Kuwebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yokongiwa kwemvelo, ukuvikelwa kwezilwane zasemanzini kuveza isethi eyingqayizivele yezinselele namathuba. I-athikili ethi “Izici Ezibalulekile Ekugcinweni Kwezilwane Zasemanzini,” eyabhalwa ngu-Robert Walker futhi isekelwe ocwaningweni luka-Jamieson and Jacquet (2023), icubungula amandla ahlukahlukene anomthelela ekuvikelweni kwezinhlobo zasolwandle njengama-cetaceans, tuna, nama-octopus. Ishicilelwe ngoMeyi 23, 2024, lolu cwaningo luhlola indima ebalulekile yobufakazi besayensi emizamweni yokongiwa kwalezi zilwane ezihlukahlukene zasemanzini.
Lolu cwaningo lugqamisa isici esibalulekile kodwa esivame ukunganakwa sokuvikelwa kwezilwane: amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlomula ngawo izinhlobo ezahlukene ekungeneleleni kwabantu. Nakuba ezinye izilwane zijabulela ukuvikeleka okubalulekile ngenxa yokuhlakanipha kwazo okucatshangwayo, ukukhanga kobuhle, noma ukuqina kokumelela komuntu, ezinye zihlala zisengozini futhi zixhashazwa. Lo mehluko uphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nezici eziqhuba izinto eziza kuqala kwezokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nempumelelo yedatha yesayensi ekubumbeni le mizamo.
Ngokugxila kuhlaka lwesayensi lwe-ejensi, imizwa, kanye nokuqonda, abacwaningi baqhathanisa izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene zezilwane zasemanzini—ama-cetaceans (imikhomo, amahlengethwa, nama-porpoise), i-thunni (tuna), kanye ne-octopoda (ama-octopus). Ngokuhlola amazinga omlando kanye namanje okuvikela anikezwa lezi zinhlobo zezilwane, ucwaningo luhlose ukwembula izinga lapho ukuqonda kwesayensi kuthonya izinqubomgomo zokongiwa kwemvelo.
Okutholakele kwembula ubudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kobufakazi besayensi nokuvikelwa kwezilwane. Nakuba ama-cetaceans azuze ocwaningweni olunzulu nasezinhlelweni zamazwe ngamazwe kule minyaka engu-80 edlule, ama-octopus asanda kuqala ukuqashelwa ngokuhlakanipha kwawo kanye nomuzwa, nezinyathelo zokuzivikela ezilinganiselwe ezikhona. I-tuna, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu, kungekho mthetho oqaphela ukubaluleka kwayo ngabanye kanye nokuvikelwa okukhona okugxile kuphela esimeni sayo njengezinhlanzi.
Ngokuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kokushicilelwe kwesayensi nomlando wemizamo yokuvikela, abacwaningi baphethe ngokuthi ubufakazi besayensi bubodwa abuqinisekisi ukuvikelwa okunengqondo kwezilwane zasemanzini. Nokho, basikisela ukuthi ubufakazi obunjalo bungaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokukhulumela, okungenzeka libe nomthelela wamasu okulondoloza imvelo esikhathini esizayo.
Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono obanzi wokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kocwaningo lwesayensi nokuvikelwa kwezilwane, okunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile kubalondolozi bemvelo, abakhi bezinqubomgomo, kanye nabakhulumeli abalwela ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezilwane zasemanzini.
### Isingeniso
Kuwebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yokongiwa kwemvelo, ukuvikelwa kwezilwane zasemanzini kunikeza isethi eyingqayizivele yezinselele namathuba. I-athikili ethi “Izici Eziyinhloko Ezinomthelela Ukuvikelwa Kwezilwane Zasemanzini,” ibhalwe ngu-Robert Walker futhi isekelwe ocwaningweni luka-Jamieson no-Jacquet (2023), ihlola amandla ahlukahlukene anomthelela ekuvikelweni kwezinhlobo zasolwandle njengama-cetaceans, i-tuna, nama-octopus. Ishicilelwe ngoMeyi 23, 2024, lolu cwaningo luhlola indima ebalulekile yobufakazi besayensi emizamweni yokongiwa kwalezi zilwane zasemanzini ezihlukahlukene.
