Njengoba umhlaba uqaphela ngokwengeziwe umthelela wezenzo zethu emvelweni, ingxoxo mayelana nalokho esikudlayo iye yaba yinto evelele kakhulu. Ngenkathi ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kuthandwa kakhulu, kusenabantu abaningi abadla inyama yezilwane njalo. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso ngokudla inyama yezilwane liyashaqisa futhi liyakhathaza. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukudla inyama yezilwane kunomthelela omubi hhayi empilweni yethu kuphela, kodwa nakwezemvelo kanye nezilwane ngokwazo.
Kulesi sihloko sebhulogi, sizohlola ngokujulile izizathu zokuthi kungani kufanele uyeke ukudla inyama yezilwane bese ushintshela ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni. Sizohlola imiphumela emibi yokulima kwezilwane, okuhlanganisa nomthelela wayo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokungcola kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizohlola izingozi zempilo ezihlobene nokudla inyama yezilwane, njengokwanda kwengozi yesifo senhliziyo, umdlavuza, kanye nesifo sohlangothi.
1. Amapulazi ezilwane anegalelo ekungcolisweni kwemvelo.
Ukufuya izilwane kungenye yezinto ezihamba phambili ekungcoleni kwemvelo. Ngokusho kombiko we-Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), ukufuya izilwane kubangela ukukhishwa kwegesi ebanga ukushisa komhlaba wonke okungu-14.5%. Lokhu kungaphezu komkhakha wonke wezokuthutha uhlangene. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa okuvela emapulazini ezilwane umquba nomanyolo, okukhipha amagesi ayingozi njenge-methane ne-nitrous oxide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufuya izilwane nakho kunegalelo ekungcolisweni kwamanzi ngokukhipha indle yezilwane emanzini. Umthelela omubi wokufuya izilwane emvelweni ugcizelela isidingo sokuba abantu ngabanye kanye nohulumeni banciphise ukusetshenziswa kwenyama yabo futhi bakhuthaze imikhuba yokulima eqhubekayo.
2. Inyama yesilwane inama-calories amaningi.
Elinye lamaqiniso ashaqisayo ngokudla inyama yezilwane ukuthi inama-calories amaningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukudla inyama yezilwane kungaholela ekudleni ngokweqile kwama-calories, okungaholela ekukhuluphaleni kanye nengozi eyengeziwe yezifo ezingamahlalakhona ezifana nesifo sikashukela nesifo senhliziyo. Inyama yezilwane, ikakhulukazi inyama ebomvu, inamafutha agcwele kanye ne-cholesterol ephezulu, okufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwalezi zimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo eminingi yezilwane ivame ukuphekwa ngamafutha engeziwe namafutha, okwandisa okuqukethwe kwawo kwama-calories. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama yezilwane nokukhetha imithombo yamaprotheni asekelwe ezitshalweni, ngokuvamile aphansi ngama-calories futhi angcono empilweni iyonke.
3. Ukulima imfuyo kudinga izinsiza eziningi.
Elinye lamaqiniso ashaqisayo kakhulu mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwenyama yezilwane ukuthi ukufuya izilwane kudinga izinsiza eziningi kakhulu. Inqubo yokufuya izilwane ukuze kutholakale inyama idinga indawo enkulu, amanzi, kanye nokudla. Eqinisweni, kuthatha indawo ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 ukukhiqiza ikhilogremu yenyama uma kuqhathaniswa nekhilogremu yemifino. Umthamo wamanzi okukhiqiza inyama nawo uphakeme, kanti ezinye izilinganiso zisikisela ukuthi kuthatha amalitha angu-15,000 amanzi ukukhiqiza ikhilogremu eyodwa yenyama yenkomo. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinsiza kunemiphumela ebalulekile emvelweni, okubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala, kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo esikhulu sokudla kwezilwane sivame ukuholela ekulimeni ngokweqile, okunciphisa izakhamzimba zomhlabathi futhi kubhebhethekise umthelela wokukhiqizwa kwenyama emvelweni.
4. Ukulima ngezilwane kuphakamisa izingozi zezifo.
Ukulima kwezilwane kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yezingozi zempilo yomphakathi ngenxa yamathuba aphezulu okudluliselwa kwezifo kusuka ezilwaneni kuya kubantu. Ukusondelana nokuvalelwa kwezilwane emapulazini efektri kudala indawo ephelele yokuzalela izifo ngokushesha. Eqinisweni, ubhubhane oluningi olubulalayo emlandweni, okuhlanganisa nobhubhane lwamanje lwe-COVID-19, kukholakala ukuthi luvela kwezolimo zezilwane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukucindezeleka kanye nezimo zokuphila ezimbi zezilwane kulezi zikhungo zenza buthaka amasosha omzimba azo, okwenza zibe sengozini yezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kanye nama-hormone okukhula ekudleni kwezilwane kungasiza ekuthuthukisweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okungaba usongo olukhulu empilweni yabantu. Ngamafuphi, ukulima kwezilwane kuphakamisa izingozi zezifo futhi kubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi.
5. Ama-antibiotic asetshenziswa ekulimeni izilwane.
Elinye lamaqiniso ashaqisayo ngokudla inyama yezilwane ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwama-antibiotic ekulimeni kwezilwane. Ama-antibiotic avame ukusetshenziswa ekudleni kwezilwane ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo ezimweni eziminyene nezingcolile. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhuba unemiphumela eyingozi empilweni yabantu. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic ekulimeni kwezilwane kunegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, aziwa nangokuthi ama-superbugs, angabangela ukutheleleka okukhulu kanye nezifo okunzima ukuzelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla inyama yezilwane eziphathwe ngama-antibiotic kungandisa nengozi yokuthola ukutheleleka okumelana nama-antibiotic kubantu. Kubalulekile ukuthi sibhekane nale nkinga ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ekulimeni kwezilwane kanye nokukhuthaza imikhuba yokulima enomthwalo wemfanelo neqhubekayo.
