Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukugawulwa okuhlelekile kwamahlathi ukuze kusetshenziswe okunye ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, kube yingxenye ebalulekile yentuthuko yabantu iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Nokho, ukwanda okusheshayo kokugawulwa kwamahlathi eminyakeni yamuva kuye kwaletha imiphumela emibi kakhulu emhlabeni wethu. Lesi sihloko sidingida izimbangela eziyinkimbinkimbi nemithelela efinyelela kude yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, sinikeza ukukhanya kokuthi lo mkhuba uyithinta kanjani indawo ezungezile, izilwane zasendle, kanye nemiphakathi yabantu.
Inqubo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ayiyona into entsha; abantu bebelokhu begawula amahlathi ngezinjongo zezolimo nezisetshenziswa izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Nokho, izinga amahlathi acekelwa ngalo namuhla alikaze libe khona ngaphambili. Kuyashaqisa ukuthi ingxenye yakho konke ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kusukela ngo-8,000 BC kwenzeke ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuphela. Lokhu kulahlekelwa okusheshayo komhlaba onamahlathi akwethusi nje kuphela kodwa futhi kunemiphumela ebalulekile engokwemvelo.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokuyinhloko kwenzeka ukuze kuvuleke indlela yezolimo, ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yenkomo, isoya, nesundu okuyizinto ezihamba phambili. Le misebenzi, ikakhulukazi evame kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo njengeBrazil ne-Indonesia, inomthelela emazingeni amangalisayo angama-90 okugawulwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuguqulwa kwamahlathi abe umhlaba wezolimo akukhiphi isikhutha esigciniwe kuphela, okwandisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kodwa futhi kuholela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokucekelwa phansi okubalulekile kwe-ecosystem.
Imithelela yemvelo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi mikhulu. Kusukela ekubeni nomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, ngokwenyuka kwesisi esingcolisa umoya kuya ekubangeleni ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokungcoliswa kwamanzi, imiphumela ihlukene futhi imbi kakhulu. Ukwengeza, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo kusongela ibhalansi ethambile ye-ecosystem, kuphushela izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ekuqothulweni.
Ukuqonda izimbangela nemiphumela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe amasu asebenzayo okulwa nale nkinga yomhlaba wonke. Ngokuhlola izisusa ezibangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nomthelela wako kwezemvelo, le ndatshana ihlose ukunikeza umbono obanzi wenye yezinselelo zemvelo ezicindezela kakhulu zesikhathi sethu.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuwuhlelo lokugawula amahlathi nokusebenzisa umhlaba ngezinye izinjongo. Nakuba sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka kuyingxenye yomphakathi wesintu, ijubane lokugawulwa kwamahlathi liye lashuba eminyakeni yamuva, futhi iplanethi iyakhokha. Izimbangela nemiphumela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuhlangene, futhi imithelela mikhulu futhi ayinakuphikwa. Ake sihlolisise ukuthi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kusebenza kanjani , nokuthi kunomthelela omubi kanjani emhlabeni, izilwane kanye nesintu.
Kuyini Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi?
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuwukugawulwa unomphela kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezindawo ezazinamahlathi ngaphambili. Nakuba kunezisusa eziningi ezibangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ukuphinda kusetshenziswe umhlaba ukuze kusetshenziswe ezinye izinto, ikakhulukazi ezolimo, noma ukukhipha izinsiza.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokwako akuyona into entsha, njengoba abantu bebelokhu begawula amahlathi izinkulungwane zeminyaka . Kodwa izinga lokucekela phansi amahlathi liye landa kakhulu: ingxenye yakho konke ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okwenzeka kusukela ngo-8,000 BC kwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule .
Ngaphezu kokugawulwa kwamahlathi, umhlaba onamahlathi nawo ulahleka ngenqubo efanayo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi. Kulapho kugawulwa khona ezinye, kodwa hhayi zonke, zezihlahla endaweni eyihlathi, futhi indawo ingaphinde isetshenziswe ukuze isetshenziswe.
Nakuba ukucekelwa phansi kwehlathi akuyona into enhle nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso, akuyingozi kakhulu esikhathini eside kunokugawulwa kwamahlathi. Amahlathi awonakele ayokhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa izihlahla ezilahlekelwa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokuvamile zilahleka unomphela.
Ungakanani Umhlaba Osuvele Ugawuliwe?
Lapho i-Ice Age yokugcina iphela cishe eminyakeni eyi-10,000 edlule, kwakunamahektha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha ehlathi Emhlabeni. Kusukela lapho, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yalelo hlathi , noma amahektha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, iye yacekelwa phansi. Cishe amaphesenti angama-75 alokhu kulahlekelwa kwenzeka eminyakeni engama-300 edlule.
