Emkhakheni wezolimo wezilwane oyinkimbinkimbi futhi ovame ukuphikisana, ukugxila ngokuvamile kudonsela ezisulungeni ezivelele—izinkomo, izingulube, izinkukhu, neminye imfuyo ejwayelekile. Nokho, kukhona into eyaziwa kancane, ephazamisa ngokulinganayo kule mboni: ukulima kwamagundane. UJordi Casamitjana, umbhali wencwadi ethi “Ethical Vegan,” ungena kule nsimu enganakwa, ekhanyisa ukuxhashazwa kwalezi zidalwa ezincane nezinomqondo.
Ukuhlola kukaCasamitjana kuqala ngendaba yomuntu siqu, elandisa ngokuhlala kwakhe ngokuthula negundane lendlu yasendle endlini yakhe yaseLondon. Lokhu kusebenzisana okubonakala kuyinto encane kwembula inhlonipho ejulile yokuzimela kanye nelungelo lokuphila kwazo zonke izidalwa, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bazo noma isimo somphakathi. Lokhu kuhlonipha kuhluke kakhulu namaqiniso abuhlungu amagundane amaningi angenayo inhlanhla njengozakwabo omncane.
Lesi sihloko sidingida izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagundane afuywayo, njengezingulube, ama-chinchilla, namagundane oqalo. Ingxenye ngayinye ichaza ngokucophelela umlando wemvelo nokuziphatha kwalezi zilwane, zihlanganisa ukuphila kwazo endle nezimo ezinzima ezizibekezelela ekuthunjweni. Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwemikhosi yama-Guinea pigs e-Andes kuya emapulazini oboya e-chinchillas eYurophu kanye nemboni yamagundane e-bamboo ekhulayo e-China, ukuxhashazwa kwalezi zilwane kubekwe obala.
Uphenyo lukaCasamitjana lwembula umhlaba lapho amagundane ezalaniswa khona, avalelwe, futhi abulawe ngenxa yenyama yawo, uboya bawo, kanye nezakhi zawo zokwelapha. Imithelela yezimiso zokuziphatha ijulile, inselele abafundi ukuba bacabangele kabusha imibono yabo ngalezi zidalwa ezivame ukuthukwa. Ngezincazelo ezicacile namaqiniso acwaningwe kahle, lesi sihloko asinikezi nje kuphela ulwazi kodwa futhi sidinga ukuba kubuyekezwe ubuhlobo bethu nazo zonke izilwane, sikhuthaze indlela ebonisa uzwela nezimiso zokuziphatha ephilisana ngayo.
Njengoba uhamba kulokhu kudalulwa, uzodalula amaqiniso afihlekile okulima kwamagundane, uthole ukuqonda okujulile ngosizi lwalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezincane kanye nemithelela ebanzi yenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye ne-veganism yokuziphatha.
### Kwembula Iqiniso Lokulima Kwegundane
Kuwebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yezolimo zezilwane, ukugqama kuvame ukwehlela izisulu ezijwayeleke kakhulu—izinkomo, izingulube, izinkukhu, nokunye okunjalo. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye eyaziwa kancane nokho ehlupha ngokulinganayo kule mboni ukulima kwamagundane. U-Jordi Casamitjana, umbhali wencwadi ethi “Ethical Vegan,” uhlolisisa le nkinga enganakiwe, esikhanyisela ngokuxhashazwa kwalezi zidalwa ezincane ezinemizwa.
Indaba ka-Casamitjana iqala ngendaba yomuntu siqu, elandisa ngokuhlala kwakhe negundane le-wild house efulethini lakhe e-London. Lobu budlelwano obubonakala bungenacala bugcizelela inhlonipho ejulile ngokuzimela nelungelo lokuphila kwazo zonke izidalwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingakanani noma zingakanani umphakathi. isimo. Lokhu kuhlonipha kuma ngokuhluke kakhulu namaqiniso abuhlungu amagundane amaningi angenayo inhlanhla njenge-flatmate yakhe encane.
I-athikili ihlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zamagundane afuywayo, okufaka phakathi ama-guinea pig, ama-chinchillas, namagundane o-bamboo. Isigaba ngasinye sichaza ngokucophelela umlando wemvelo nokuziphatha kwalezi zilwane, zihlanganisa impilo yazo endle nezimo ezinzima ezizibekezelela ekuthunjweni. Kusukela ekusetshenzisweni okungokomthetho kwe-guinea pigs e-Andes ukuya emapulazini oboya e-chinchillas e-Europe kanye nemboni ekhulayo yamagundane e-bamboo e-China, ukuxhashazwa kwalezi zilwane kubekwe obala.
