Isikhathi eside kakhulu, insumansumane yokuthi izinhlanzi azinakukwazi ukuzwa izinhlungu zilungiselele isihluku esisakazekile ekudobeni nasezindaweni ezifuywayo. Kodwa-ke, ukufaka ubufakazi besayensi ekwakhekeni okuhluke ngokuphelele: Izinhlanzi zinezinhlaka zemizwa kanye nezimpendulo zokuziphatha ezidingekayo zokubhekana nobuhlungu, ukwesaba, kanye nosizi. Emisebenzini yokudoba yokudonswa kwezentengiselwano ehlukumeza ama-aquacauture ahlala isikhathi eside agcwele izingcindezi nezifo, izigidigidi zezinhlanzi zikhuthazelela ukulimala okungacabangeki unyaka nonyaka. Le ndatshana ingena kwisayensi ngemuva kokudunwa kwezinhlanzi, iveze amaphutha okuziphatha kwalezi zimboni, futhi inselele ukuthi siphinde sicabange ubuhlobo bethu nokuphila kwasemanzini okubeka phambili inhlala-kahle yezilwane ngokuxhashazwa kwezilwane ngokweqile
Umqondo wokuthi izinhlanzi ziyizidalwa ezingenazwelo, ezingakwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu, kudala zakha imikhuba yokudoba kanye nezilwane zasemanzini. Nokho, ucwaningo lwakamuva lwesayensi lubekela inselele lo mbono, lunikeza ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi izinhlanzi zinezinqubo zemizwa nezokuziphatha ezidingekayo ukuze zizwe ubuhlungu. Lesi sambulo siyasiphoqa ukuthi sibhekane nemithelela yokuziphatha yokudobela uhwebo, ukudoba ama-anging, nokufuywa kwezinhlanzi, izimboni ezifaka isandla ekuhluphekeni kwezigidigidi zezinhlanzi minyaka yonke.
Isayensi Yobuhlungu Bezinhlanzi
Ubufakazi Bezinzwa
Izinhlanzi zinama-nociceptors, okuyizinzwa ezikhethekile ezithola izinto eziyingozi noma ezingase zibe yingozi, ezifana nalezo ezitholakala ezilwaneni ezincelisayo. Lawa ma-nociceptors ayingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sezinzwa zezinhlanzi futhi ayakwazi ukubona i-mechanical, thermal, and chemical noxious stimuli. Ucwaningo oluningi lunikeze ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuthi izinhlanzi zisabela ekulimazeni ngokomzimba ngokuphendula ngokomzimba nokuziphatha okubonisa umbono wobuhlungu. Ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo oluhilela i-rainbow trout lwembula ukuthi lapho zivezwa izinto eziyingozi ezinjengama-asidi noma amazinga okushisa ashisayo, izinhlanzi zabonisa ukwanda kwamazinga e-cortisol—okubonisa ukucindezeleka nobuhlungu—kanye nezinguquko eziphawulekayo zokuziphatha. Lezi zimpendulo zokuziphatha zihlanganisa ukuhlikihla indawo ethintekile endaweni engaphezulu noma ukubhukuda ngendlela engafanele, ukuziphatha okuhambisana nokucindezeleka kanye nomzamo wamabomu wokudambisa ukungakhululeki. Ukuba khona kwalezi zimpawu zokucindezeleka kusekela ngokuqinile impikiswano yokuthi izinhlanzi zinemizila yezinzwa ezidingekayo ukuze zizwe ubuhlungu.
Izinkomba Zokuziphatha
Ngaphandle kobufakazi bezinto eziphilayo, izinhlanzi zibonisa uhla lwezindlela zokuziphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngamakhono azo okubona ubuhlungu. Ngemva kokulimala noma ukuchayeka ezintweni ezilimazayo, izinhlanzi ngokuvamile zibonisa ukuncipha kokuphakelayo, ukwanda kokukhathala, nezinga lokuphefumula elikhuphukayo, konke okuyizimpawu eziphawulekayo zokungakhululeki noma ukucindezeleka. Lezi zindlela zokuziphatha eziguquliwe zidlulela ngale kwezenzo ezilula zokuziphendulela, okuphakamisa ukuthi inhlanzi ingase ihlangabezane nokuqwashisa ngobuhlungu kunokuba iphendule nje ku-stimulus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluhilela ama-analgesics-njenge-morphine-luye lwabonisa ukuthi izinhlanzi ezilashwa ngemithi edambisa izinhlungu zibuyela ekuziphatheni kwazo okuvamile, njengokuphinda zidle futhi zibonise izimpawu ezincishisiwe zokucindezeleka. Lokhu kuthola kabusha kufakazela isimangalo sokuthi izinhlanzi, njengezinye izilwane eziningi ezinomgogodla, ziyakwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu ngendlela eqhathaniseka nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ngokuhlangene, kokubili ubufakazi bezinzwa nokuziphatha busekela isiphetho sokuthi izinhlanzi zinezindlela ezidingekayo zebhayoloji ukuze zibone futhi ziphendule ezinhlungwini, zibekela inselele umbono ophelelwe yisikhathi wokuthi zimane ziyizinto eziphilayo eziqhutshwa yi-reflex.