Ucwaningo lugqamisa isici esibalulekile kodwa esivame ukunganakwa sokuvikelwa kwezilwane: amazinga ahlukahlukeni lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane zizuza khona ekungeneleleni komuntu. abanye bahlala besengozini futhi bexhashazwa. Lo mehluko uphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nezici eziqhuba izinto eziza kuqala zokongiwa kanye nokusebenza kwedatha yesayensi ekubumbeni le mizamo.
Ngokugxila kuhlaka lwesayensi lwe-ejensi, imizwa, kanye nokuqonda, abacwaningi baqhathanise izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene zezilwane zasemanzini—ama-cetaceans (imikhomo, amahlengethwa, nama-porpoise), i-thunni (tuna), kanye ne-octopoda (ama-octopus). Ngokuhlola amazinga omlando kanye namanje okuvikela anikezwa lezi zinhlobo zezilwane, ucwaningo luhlose ukwembula izinga lapho ukuqonda kwesayensi kuthonya izinqubomgomo zokongiwa kwemvelo.
Okutholakele kuveza ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi nobufakazi besayensi nokuvikelwa kwezilwane. Nakuba ama-cetaceans ahlomule ocwaningweni olubanzi nasezinhlelweni zamazwe ngamazwe kule minyaka engu-80 edlule, ama-octopus asanda kuqala ukuthola ukuqashelwa ngobuhlakani bawo, ubuhlakani kanye nokunqunyelwe. izinyathelo zokuzivikela ezikhona. I-tuna, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibhekana nezinselele ezinkulu, kungekho mthetho oqaphela ukubaluleka komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuvikela okukhona okugxile kuphela esimeni sazo njengezitokwe zezinhlanzi.
Ngokuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kokushicilelwe kwesayensi nomlando wemizamo yokuvikela, abacwaningi baphethe ngokuthi ubufakazi besayensi bubodwa abuqinisekisi ukuvikelwa okunengqondo kwezilwane zasemanzini. Nokho, baphakamisa ukuthi ubufakazi obunjalo bungaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokumela, elinamandla okuba nomthelela amasu okulondoloza esikhathi esizayo.
Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubuka konke okubanzi kokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kocwaningo lwesayensi nokuvikelwa kwezilwane, okunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile kubalondolozi bemvelo, abenzi benqubomgomo, nabasekeli abazama ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezilwane zasemanzini.
Isifinyezo Ngu: Robert Walker | Isifundo Soqobo Ngu: Jamieson, D., & Jacquet, J. (2023) | Kushicilelwe: May 23, 2024
Izinto eziningi zingathonya ukuvikelwa kwezilwane, kodwa indima yedatha ayihlali icacile. Lolu cwaningo luhlole ukuthi ubufakazi besayensi budlala kanjani ekulondolozweni kwe-cetaceans, i-thunni, ne-octopoda.
Ezinye izilwane zizuza kakhulu ekuvikelweni komuntu, kanti ezinye ziyahlukunyezwa futhi zixhashazwe. Izizathu eziqondile zokuvikela abanye hhayi abanye ziyahlukahluka, futhi azicaci ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izici eziningi ezihlukene zidlala indima, okuhlanganisa ukuthi isilwane 'sihle' yini, ukuthi abantu basondelana kangakanani naso, noma ngabe abantu baye bakhankasela lezi zilwane, noma ukuthi lezi zilwane zihlakaniphile yini ngokwezindinganiso zomuntu.
Leli phepha libheke indima yesayensi ekusizeni izilwane ukuba zithole ukuvikeleka, ligxile ikakhulukazi ekuhlakanipheni kwesayensi kwe-ejensi, imizwa, kanye nokuqonda kwezilwane zasemanzini. Ukuze benze lokhu, abacwaningi baqhathanisa izigaba ezintathu zezilwane ezinamazinga ahluke kakhulu okuqonda kwesayensi - i-cetacea (ama-cetaceans anjengemikhomo, amahlengethwa, nama-porpoise), i-thunni (tuna), ne -octopoda (ingwane) - ukuze banqume ukuthi angakanani amazinga atholakalayo. idatha yesayensi yasiza imbangela yabo ngokuqhathanisa izici ezimbili.