Uphenyo luka-Casamitjana luveza umhlaba lapho amagundane ezalaniswa khona, avalelwe, futhi abulawe ngenxa yenyama yawo, uboya, kanye nezinto ezicatshangwayo zokwelapha. Imithelela yezimiso zokuziphatha ijulile, ibekela abafundi inselele ukuthi bacabangele kabusha imibono yabo yalezi zidalwa ezivame ukuthukwa. Ngezincazelo ezicacile namaqiniso acwaningwe kahle, i-athikili ayazisi nje kuphela kodwa futhi idinga ukuhlolwa kabusha kobudlelwane bethu nazo zonke izilwane, ikhuthaza indlela enobubele nelungile yokuphilisana.
Njengoba uhamba lokhu kudalulwa, uzodalula amaqiniso afihliwe okulima kwamagundane, uthole ukuqonda okujulile kosizi lwalezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezincane kanye nemithelela ebanzi yenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye ne-veganism elungile.
UJordi Casamitjana, umbhali wencwadi ethi “Ethical Vegan”, ubhala ngamagundane afuywayo, iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo imboni yezolimo yezilwane nayo iyaxhashazwa emapulazini.
Ngimthatha njengomuntu ohlala naye.
Efulethini engangihlala kulo eLondon ngaphambi kwaleli engiliqashile manje, ngangingahlali ngedwa. Nakuba kwakuyimina ngedwa umuntu lapho, ezinye izidalwa ezinemizwa nazo zazenza ikhaya lazo, futhi kwakukhona engangimthatha njengomngane wami wokuhlala naye ngoba sasihlanganyela amanye amagumbi avamile, njengegumbi lokuphumula nekhishi, kodwa hhayi igumbi lami lokulala noma igumbi lami lokulala. indlu yangasese. Kwenzeka ukuthi ubeyigundane. Igundane lasendlini, ukunemba, okwakuthi kusihlwa liphume eziko elingasasetshenziswa lizobingelela, futhi sahlala kancane.
Ngamshiya enjengoba ayefuna ukuba yikho, ngakho angizange ngimphakele noma yini enjalo, kodwa wayenenhlonipho futhi akazange angikhathaze. Wayeyazi imingcele yakhe nami eyami, futhi ngangazi ukuthi, nakuba ngangikhokha indawo yokuhlala, wayenelungelo elilingana nami lokuhlala lapho. Wayeyigundane lasendle laseNtshonalanga Yurophu ( Mus musculus domesticus ). Wayengeyena omunye wozakwethu basekhaya abantu abadalwe ukuze babahlole kumalebhu noma ukuzigcina njengezilwane ezifuywayo, ngakho ukuba sendlini yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu kwakuyindawo esemthethweni kuye.
Lapho ephuma ezulazula ekamelweni, kwakudingeka ngiqaphele ngoba noma yikuphi ukunyakaza engangikwenza ngokuzumayo kwakuzomthukuthelisa. Wayazi ukuthi, esilwaneni esincane esizingelayo, uyena abantu abaningi abambheka njengesilokazane, umhlaba uyindawo enenzondo, ngakho-ke kungcono aqhele endleleni yanoma yisiphi isilwane esikhulu, futhi ahlale eqaphile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Leso kwakuyisinyathelo esihlakaniphile, ngakho ngayihlonipha imfihlo yakhe.
Wayenenhlanhla uma kuqhathaniswa. Hhayi nje ngoba wagcina ehlala efulethini nomuntu odla inyama, kodwa ngoba wayekhululekile ukuhlala noma ukuhamba ngendlela athanda ngayo. Lokho akuyona into wonke amagundane angakusho. Ngaphezu kwamagundane ase-lab esengizibalulile, amanye amaningi avalelwe emapulazini, ngoba afuyelwa inyama noma isikhumba.
Uzwe kahle. Amagundane ayafuywa nawo. Uyazi ukuthi izingulube , izinkomo , izimvu , onogwaja , izimbuzi , ama-turkeys , izinkukhu , amahansi namadada zifuywa emhlabeni wonke, futhi Uma ufundile izihloko zami, kungenzeka ukuthi uthole ukuthi izimbongolo , amakamela, amaphisi , ama-ratites , izinhlanzi , ama-octopus , ama-crustaceans , ama-mollusc , nezinambuzane nazo ziyafuywa. Manje, uma ufunda le, uzofunda ngeqiniso lamagundane okulima.