Ubufakazi Bobuhlungu Nokwesaba Ezinhlanzini: Umzimba Okhulayo Wokucwaninga Ubekela Inselele Imibono Emidala
Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Applied Animal Behavior Science lwembula ukuthi inhlanzi echayeke ekushiseni okubuhlungu ibonisa izimpawu zokwesaba nokuxwaya, okugcizelela umbono wokuthi izinhlanzi azigcini nje ngokuba nobuhlungu kodwa futhi zigcina inkumbulo yazo. Lolu cwaningo oluyisisekelo lufaka isandla ekwandeni kobufakazi obubekela inselele ukucabanga okunesikhathi eside mayelana nezinhlanzi namandla azo okubona ubuhlungu.
Olunye ucwaningo olubalulekile olwenziwa abacwaningi e-Queen's University Belfast lubonise ukuthi izinhlanzi, njengezinye izilwane, ziyakwazi ukufunda ukugwema ubuhlungu. URebecca Dunlop, usosayensi ohamba phambili ocwaningweni, wachaza, “Leli phepha libonisa ukuthi ukugwema ubuhlungu ezinhlanzini akubonakali kuwukusabela okuguquguqukayo, kunalokho okufundwayo, okukhunjulwayo, nokushintshwa ngokuvumelana nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, uma izinhlanzi zikwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu, khona-ke i-angling ayikwazi ukuqhubeka ibhekwa njengomdlalo ongenalo unya. " Lokhu okutholakele kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ebucayi mayelana nezimiso zokuhlenga, okusikisela ukuthi imikhuba eyake yacatshangwa ukuthi ayinangozi ingase ibangele ukuhlupheka okukhulu.
Ngokufanayo, abacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseGuelph eCanada benza ucwaningo olwaphetha ngokuthi izinhlanzi ziyesaba lapho zixoshwa, okusikisela ukuthi ukusabela kwazo kudlulela ngalé kwezimo ezilula zokucabanga. UDkt. Duncan, umcwaningi oholayo, wathi, “Izinhlanzi ziyesaba futhi … zikhetha ukungesabi,” egcizelela ukuthi izinhlanzi, njengezinye izilwane, zibonisa ukusabela okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemizwelo. Lokhu kutholakala akuphonseli inselele kuphela umbono wezinhlanzi njengezidalwa eziqhutshwa umzwelo wemvelo kodwa futhi kugcizelela amandla azo okwesaba nesifiso sokugwema izimo ezicindezelayo, kuphinde kugqamise isidingo sokucabangela inhlalakahle yazo engokomzwelo nengokwengqondo.
Embikweni ka-2014, i-Farm Animal Welfare Committee (FAWC), indikimba yabeluleki kuhulumeni waseBrithani, yaqinisekisa, "Izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukubona futhi ziphendule ezintweni eziyingozi, futhi i-FAWC isekela ukuvumelana kwesayensi okwandayo kokuthi bezwa ubuhlungu." Lesi sitatimende sihambisana nendikimba ekhulayo yocwaningo ebonisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zinamandla okubona izinto eziyingozi, eziyinselele imibono ephelelwe yisikhathi osekunesikhathi eside inqabela izinhlanzi amandla obuhlungu. Ngokubona ukuthi inhlanzi ingaba nobuhlungu, i-FAWC ijoyine umphakathi wesayensi obanzi ekuceleni ukubuyekezwa kokuthi siziphatha kanjani lezi zilwane zasemanzini, ocwaningweni lwesayensi nemisebenzi yansuku zonke yabantu.