Okokuqala, babheka izinga lokuvikelwa lezi zilwane ezinikezwayo - kanye nomlando wokuthi kungani lezi zivikelo zenziwa nini futhi nini. Lapha, ama-cetaceans azuze kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezehlukene zezemvelo nezenhlalakahle kule minyaka engu-80 edlule okuhlanganisa ukusungulwa kweKhomishana Yokudotshwa Kwemikhomo Yamazwe Ngamazwe, kanye nocwaningo oluningi mayelana nobuhlakani babo kanye ne-ethology. Ama-Octopods aseqalile ukunakwa okwengeziwe eminyakeni eyi-10-15 edlule, aqashelwa kakhulu njenganozwela futhi ahlakaniphe kakhulu - kodwa lokhu kusazoholela ekuvikelweni okuphelele emhlabeni jikelele. Okokugcina, i-tuna ibhekene nempi enzima kakhulu: awukho umthetho emhlabeni wonke oqaphelayo ukuthi ifanelwe ukuvikelwa komuntu ngamunye, futhi ukuvikela okukhona kugxile esimeni sayo njengezinhlanzi.
Okwesibili, abacwaningi bazama ukukala umthelela wesayensi, behlola ukuthi ingakanani idatha etholakalayo mayelana nobuhlakani kanye nokongiwa kwalezi zigaba zezilwane, nokuthi le sayensi yavela nini. Babheka ukuthi mangaki amaphepha ashicilelwe ngezilwane kule mikhakha, futhi nini. Baphinde babheka umlando wemizamo yokuvikela isigaba ngasinye, ukuthola ukuthi inkulu kangakanani indima eyabanjwa yilobu bufakazi, kanye nososayensi.
Bathola ukuthi ubufakazi besayensi bokusebenza kwezilwane, imizwa, noma ukuqonda akusho ukuthi lezi zilwane zizothola ukuvikeleka okunengqondo. Ngamanye amazwi, akuzange kube khona umthelela oyimbangela phakathi kwezinga elikhulu lobufakazi besayensi nezinga eliphakeme lokuvikela . Nokho, basikisela ukuthi lobu bufakazi bungase bube yithuluzi elibalulekile lemizamo yokumela, nokuthi le mizamo yokumelela ingase ingaphumeleli uma kungekho ukusekelwa kwesayensi .
Abacwaningi baphinde bahlonza ezinye izici ezingasiza ekuqhubekiseni imizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukuthi ososayensi abathakazelayo bayayisekela yini lezi zilwane, ukuthi inhlangano yokumela ithatha imbangela, nokuthi ngokwesiko abantu bahlobana kanjani nezigaba ezithile . Abacwaningi baphinde baphakamisa ukuthi izilwane zibonwe njengabantu zingadlala indima ebalulekile. Ngamanye amazwi, isayensi ingase ibaluleke, futhi ngokuvamile iwusizo ekuthetheleleni ukuzwelana okukhona ngaphambili, kodwa ukuvikela kuzothola ukudonswa okwengeziwe uma izilwane zingaboniswa ukuthi zinezinga elikhulu lomuntu ngamunye.
Nakuba umbiko uwusizo ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani ezinye izilwane zasemanzini zaziswa kakhulu kunezinye, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukulinganiselwa kwakho. Umbiko wawubanzi, kodwa awuzange uchaze kabanzi mayelana nokuthi noma yiziphi izici ozishoyo zisebenza kanjani. Ngamanye amazwi, ayizange ibonise ukuthi yiziphi kulezi zici ezibaluleke kakhulu, noma inqubo ethile umuntu adala ngayo ushintsho.
Noma kunjalo, abameli bangathatha izifundo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile kulo mbiko. Kososayensi, ubufakazi bokusebenza kwezilwane, imizwa, kanye nokuqonda kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthetheleleni imikhankaso yokongiwa kwemvelo. Khonamanjalo, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obusiza ukudwebela izilwane njengabantu ngabanye emphakathini jikelele bungahambisa inaliti yokumela. Ukuba khona kwabakhulumeli bososayensi abathakazelayo balezi zilwane kungaba nethonya elikhulu.
Kwabangebona ososayensi, lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ubufakazi besayensi abanele bubodwa. Kudingeka sisebenzise futhi sibonise ubufakazi obukhona ngezindlela zokudala ukwenza abantu bazizwe bexhumene ngokomzwelo nezinhlobo ezahlukene, ngoba kungale mizwa lapho abantu beqala khona ukushintsha ukuziphatha kwabo.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ngoFaunalyTics.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono ye Humane Foundation.