Obani Amagundane Afuyiwe?
Amagundane ayiqembu elikhulu lezilwane ezincelisayo ze-oda i-Rodentia, ezizalelwa kuzo zonke izixuku ezinkulu zomhlaba ngaphandle kwe-New Zealand, i-Antarctica, kanye neziqhingi eziningi zasolwandle. Banepheya elilodwa lama-incisors abukhali ngokuqhubekayo emhlathini ngamunye ongenhla nangaphansi, abawusebenzisela ukuququda ukudla, ukumba imigodi, nanjengezikhali zokuzivikela. Eziningi ziyizilwane ezincane ezinemizimba eqinile, imilenze emifushane, nemisila emide, futhi eziningi zidla imbewu noma okunye ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni .
Sebenesikhathi eside bekhona, futhi baningi kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka -2,276 zezinhlobo ezingama-489 zamagundane (cishe ama-40% azo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo zingamagundane), futhi zingahlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile emakoloni noma emiphakathini. Zingezinye zezilwane ezincelisayo zakuqala ezavela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo zokhokho; irekhodi lakudala lezinsalela zamagundane livela e-Paleocene, ngemva nje kokushabalala kwama-dinosaur angewona awezinyoni eminyakeni engaba izigidi ezingu-66 edlule.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zamagundane, igundane lasendlini ( Mus musculus) kanye negundane laseNorway ( Rattus norvegicus domestica ) ziye zafuywa ukuze zisetshenziswe njengezifundo zocwaningo nokuhlola (futhi izinhlobonhlobo zasekhaya ezisetshenziselwa le njongo zivame ukuba mhlophe). Lezi zinhlobo ziphinde zixhashazwe njengezilwane ezifuywayo (ngaleso sikhathi ezaziwa ngokuthi amagundane amahle namagundane amahle), kanye ne-hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ), i-hamster encane (Phodopus spp.), i-degu evamile ( Octodon degus ) , i-gerbil (i-Meriones unguiculatus) , ingulube yaseGuinea ( Cavia porcellus ) , kanye ne-chinchilla evamile ( Chinchilla lanigera ) . Kodwa-ke, lezi ezimbili zokugcina, kanye negundane loqalo ( Rhizomys spp. ), nazo ziye zafuywa imboni yezolimo yezilwane ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto eziningana - futhi lezi zigundane ezineshwa yizo esizoxoxa ngazo lapha.
Izingulube zaseGuinea (ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-cavies) azizalwa eGuinea - zizalelwa esifundeni sase-Andes eNingizimu Melika - futhi azihlobene eduze nezingulube, ngakho-ke mhlawumbe ukuzibiza ngokuthi ama-cavies kungaba ngcono. Ingulube yasekhaya ( Cavia porcellus ) yafuywa emigodini yasendle (okungenzeka ukuthi iCavia tschudii ) cishe ngo-5,000 BCE ukuze ifuywe ukuze idliwe yizizwe zase-Andean zangaphambi kobukoloni (abazibiza ngokuthi "cuy", igama elisetshenziswa eMelika). Imigodi yasendle ihlala emathafeni anotshani futhi iyizilwane ezidla utshani, idla utshani njengoba izinkomo zingenza ezindaweni ezifanayo zase-Europe. Ziyizilwane ezihlala kahle ezihlala emaqenjini amancane abizwa ngokuthi "imihlambi" ehlanganisa izinsikazi eziningana ezibizwa ngokuthi "izingulube", iduna elilodwa elibizwa ngokuthi "ingulube", kanye namaphuphu azo abizwa ngokuthi "imidlwane" (njengoba ubona, amaningi alawa magama afanayo. kunalezo ezisetshenziselwa izingulube zangempela). Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amagundane, imigede ayikugcini ukudla, njengoba idla utshani nezinye izimila ezindaweni lapho kungapheli khona (ama-molars awo afaneleka kakhulu ekugayeni izitshalo). Zikhosela emigodini yezinye izilwane (azizimbi eyazo) futhi zivame ukusebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusa nokuhwalala. Zinezinkumbulo ezinhle njengoba zingakwazi ukufunda izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze zithole ukudla futhi zizikhumbule izinyanga, kodwa azikho kahle kakhulu ekukhuphukeni noma ekugxumeni, ngakho zivame ukuba yiqhwa njengendlela yokuzivikela kunokuba zibaleke. Bangabantu bezenhlalakahle kakhulu futhi basebenzisa umsindo njengendlela yabo yokuxhumana eyinhloko. Ekuzalweni, ziyakwazi ukuzimela njengoba zinamehlo avulekile, zinoboya obuphelele futhi ziqala ukudla ngokushesha. Izilwane ezifuywayo ezifuywayo ziphila iminyaka emine kuya kwemihlanu kodwa zingaphila iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili.