UDkt. Culum Brown waseNyuvesi yaseMacquarie, owabukeza amaphepha ocwaningo acishe abe ngu-200 mayelana namakhono okuqonda ezinhlanzi kanye nemibono yezinzwa, uphakamisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka kwezinhlanzi ezibhekana nakho lapho zikhishwa emanzini kungase kudlule ukuminza komuntu, njengoba zibekezelela ukufa isikhathi eside, kancane ngenxa yokungakwazi kwazo ukuminza. phefumula. Lokhu kugqamisa ukubaluleka kokuphatha izinhlanzi ngendlela enobuntu.
Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwakhe, uDkt. Culum Brown uphetha ngokuthi inhlanzi, njengoba izidalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi ngomqondo nangokuziphatha, azikwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu. Ugcizelela nokuthi izinga lonya abantu abalubekela izinhlanzi liyashaqisa ngempela.
Unya Lokudotshwa Kwezentengiselwano
Ukubamba Ngokungagwegwesi Nokudoba Ngokweqile
Imikhuba yokudoba ngenjongo yokudayisa, njengokudoba ngamanetha kanye ne-longlining, ayinabo ubuntu futhi ibangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle. Ekudotshweni ngamanetha, amanetha amakhulu ahudulwa phansi olwandle, abambe ngokungakhethi yonke into esendleleni yawo, okuhlanganisa izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye nezilwane zasolwandle ezisengozini. I-longlining, lapho izingwegwe ezidotshiwe zibekwe emigqeni emikhulu enwebeka amamayela, ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingahlosiwe, okuhlanganisa izinyoni zasolwandle, izimfudu, noshaka. Izinhlanzi ezidotshwa ngalezi zindlela zivame ukuqunjelwa isikhathi eside noma ukuhlukumezeka okukhulu ngokomzimba. Indaba yokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi —ukubanjwa okungahlosiwe kwezilwane okungahlosiwe—ihlanganisa lobu budlova, okuholela ekufeni okungadingekile kwezigidi zezilwane zasolwandle unyaka ngamunye. Lezi zinhlobo okungahlosiwe ngazo, okuhlanganisa izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nezilwane zasolwandle ezisengozini, zivame ukulahlwa zifile noma ziyafa, okwandisa umthelela omubi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.
Imikhuba Yokuhlaba
Ukuhlatshwa kwezinhlanzi ezibanjwa ukuze zidliwe abantu ngokuvamile kuhilela imikhuba ekude nobuntu. Ngokungafani nezilwane zasemhlabeni ezingase zithole izinqubo ezimangalisayo noma ezidambisa izinhlungu, izinhlanzi zivame ukuqunjelwa, zophiswe, noma ziyekwe ukuze ziphefumule lapho zisaqulekile. Le nqubo ingahlala imizuzu embalwa kuya ngisho namahora, kuye ngezinhlobo nezimo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi eziningi zivame ukudonswa emanzini, izimbotshana zazo zihefuzela umoya, ngaphambi kokuba zilimale ngokwengeziwe. Uma kungabikho ukuqondisa okungaguquki, lezi zinqubo zingaba nonya kakhulu, njengoba zinganaki amandla ezinhlanzi okuhlupheka kanye nokucindezeleka kwezinto eziphilayo ezikubekezelelayo. Ukuntuleka kwezindlela ezijwayelekile, nezinobuntu zokuhlatshwa kwezinhlanzi kuqokomisa ukunganakwa okusabalele ngenhlalakahle yazo, naphezu kokuqashelwa okwandayo kwesidingo sokuphathwa kahle kwazo zonke izidalwa ezizwelayo.
Ngokuhlangene, lezi zinqubo zibonisa izinselelo ezibalulekile zezimiso zokuziphatha nezemvelo ezibangelwa ukudobela inzuzo, okudinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe kwezinye izindlela ezisimeme nezinobuntu embonini.