I-United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ilinganisela ukuthi njengamanje, abantu bacekela phansi amahektha angaba yizigidi eziyishumi amahlathi minyaka yonke.
Kwenziwa Kuphi Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi?
Nakuba kwenzeka emhlabeni wonke ngezinga elithile, cishe amaphesenti angu-95 okugawulwa kwamahlathi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezishisayo , futhi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yalokho kwenzeka eBrazil. Amanye amaphesenti angu-14 atholakala e-Indonesia ; ngokuhlanganyela, iBrazil ne-Indonesia zenza cishe amaphesenti angu-45 akho konke ukugawulwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni wonke. Cishe amaphesenti angu-20 okugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezishisayo kwenzeka emazweni aseNingizimu Melika ngaphandle kwaseBrazil, kanti amanye amaphesenti angu-17 ayenzeka e-Afrika.
Ngokuphambene, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zakho konke ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezipholile , ikakhulukazi eNyakatho Melika, eChina, eRussia naseNingizimu Asia.
Yiziphi Izimbangela Ezinkulu Zokugawulwa Kwamahlathi?
Abantu bagawula amahlathi ngenxa yezizathu eziningi, kodwa esikhulu kunazo zonke ezolimo. Ngokusho kweZizwe Ezihlangene, amaphesenti angu-90 okugawulwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni wonke kwenziwa ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha umhlaba ukuze usetshenziswe ezolimo - ikakhulukazi ukufuya izinkomo, ukutshala ubhontshisi wesoya nokukhiqiza amafutha esundu.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwenyama Yenkomo
Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yenkomo kuyimbangela eyodwa enkulu yokugawulwa kwamahlathi , ezindaweni ezishisayo nokunye. Cishe amaphesenti angama-39 okugawulwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni wonke , kanye namaphesenti angama-72 okugawulwa kwamahlathi eBrazil kuphela, kwenziwa ukuze kwakhiwe amadlelo ezinkomo.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwesoya (Ikakhulu Ukondla Imfuyo)
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokugawulwa kwamahlathi kwezolimo ukukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi wesoya. Nakuba isoso iwukudla okuthandwayo kwenyama kanye nobisi, cishe amaphesenti ayisikhombisa kuphela esoya yomhlaba wonke adliwa abantu ngokuqondile. Iningi le-soy - amaphesenti angu-75 - lisetshenziselwa ukondla imfuyo , okusho ukuthi ukugawulwa kwehlathi okuqhutshwa yi-soy kwenziwa ukuze kusize ekwandiseni ukulima.
I-Palm Oil Production
Ukuguqulwa kwendawo enamahlathi ibe amasimu kawoyela wesundu kungesinye isizathu esiyinhloko sokugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Amafutha esundu ayisithako esisebenza ngezindlela eziningi esisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yansuku zonke, okuhlanganisa amantongomane, isinkwa, imajarini, izimonyo, uphethiloli nokunye. Isuselwa esithelweni sezihlahla zesundu ezinamafutha, futhi itshalwa kakhulu e-Indonesia naseMalaysia.
Iphepha nokunye kwezolimo
Inyama yenkomo, isoya kanye namafutha esundu yibo ababangela amaphesenti angu-60 okugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezishisayo. Abanye abashayeli abaphawulekayo bahlanganisa amahlathi nokukhiqizwa kwephepha (amaphesenti angu-13 okugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezishisayo), ilayisi nokunye okusanhlamvu (amaphesenti ayishumi), nemifino, izithelo namantongomane (amaphesenti ayisikhombisa).
Iyini Imithelela Yemvelo Yokugawulwa Kwamahlathi?
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunomthelela emvelweni ngezindlela eziningi ezimbi, ezinye zisobala kunezinye.
I-Global Warming ne-Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kukhipha amanani amakhulu amagesi abamba ukushisa, futhi kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhuphukeni kwamazinga okushisa embulunga yonke, ngezindlela ezimbalwa ezihlukene.
Izihlahla zibamba i-carbon dioxide emkhathini futhi ziwugcine eziqwini, emagatsheni, emaqabungeni nasezimpandeni. Lokhu kuwenza abe ithuluzi elibalulekile lokunciphisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, njengoba isikhutha siyigesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla. Nokho, lapho lezo zihlahla zisuswa, leyo carbon dioxide ibe isikhishwa ibuyele emoyeni.
Ukukhishwa kwe-greenhouse akugcini lapho, nokho. Njengoba sesibonile, ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba ogawuliwe iguqulelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo, futhi ezolimo ngokwazo zinegalelo elikhulu ekufudumaleni komhlaba. Ukulima kwezilwane kulimaza kakhulu, njengoba ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi amaphesenti aphakathi kuka-11 nangu-20 ayo yonke igesi engcolisa umoya aphuma emapulazini emfuyo .