Amagundane oqalo amagundane atholakala eNingizimu ye-Asia, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia naseMpumalanga Asia, ayingxenye yezinhlobo ezine ze-subfamily Rhizomyinae. Igundane loqalo lwaseShayina ( Rhizomys sinensis ) lihlala enkabeni naseningizimu yeChina, enyakatho yeBurma, naseVietnam; igundane loqalo olumpunga ( R. pruinosus ), lihlala lisuka e-Assam eNdiya liya eningizimu-mpumalanga yeChina naseNhlonhlweni yaseMalay; i-Sumatra, i-Indomalayan, noma i-bamboo rat enkulu ( R. sumatrensis ) ihlala e-Yunnan e-China, e-Indochina, eNhlonhlweni yaseMalay naseSumatra; igundane loqalo elincane ( Cannomys badius ) lihlala eNepal, Assam, enyakatho yeBangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia nasenyakatho yeVietnam. Amagundane amakhulu abukeka e-hamster anezindlebe namehlo amancane, nemilenze emifushane. Zidla ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo emigodini emikhulu lapho zihlala khona. Ngaphandle kwamagundane oqalo oluncane, adla ngokuyinhloko ngoqalo futhi ahlala ezihlahleni eziminyene zoqalo endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1,200 kuya ku-4,000. Ebusuku, zidla ngaphezu kwenhlabathi ukuze zithole izithelo, imbewu, nezinto ezisetshenziswa esidlekeni, zize zigibele neziqu zoqalo. Lamagundane angaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu amahlanu (amakhilogremu angu-11) futhi akhule abe amasentimitha angu-45 (amayintshi angu-17) ubude. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, ziba zodwa futhi ziyindawo , nakuba abesifazane ngezinye izikhathi baye babonakala bedla namaphuphu abo. Zizalanisa ngesikhathi esimanzi, kusukela ngoNhlolanja kuya kuMbasa futhi kusukela ngoNcwaba kuya kuMfumfu. Bangaphila iminyaka emi-5.
Ama-chinchilla amagundane athambile ohlobo lwe- Chinchilla chinchilla (i-chinchilla enomsila omfushane) noma i-Chinchilla lanigera (i-chinchilla enomsila omude) ezalelwa ezintabeni zase-Andes eNingizimu Melika. NjengamaCavies, nawo ahlala emakoloni abizwa ngokuthi “imihlambi”, ezindaweni eziphakeme aze afike ku-4,270 m. Nakuba zazivamile eBolivia, ePeru, naseChile, namuhla, amakoloni asendle aziwa kuphela eChile (i-long-tailed nje e-Aucó, eduze ne-Illapel), futhi asengozini. Ukuze asinde emakhazeni asezintabeni eziphakeme, ama-chinchilla anoboya obuminyene kakhulu kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni, ezinoboya obungaba ngu-20,000 ngesentimitha yesikwele kanye nezinwele ezingu-50 ezikhula ku-follicle ngayinye. Ama-chinchilla avame ukuchazwa ngokuthi athambile, athambile, athule, futhi anovalo, kanti endle ayasebenza ebusuku aphuma emifantwini nasemigodini phakathi kwamadwala ukuze adle ezitshalweni. Endaweni yabo yendabuko, ama-chinchillas angama-colonial , ahlala ngamaqembu abantu abangafika ku-100 (akha ama-monogamous pair) ezindaweni ezomile, ezinamadwala. Ama-chinchillas angahamba ngokushesha okukhulu futhi agxume ubude obufika ku-1 noma 2 m, futhi athanda ukugeza othulini ukuze agcine uboya bawo busesimweni esihle. Ama-chinchillas akhulula izigaxa zezinwele (“ukushelela koboya”) njengendlela yokugwema izilwane ezizingelayo, futhi angezwa kahle njengoba enezindlebe ezinkulu. Zingazalanisa noma nini onyakeni, nakuba isikhathi sazo sokuzala ngokuvamile siphakathi kukaMeyi noNovemba. Bangaphila iminyaka eyi-10-20.