Izinkathazo Zokuziphatha Kwezamanzi
Ukuminyana kanye Nokucindezeleka
Ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi, noma i-aquaculture, ingenye yemikhakha ekhula ngokushesha embonini yokudla emhlabeni wonke, kodwa igcwele ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezimiso zokuziphatha. Ezindaweni eziningi zokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini, izinhlanzi zivalelwe emathangini noma ezibayeni ezigcwele ngokweqile, okuholela ezinkingeni ezihlukahlukene zezempilo nezenhlalakahle. Ukuminyana okuphezulu kwezinhlanzi kulezi zindawo ezivalekile kudala indawo yokucindezeleka njalo, lapho ubudlova phakathi kwabantu buvamile, futhi izinhlanzi ngokuvamile ziphendukela ekuzilimazeni noma ukuzilimaza njengoba ziqhudelana indawo nezinsiza. Lokhu kugcwala kwenza izinhlanzi zibe sengozini enkulu yokuqubuka kwezifo, njengoba amagciwane asakazeka ngokushesha ezimeni ezinjalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye namakhemikhali ukuze kulawuleke lokhu kuqubuka kwezifo kuhlanganisa nezindaba zokuziphatha, njengoba ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwalezi zinto akugcini nje ngokubeka engcupheni impilo yezinhlanzi kodwa kungaholela ekuphikisweni kwama-antibiotic, ekugcineni kube yingozi empilweni yomuntu. Lezi zimo zigqamisa unya olungokwemvelo lwezinhlelo zokufuywa kwezinhlanzi ngamandla, lapho inhlalakahle yezilwane iphazamiseka ukuze kukhuliswe ukukhiqizwa.
Ukuvuna Okungenabuntu
Izindlela zokuvuna ezisetshenziselwa ukulima kwezilwane zasemanzini zivame ukwengeza olunye uhlaka lonya embonini. Amasu avamile ahilela izinhlanzi ezimangalisayo ezinogesi noma ukuzichaya emazingeni aphezulu e-carbon dioxide. Zombili lezi zindlela zihloselwe ukwenza izinhlanzi ziquleke ngaphambi kokuba zihlatshwe, kodwa ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ngokuvamile azisebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlanzi zivame ukubhekana nokucindezeleka nokuhlupheka isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokufa. Inqubo emangalisa kagesi ingakwazi ukubangela ukulahlekelwa ukwazi okufanele, ishiye izinhlanzi ziqaphele futhi zizwe ubuhlungu ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa. Ngokufanayo, ukuchayeka ku-carbon dioxide kungabangela ukungakhululeki nokucindezeleka okukhulu, njengoba izinhlanzi zidonsa kanzima ukuphefumula endaweni lapho umoya-mpilo uphela khona. Ukuntuleka kwezindlela ezingaguquguquki nezithembekile zokuhlatshwa kwezinhlanzi ezifuywayo kusaqhubeka nokuba yinkinga enkulu ekufuyweni kwezilwane zasemanzini, njengoba le mikhuba ihluleka ukulandisa ngekhono lezinhlanzi lokuhlupheka.
Ongakwenza
Sicela ushiye izinhlanzi ezimfolweni zakho. Njengoba sesibonile ukwanda kobufakazi besayensi, izinhlanzi azizona izidalwa ezingenangqondo okwake kwacatshangwa ukuthi azinamizwa nobuhlungu. Babhekana nokwesaba, ukucindezeleka, nokuhlupheka ngezindlela ezijulile, njengezinye izilwane. Unya olwenziwa kubo, kungaba ngokudoba noma ukugcinwa ezindaweni ezivalekile, abunasidingo nje kuphela kodwa futhi bunobulwane obujulile. Ukukhetha indlela yokuphila esekelwe ezitshalweni, okuhlanganisa nokuhamba nge-vegan, kuyindlela eyodwa enamandla yokuyeka ukufaka isandla kulo monakalo.
Ngokwamukela i-veganism, senza isinqumo esinengqondo sokuphila ngendlela enciphisa ukuhlupheka kwazo zonke izidalwa ezinemizwa, kuhlanganise nezinhlanzi. Izindlela ezihlukile ezisekelwe ezitshalweni zinikeza izinketho ezimnandi nezinomsoco ngaphandle kwezinkinga zesimilo ezihambisana nokuxhashazwa kwezilwane. Kuyithuba lokuvumelanisa izenzo zethu nozwelo nenhlonipho ngokuphila, okusivumela ukuba senze izinqumo ezivikela inhlalakahle yezidalwa zeplanethi.
Ukushintshela ku-veganism akukhona nje ukudla okusepuletini lethu; imayelana nokuthatha isibopho ngomthelela esinawo emhlabeni osizungezile. Ngokushiya izinhlanzi ezifolweni zethu, simela ikusasa lapho zonke izilwane, ezinkulu noma ezincane, ziphathwa ngomusa ezizifanele. Funda ukuthi ungadla kanjani i-vegan namuhla, futhi ujoyine inhlangano eya emhlabeni onozwelo, ozinzile.