6. Ukulima ngezilwane kudinga amanzi amaningi.
Ukulima kwezilwane kuvame ukunganakwa njengento ebangela ukushoda kwamanzi. Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kudinga inani elikhulu lamanzi kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, kusukela ekukhuliseni ukudla kwezilwane kuya ekuhlinzekeni ngamanzi okuphuza ezilwaneni. Ngokusho kweZizwe Ezihlangene, ezolimo zezilwane zibiza cishe u-30% wokusetshenziswa kwamanzi emhlabeni. Iphawundi elilodwa lenyama yenkomo, isibonelo, lidinga amalitha angaphezu kuka-1,800 amanzi ukuze likhiqizwe, kanti iphawundi elilodwa lesoya lidinga amalitha angu-216 kuphela. Uhlobo lokulima kwezilwane olusebenzisa amanzi amaningi lubeka ubunzima obungadingekile ezinsizeni zethu zamanzi ahlanzekile esezilinganiselwe kakade, okwandisa imiphumela yesomiso futhi kuthinte kokubili abantu nezilwane. Ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwethu kwenyama, singasiza ekunciphiseni okunye kokucindezeleka kulezi zinsiza futhi sisebenzele ikusasa eliqhubekayo.
7. Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yezilwane kudala imfucuza.
Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yezilwane kudala inani elikhulu lemfucuza elithinta kabi imvelo. Izilwane ezifuywayo zikhiqiza inani elikhulu lemfucuza, okuhlanganisa umquba nomchamo, okungangcolisa imithombo yomhlabathi namanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokuhlaba ikhiqiza igazi, amathambo, kanye neminye imikhiqizo yemfucuza okumele ilahlwe. Le mfucuza ingakhipha ukungcola okuyingozi emoyeni nasemanzini futhi ifake isandla ekusabalaleni kwezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa nokulahlwa kwemfucuza yezilwane kudala uphawu olukhulu lwekhabhoni, okunegalelo ekufudumaleni komhlaba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela umthelela wokukhiqizwa kwenyama yezilwane onayo emvelweni kanye nokuhlola eminye imithombo yokudla eqhubekayo, eqhubekayo ukuze kuncishiswe lo mthelela.
8. Ukulima imfuyo kudinga amandla amaningi.
Ukufuya imfuyo kunegalelo elikhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba. Izinqubo ezihilelekile ekukhiqizweni kwezilwane, njengokukhiqizwa kokudla, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza, zidinga inani elikhulu lamandla. Ngokusho kombiko we-Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo kubangelwa u-18% wokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba emhlabeni, okwenza kube yimbangela ebalulekile yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufuya imfuyo kudinga amanzi amaningi , umhlaba, kanye nezinye izinsiza, okungaba nemiphumela emibi emvelweni. Njengoba isidingo senyama nemikhiqizo yobisi sikhula, indlela yokufuya imfuyo esebenzisa amandla amaningi iyinkinga enkulu engenakunakwa.
9. Ukulima ngezilwane kunegalelo ekugawulweni kwamahlathi.
Ukulima kwezilwane kungenye yezimbangela eziphambili zokuqedwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba isidingo senyama yezilwane siqhubeka sikhula, nesidingo somhlaba wokukhulisa nokondla imfuyo siyakhula. Lokhu kuholele ekubhujisweni kwezigidi zamahektare ehlathi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon, lapho ukugawula indawo yokwelusa izinkomo kuyimbangela enkulu yokuqedwa kwamahlathi. Ukulahlekelwa kwamahlathi kunomthelela omubi kakhulu emvelweni, okubangela ushintsho lwesimo sezulu, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, kanye nokulahlekelwa yizinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwezilwane nokuqedwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukuthembela kwethu enyameni yezilwane ukuze sivikele amahlathi nezindawo zemvelo zeplanethi yethu ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
10. Ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kuyasimeme kakhulu.
Esinye sezizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zokushintshela ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni ukusimama kwayo. Ezolimo zezilwane zinegalelo eliphambili ekukhishweni kwamagesi okushisa, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Eqinisweni, ngokusho kweZizwe Ezihlangene, ezolimo zezilwane zibangela ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa okwandayo kunanoma yikuphi ukuthutha kuhlangene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqiza inyama yezilwane kudinga izinsiza kanye nomhlaba omningi kakhulu kunokukhiqiza ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni . Ngokwamukela ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni, abantu banganciphisa kakhulu umthelela wabo wekhabhoni futhi banikele ekusaseni elizinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kuye kwabonakala kudinga amanzi amancane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, okwenza kube ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsiza. Sekukonke, ukushintshela ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni akugcini nje ngokuba nezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo, kodwa futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni umthelela wemvelo wezinketho zethu zokudla.
Ekuphetheni, nakuba abantu abaningi bengase babe nomuzwa wokuthi ukudla inyama yezilwane kuwumkhuba wamasiko noma wendabuko ongenakuguqulwa, kubalulekile ukuqaphela imiphumela emibi yezempilo kanye nemvelo yalo mkhuba. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukudla imikhiqizo yezilwane akugcini nje ngokuqhubekayo emhlabeni wethu, futhi kubeka izingozi ezinkulu empilweni yethu nasenhlalakahleni yethu. Kusukela ekufakeni isandla ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekwandiseni ingozi yezifo ezingamahlalakhona, kunezizathu eziningi zokucabanga kabusha ngobuhlobo bethu nenyama yezilwane. Ngokwamukela ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwethu kwemikhiqizo yezilwane, singenza izinyathelo ezinhle zokuya ekusaseni elinempilo nelizinzile kithi kanye nasezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