Ukulima Kwezingulube zaseGuinea
IGuinea Pigs amagundane okuqala afuywa ukuze adliwe. Ngemva kokulinywa iminyaka eyinkulungwane, sebeyizilwane ezifuywayo manje. Zaqalwa zafuywa kusukela ngo-5000 BC ezindaweni zanamuhla eziseningizimu yeColombia, i-Ecuador, iPeru kanye neBolivia. Abantu baseMoche basePeru yasendulo babevame ukudweba i-Guinea pig emdwebeni wabo. Kukholakala ukuthi ama-cavies kwakuyisilwane esithandwayo somhlatshelo esingesona esomuntu kubantu base-Inca. Imizi eminingi ezindaweni eziphakeme zase-Andean namuhla namanje isalima imigodi yokudla, njengoba abantu baseYurophu bebezofuya onogwaja (abangewona amagundane, ngendlela, kodwa amaLagomorphs). Abadayisi baseSpain, amaDashi, namaNgisi bathatha izingulube ze-Guinea baya eYurophu, lapho zasheshe zaduma njengezilwane ezifuywayo zangaphandle (futhi kamuva zasetshenziswa njengezisulu ze-vivisection).
E-Andes, ama-cavies ayedliwa ngokwesiko ngesikhathi sokudla futhi athathwa njengesidlo esiphundu kubantu bomdabu, kodwa kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960 ukuwadla sekujwayeleke futhi kuvame kakhulu kubantu abaningi besifunda, ikakhulukazi ePeru naseBolivia, kodwa nasezintabeni zase-Ecuador. kanye neColombia. Abantu abavela emaphandleni nasemadolobheni bangase balima imihume ukuze bathole imali eyengeziwe, futhi bangase bayithengise ezimakethe zendawo nasemibukisweni emikhulu kamasipala. Abantu basePeru badla izingulube ezilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-65 unyaka ngamunye, futhi kunemikhosi eminingi nemikhosi enikezelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwemigede.
Njengoba zingakhuliswa kalula ezindaweni ezincane, abantu abaningi baqala amapulazi e-cavy ngaphandle kokutshala izinsiza eziningi (noma ukukhathalela kakhulu impilo yabo). Emapulazini, imigodi izogcinwa ivalelwe ezindlini noma ezibayeni, ngezinye izikhathi lapho kuminyene kakhulu, futhi ingathola izinkinga ezinyaweni uma izingubo zokulala zingahlanzwa njalo. Baphoqeleka ukuthi babe namalitha angaba yisihlanu ngonyaka (izilwane ezimbili kuya kwezinhlanu ilitha ngalinye). Abesifazane basuke sebevuthwe ngokocansi ekuqaleni kwenyanga eyodwa ubudala - kodwa ngokuvamile bayaphoqeleka ukuthi bazale ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu. Njengoba bedla utshani, abalimi basezindaweni zasemakhaya abadingi ukutshala imali engaka ekudleni (ngokuvamile ukubanikeza utshani obuguga obungase bukhuntile, obuthinta impilo yezilwane), kodwa njengoba bengakwazi ukukhiqiza owabo uvithamini C njengobuningi. izilwane zingakwazi, abalimi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi amanye amaqabunga abawadlayo aphakeme kule vitamin. Njengezinye izilwane ezifuywayo, izingane zihlukaniswa nonina kusenesikhathi, cishe amasonto amathathu ubudala, futhi zifakwa ezibayeni ezihlukene, zihlukanise amaduna amancane nezinsikazi. Khona-ke omama bayekwa ukuba “baphumule” amasonto amabili noma amathathu ngaphambi kokuba bafakwe esibayeni sokuzalela ukuze babaphoqe ukuba bazale. Ama-cavies abulawa ngenxa yenyama yawo esemncane enezinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu ubudala lapho efinyelela phakathi kuka-1.3 - 2 lbs.
