kwezilwane ngokuvamile siholela ekulimeni ngokweqile, okwehlisa imisoco yenhlabathi futhi kubhebhethekise nakakhulu umthelela wemvelo wokukhiqizwa kwenyama.
4. Ukulima kwezilwane kuphakamisa izingozi zezifo.
Ukulima kwezilwane kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yezingozi zezempilo zomphakathi ngenxa yamathuba aphezulu okudluliselwa kwezifo kusuka ezilwaneni kuya kubantu. Ukusondela kanye nokuvalelwa kwezilwane emapulazini emboni kudala indawo ekahle yokuzalanisa izifo ukuze zisakazeke ngokushesha. Eqinisweni, ubhubhane oluningi olubulala kakhulu emlandweni, okuhlanganisa nobhubhane lwamanje lwe-COVID-19, kukholakala ukuthi lusuka kwezolimo lwezilwane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukucindezeleka kanye nezimo ezingezinhle zokuphila kwezilwane kulezi zikhungo zenza buthaka isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni, kuzenze zingenwe kalula yizifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kanye nama-hormone okukhula ekudleni kwezilwane kungaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okungaba usongo olukhulu empilweni yomuntu. Kafushane, ukulima kwezilwane kuphakamisa ubungozi bezifo futhi kubeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni yomphakathi.
5. Ama-antibiotics asetshenziswa ekufuyweni kwezilwane.
Elinye lamaqiniso ashaqisayo ngokudla inyama yezilwane ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwemithi elwa namagciwane ekufuyweni kwezilwane. Ama-antibiotics avame ukusetshenziswa ekudleni kwezilwane ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo ezimweni eziminyene nezingahlanzekile. Nokho, lo mkhuba unemiphumela eyingozi empilweni yomuntu. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics ekufuyweni kwezilwane kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, abuye aziwe ngokuthi ama-superbugs, angabangela izifo ezimbi kakhulu kanye nezifo okunzima ukuzelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla inyama ephuma ezilwaneni ezilashwa ngama-antibiotic kungase kwandise ingozi yokuthola izifo ezimelana nama-antibiotic kubantu. Kubalulekile ukuthi sibhekane nalolu daba ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane ekufuyweni kwezilwane futhi sikhuthaze izindlela zokulima ezinomthwalo wemfanelo nezisimeme.
6. Ukulima kwezilwane kudinga amanzi kakhulu.
Ukulima kwezilwane ngokuvamile akunakwa njengengxenye enkulu yokushoda kwamanzi. Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kudinga inani elikhulu lamanzi kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, kusukela ekukhuliseni ukudla kwezilwane kuya ekunikezeni amanzi okuphuza emfuyo. NgokweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, ukulima kwezilwane kufinyelela cishe ku-30% wamanzi asetshenziswa emhlabeni. Iphawundi elilodwa lenyama yenkomo, ngokwesibonelo, lidinga amalitha amanzi angaphezu kuka-1,800 ukukhiqiza, kanti iphawundi likabhontshisi wesoya lidinga amalitha angama-216 kuphela. Isimo sokusebenzisa amanzi kakhulu kwezolimo lwezilwane sibeka ubunzima obungadingekile emithonjeni yethu yamanzi ahlanzekile kakade elinganiselwe, okubhebhethekisa imiphumela yesomiso futhi kuthinte kokubili inani labantu nezilwane. Ngokunciphisa ukudla kwethu inyama, singasiza ekwehliseni ingcindezi kulezi zinsiza futhi sisebenzele ikusasa elisimeme.
7. Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yezilwane kudala imfucuza.
Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yezilwane kudala inani elikhulu lemfucuza enomthelela omubi emvelweni. Izilwane ezifuywayo zikhiqiza imfucuza eningi, okuhlanganisa ubulongwe nomchamo, okungangcolisa inhlabathi nemithombo yamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokuhlaba ikhiqiza igazi, amathambo, nokunye okulahlwayo okumelwe kulahlwe. Le mfucumfucu ingakhiphela ukungcola okuyingozi emoyeni nasemanzini futhi ibe nomthelela ekubhebhethekeni kwezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu yezilwane kudala umfutho obalulekile wekhabhoni, okunomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela umthelela ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yezilwane okunawo endaweni ezungezile futhi kubhekwe eminye imithombo yokudla, esimeme ukuze kwehliswe lo mthelela.
8. Ukufuya imfuyo kudla amandla.
Ukufuywa kwemfuyo kunomthelela omkhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kanye nokuphuma kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Izinqubo ezihilelekile ekukhiqizweni kwezilwane, njengokukhiqizwa kokuphakelayo, ukuthutha, nokulawulwa kwemfucuza, zidinga inani elikhulu lamandla. Ngokombiko we-Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo kubala u-18% wesisi esingcolisa umoya emhlabeni, okwenza kube yimbangela enkulu yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukwengeza, ukufuya kudinga amanzi amaningi, umhlabathi, nezinye izinsiza, okungaba nemiphumela elimazayo endaweni ezungezile. Ngokukhula kwesidingo senyama nemikhiqizo yobisi, ukufuywa kwemfuyo okudinga amandla amaningi kuyinkinga enkulu engeke ishaywe indiva.
9. Ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi.
Ukulima kwezilwane kungenye yezimbangela eziphambili zokugawulwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba isidingo senyama yezilwane silokhu sikhula, siyanda nesidingo sendawo yokufuya nokondla imfuyo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekucekeleni phansi kwezigidi zamahektare amahlathi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengamahlathi emvula ase-Amazon, lapho ukugawulwa kwamadlelo ezinkomo kuyimbangela enkulu yokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Ukulahleka kwamahlathi kunomthelela omubi emvelweni, okunomthelela ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuhlobana phakathi kokulima kwezilwane nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, futhi sithathe izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukuthembela kwethu enyameni yezilwane ukuze sivikele amahlathi eplanethi yethu kanye nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo nesezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
10. Izidlo ezisekelwe ezitshalweni zisimeme.
Esinye sezizathu eziphoqelela kakhulu zokushintshela ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni ukusimama kwayo. Ukulima kwezilwane kuhamba phambili ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Eqinisweni, ngokweZizwe Ezihlangene, ukulima kwezilwane kuyimbangela yokukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto zokuhamba zihlangene. Ukwengeza, ukukhiqiza inyama yezilwane kudinga izinsiza eziningi kakhulu nomhlabathi kunokukhiqiza ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni . Ngokwamukela ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni, abantu banganciphisa kakhulu i-carbon footprint yabo futhi babe neqhaza ekusaseni elizinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kukhonjisiwe ukuthi kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kanye namandla amancane, okwenza kube nokusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsiza. Sekukonke, ukushintshela ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni akugcini nje ngokuba nezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo, kodwa futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni umthelela wemvelo wokukhetha kwethu ukudla.
Sengiphetha, nakuba abantu abaningi bengase babe nomuzwa wokuthi ukudla inyama yezilwane kuwumkhuba wamasiko noma wendabuko ongenakuguqulwa, kubalulekile ukuqaphela imiphumela engathi sína yempilo kanye nemvelo yalo mkhuba. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukudla imikhiqizo yezilwane akugcini nje ngokusimama emhlabeni wethu, futhi kubeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni nasenhlalakahleni yethu. Ukusuka ekubeni nomthelela ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu kuye ekwandiseni ingozi yezifo ezingelapheki, kunezizathu eziningi zokubheka kabusha ubudlelwano bethu nenyama yezilwane. Ngokwamukela ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwethu kwemikhiqizo yezilwane, singenza izinyathelo ezinhle eziya ekusasa elinempilo nelisimeme ngokwethu nezizukulwane ezizayo.