Ngawo-1960s, amanyuvesi asePeru aqala izinhlelo zocwaningo ezihloselwe ukuzalanisa izingulube ezinkulu, futhi ucwaningo olwalandela selwenziwa ukuze ukulima kwemigodi kube nenzuzo enkulu. Uhlobo lwe-cavy olwakhiwe yi-La Molina National Agrarian University (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Tamborada) lukhula ngokushesha futhi lungaba nesisindo esingu-3 kg (6.6 lb). Amanyuvesi ase-Ecuador nawo akhiqize uhlobo olukhulu (Auqui). Lezi zinhlobo zisatshalaliswa kancane kancane ezingxenyeni zaseNingizimu Melika. Manje kuye kwaba nemizamo yokulima imigede yokudla emazweni aseNtshonalanga Afrika, njengeCameroon, iDemocratic Republic of Congo, neTanzania. Ezinye izindawo zokudlela zaseNingizimu Melika emadolobheni amakhulu ase-US zikhonza njengesibiliboco, kanti e-Australia, ipulazi elincane lama-cavy e-Tasmania lafika ezindabeni ngokuthi inyama yalo isimeme kunezinye izilwane.
Ukulima kweChinchillas
Ama-chinchillas afuyelwe uboya bawo, hhayi inyama yawo, futhi kube nokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngoboya be-Chinchilla kusukela ngekhulu le- 16 . Ukwenza ijazi elilodwa loboya, kuthatha ama-chinchillas angu-150-300. Ukuzingela kwazo ama-Chinchillas ngenxa yoboya bazo kakade sekuholele ekushabalaleni kohlobo olulodwa, kanye nokushabalala kwendawo kwezinye izinhlobo ezimbili ezisele. Phakathi kuka-1898 no-1910, i-Chile yayithumela kwamanye amazwe ama-chinchilla pelts angaba yizigidi eziyisikhombisa ngonyaka. Manje akukho emthethweni ukuzingela ama-chinchillas asendle, ngakho ukuwafuya emapulazini oboya sekuyinto evamile.
Ama-chinchilla afuyelwe ukudayisa ngoboya bawo emazweni amaningana aseYurophu (okuhlanganisa iCroatia, iCzech Republic, iPoland, iRomania, iHungary, iRussia, iSpain ne-Italy), kanye naseMelika (okuhlanganisa i-Argentina, iBrazil, ne-US). Isidingo esikhulu salobu boya besiseJapan, China, Russia, US, Germany, Spain, kanye ne-Italy. Ngo-2013, i-Romania yakhiqiza ama-chinchilla pelts angu-30,000. E-US, ipulazi lokuqala laqala ngo-1923 e-Inglewood, eCalifornia, eseliphenduke indlunkulu ye-chinchilla ezweni.
Emapulazini oboya, ama-chinchillas agcinwa emakhejini amabhethri anezintambo ezincane kakhulu, ngokwesilinganiso esingu-50 x 50 x 50 cm (izinkulungwane zezikhathi ezincane kunezindawo zawo zemvelo). Kula makheji, azikwazi ukuhlalisana njengoba zazingenza endle. Abesifazane bavinjelwa ngamakholomu epulasitiki futhi baphoqelelwe ukuba bahlale ngaphansi kwezimo zesithembu. Banokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ekugezeni izintuli namabhokisi ezidleke . Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi ama-47% ama-chinchillas emapulazini oboya ase-Dutch akhombisa impatho engelona iqiniso ehlobene nengcindezi njengokuluma amapellets. Ama-chinchillas amancane ahlukaniswa nonina lapho enezinsuku ezingu-60 ubudala. Izinkinga zempilo ezivame ukutholakala emapulazini izifo zokukhunta, izinkinga zamazinyo kanye nokufa okuphezulu kwezinsana. Ama-chinchillas afuywayo abulawa yi-electrocution (mhlawumbe ngokufaka ama-electrode endlebeni eyodwa nomsila wesilwane, noma ukuwafaka emanzini afakwe ugesi), ukushaywa umoya, noma ukuphuka kwentamo.
Ngo-2022, inhlangano evikela izilwane i-Humane Society International (HIS) yathola imikhuba enonya nesolwa ngokungekho emthethweni emapulazini e-chinchilla yase-Romanian. Yayihlanganisa amapulazi e-chinchilla angu-11 ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseRomania. Abaphenyi bathi abanye abalimi babatshele ukuthi babulala izifuyo ngokuzephula izintamo , okuzakuba semthethweni ngaphansi komthetho weEuropean Union. Leli qembu liphinde lathi ama-chinchillas wesifazane agcinwa emijikelezweni yokukhulelwa ecishe ibe unomphela, futhi ayaphoqeleka ukuthi agqoke “ibhande eliqinile lentamo noma ukhololo” ukuze awavimbe ekubalekeni ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Amazwe amaningi avimbela amapulazi oboya manje. Ngokwesibonelo, elinye lamazwe okuqala avimbela amapulazi e-chinchilla kwakuyi- Netherlands ngo-1997. Ngo-November 2014, ipulazi lokugcina loboya be-chinchilla laseSweden lavalwa. Ngomhla zingama-22 kuSeptemba 2022, iPhalamende laseLatvia lagunyaza ivoti lokuvinjelwa okuphelele kokuzalaniswa kwezilwane zoboya (kuhlanganise nama-chinchillas ayefuywa ezweni) kodwa azoqala ukusebenza ngasekupheleni kuka-2028. Ngeshwa, naphezu kwalokhu kuvinjelwa, kukhona kusengamapulazi amaningi e-chinchilla emhlabeni - futhi iqiniso lokuthi ama-chinchillas nawo agcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo akusizanga, njengoba kugunyaza ukuthunjwa kwawo .
Ukulima Kwamagundane Oqalo
Amagundane oqalo afuyelwe ukudla eShayina nasemazweni angomakhelwane (njengeVietnam) amakhulu eminyaka. Kuye kwathiwa ukudla amagundane e-bamboo "kuyisiko elivamile" eNkathini YaseZhou (1046-256 BCE). Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni embalwa edlule kuphela eye yaba imboni enkulu (akuzange kube nesikhathi esanele sokwenza izinguqulo zasekhaya zamagundane e-bamboo, ngakho-ke lawo afuywayo ayingxenye efanayo nalawo ahlala endle). Ngo-2018, izinsizwa ezimbili, iHua Nong Brothers, esifundazweni saseJiangxi, zaqala ukuqopha ama-video ezizalanisa - futhi ziwapheka - futhi zawathumela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Lokho kwavusa imfashini, futhi ohulumeni baqala ukuxhasa ukulima kwamagundane oqalo. Ngo-2020, bekunamagundane afuywa e-bamboo acishe abe yizigidi ezingama-66 eChina . E-Guangxi, okuyisifundazwe esikhulukazi sezolimo esinabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-50, inani lemakethe lonyaka lamagundane oqalo lingaba ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.8. Ngokwe-China News Weekly, bangaphezu kuka-100,000 abantu abafuya amagundane oqalo abalelwa ezigidini ezingu-18 kulesi sifundazwe kuphela.
E-China, abantu basabheka amagundane e-bamboo njengento enhle futhi bazimisele ukuwakhokhela amanani aphezulu - ngokwengxenye ngoba imithi yendabuko yaseShayina ithi inyama yamagundane e-bamboo ingakhipha ubuthi emizimbeni yabantu futhi ithuthukise umsebenzi wokugaya ukudla. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuqubuka kwalokho okwakuzoba ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 kuxhumene nemakethe edayisa izilwane zasendle, iChina yamisa ukuhweba kwezilwane zasendle ngoJanuwari 2020, okuhlanganisa namagundane oqalo (omunye wabangenele ukhetho lokuqala lolu bhubhane). Amavidiyo amagundane oqalo angaphezu kuka-900 angcwatshwa ephila asakazwa ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. NgoFebhuwari 2020, i-China yavala konke ukudla nokuhweba okuhlobene kwezilwane zasendle zasemhlabeni ukunciphisa ubungozi bezifo ze-zoonotic. Lokhu kwaholela ekuvalweni kwamapulazi amaningi amagundane oqalo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba lolu bhubhane seluphelile, imithetho ixegisiwe, ngakho-ke imboni iqala kabusha.
Eqinisweni, ngaphandle kwalolu bhubhane, i-Global Research Insights ilinganisela ukuthi wemakethe ye-Bamboo Rat kulindeleke ukuthi ukhule. Izinkampani ezibalulekile kulo mkhakha yi-Wuxi Bamboo Rat Technology Co. Ltd., i-Longtan Village Bamboo Rat Breeding Co., Ltd., kanye ne-Gongcheng County Yifusheng Bamboo Rat Breeding Co., Ltd.
Abanye abalimi ababezabalaza ngokufuya izingulube noma ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo manje sebeshintshele kumagundane oqalo ngoba bathi kulula. Isibonelo, u-Nguyen Hong Minh ohlala e-Mui hamlet, e-Hoa Binh City's Doc Lap commune, washintshela kumagundane oqalo ngemuva kokuthi ibhizinisi lakhe lokufuya izingulube lingakhiqizi inzuzo eyanele. Ekuqaleni, uMinh wathenga amagundane asendle e-bamboo kubacuphi futhi waguqula isibaya sakhe sezingulube esidala saba indawo yokuzalanisa, kodwa naphezu kwamagundane e-bamboo akhula kahle, wathi abesifazane babulala izingane eziningi ngemva kokuzalwa (mhlawumbe ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwezimo ezigcinwe). Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, wathola indlela yokuvimbela lokhu kufa kusenesikhathi, futhi manje ufuye amagundane oqalo angu-200 epulazini lakhe. Uthe inyama yabo angayithengisa nge-600,000 VND ($24.5) ngekhilogremu, okuyinani eliphezulu kwezomnotho ukudlula ukufuya inkukhu noma izingulube zenyama yazo. Kukhona nezimangalo zokuthi ukufuywa kwamagundane oqalo kunekhabhoni ephansi kunezinye izilwane nokuthi inyama yala magundane inempilo kunenyama yezinkomo noma yengulube, ngakho-ke lokhu kungahle kukhuthaze abalimi ukuthi bashintshele kulolu hlobo olusha lokufuywa kwezilwane. .
Imboni yamagundane e-bamboo yaseShayina ayizange ibe khona isikhathi eside kangako, ngakho-ke alukho ulwazi oluningi mayelana nezimo izilwane ezigcinwayo, ikakhulukazi ngoba ukwenza uphenyo oluyimfihlo eShayina kunzima kakhulu, kodwa njengakunoma yikuphi ukufuywa kwezilwane, inzuzo izofika ngaphambili. inhlalakahle yezilwane, ngakho-ke ukuxhashazwa kwalezi zilwane ezithambile ngokungangabazeki kuzoholela ekuhluphekeni kwazo - uma bezingcwaba ziphila ngenxa yalolu bhubhane, cabanga ukuthi bezizophathwa kanjani ngokujwayelekile. Amavidiyo athunyelwe abalimi ngokwabo ababonisa ukuthi baphatha izilwane futhi bazifaka emigodini emincane, ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuphikiswa okukhulu kwamagundane, kodwa lawa mavidiyo azoba yingxenye ye-PR yabo, ngakho babezofihla noma yini ecacile. ubufakazi bokuphathwa kabi noma ukuhlupheka (kuhlanganise nendlela ababulawa ngayo).
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngenxa yenyama yawo noma isikhumba sawo, amagundane aye afuywa kokubili eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, futhi ukulima okunjalo kuya ngokuya kuba nezimboni. Njengoba amagundane azalela ngokushesha futhi asevele ethobile ngisho nangaphambi kokufuywa, amathuba ukuthi ukufuywa kwamagundane kungase kukhule, ikakhulukazi lapho ezinye izinhlobo zokufuywa kwezilwane zingathandwa kakhulu futhi zibiza kakhulu. Njengama-ungulates, izinyoni nezingulube, izinhlobo ezintsha ezifuywayo zezinhlobo zamagundane zidalwe abantu ukuze bandise "ukukhiqiza", futhi lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zisetshenziselwe ezinye izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa, njenge-vivisection noma ukuhweba ngezilwane ezifuywayo, ukwandisa umbuthano wokuhlukumeza.
Thina, ama-vegans, simelene nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa kwezilwane ngoba siyazi ukuthi zonke zingase zibangele ukuhlupheka kubantu abanemizwa, futhi uma wamukela uhlobo oluthile lokuxhaphaza abanye bazosebenzisa ukwamukela okunjalo ukuze bathethelele enye. Ezweni lapho izilwane zingenawo amalungelo anele omthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ukubekezelelwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhashazwa kuyohlale kuholela ekuhlukunyezweni okunganqatshiwe.
Njengeqembu, amagundane avame ukubhekwa njengezinambuzane, ngakho abantu abaningi ngeke babe nandaba kangako nokuthi alinywa yini noma cha, kodwa awazona izinambuzane, ukudla, izingubo, noma izilwane ezifuywayo . Amagundane ayizidalwa ezizwelayo njengami nawe, ezifanelwe amalungelo afanayo okuziphatha esinawo.
Asikho isidalwa esinemizwa okufanele sifuywe.
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