Okokugcina, ukungabikho kwezihlahla endaweni egawuliwe kusho ukuthi isikhutha esikhishwa kweminye imithombo, njengezimoto noma imiphakathi yendawo, ayisagcinwa yizihlahla. Ngakho-ke, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwandisa ukukhishwa kwe-greenhouse yonke ngezindlela ezintathu: kukhipha ikhabhoni esivele igcinwe ehlathini, kuvimbela ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni eyengeziwe kweminye imithombo futhi kusiza ukukhishwa kwezisi “ezintsha” ezibamba ukushisa ngokuguqulelwa kwayo endaweni yokulima. .
Ukulahlekelwa Kwezinto Ezihlukahlukene
Umhlaba uyisimiso sezinto eziphilayo esibanzi, esixhumene, futhi izinga elithile lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo liyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ugcina ukulingana kwawo. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kunciphisa lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nsuku zonke.
Amahlathi agcwele ukuphila. Izigidi zezilwane ezihlukahlukene, izitshalo nezinambuzane zibiza leli hlathi ikhaya lazo, kuhlanganise nezinhlobo eziyizigidi ezintathu ezihlukahlukene emahlathini emvula ase-Amazon kuphela. Izinhlobo zezilwane ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili zingatholakala kuphela ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon .
Ukucekela phansi la mahlathi kucekela phansi amakhaya alezi zilwane futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusongela ukuqhubeka nokuphila kwezinhlobo zazo. Lokhu akuyona into ecatshangelwayo: nsuku zonke, izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezingaba ngu-135 ziyashabalala ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi , futhi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezilinganiselwa ku-10,000 - kuhlanganise nezinhlobo zezilwane ezingu-2,800 - zisengozini yokushabalala ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Amazon kuphela. Ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela wesundu ikakhulukazi kuye kwaholela orangutan onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa .
Siphila esikhathini sokushabalala okukhulu - okwesithupha ukwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphila koMhlaba. Lokhu akubalulekile nje kuphela ngoba kuyadabukisa lapho izilwane ezinhle zifa, kodwa kunalokho, ngoba izikhathi ezisheshayo zokuqothulwa zisongela ukuphazamisa ukulingana okubucayi okuvumela i-ecosystem yomhlaba ukuthi iqhubeke nokuba khona.
Ucwaningo lwango -2023 lwathola ukuthi eminyakeni engama-500 edlule, zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zohlobo bezishabalele ngesilinganiso esiphindwe izikhathi ezingama-35 kunesilinganiso somlando. Leli zinga lokushabalala, ababhali balolu cwaningo babhala, “licekela phansi izimo ezenza ukuphila komuntu kube nokwenzeka.”
Ukuguguleka Komhlaba kanye Nokuwohloka
Ingase inganakwa njengowoyela noma igolide, kodwa inhlabathi iwumthombo wemvelo obalulekile thina nezinye izidalwa ezingenakubalwa esithembele kuwo ukuze siphile. Izihlahla nezinye izimila zemvelo zivikela umhlabathi elangeni nasemvuleni, futhi zisiza ukuwubamba. Uma lezo zihlahla zisuswa, inhlabathi engaphezulu enomsoco iyaxega, futhi isengozini yokuguguleka nokucekelwa phansi yizinto.
Ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokuwohloka kwenhlabathi kunemiphumela eyingozi eminingi. Ngomqondo ojwayelekile, ukuwohloka nokuguguleka kwenza inhlabathi ingasebenzi kahle ekusekeleni impilo yezitshalo, futhi kunciphisa inani lezitshalo umhlabathi ongazondla. Umhlabathi owonakele nakho kubi kakhulu ekugcineni amanzi, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ingozi yezikhukhula . Inhlabathi egugulekile iphinde ibe yisingcolisi esikhulu samanzi esibeka engcupheni inqwaba yezinhlanzi kanye namanzi okuphuza abantu ngokufanayo.
Le miphumela ingaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuba inhlabathi egawuliwe isiphinde yasetshenziswa, njengoba izitshalo ezitshalwa endaweni egawuliwe ngokuvamile azibambeli emhlabathini ongaphezulu ziqine njengoba kwenza izimila zemvelo.
Yini Engenziwa Ukuze Kuncishiswe Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi?
Umthethonqubo Kahulumeni
E-Brazil, uMongameli uLuiz Inacio Lula da Silva wehlise izinga lokugawulwa kwamahlathi ezweni lakhe ngokuphawulekayo kusukela athatha izintambo ngo-2019. Ukuphatha kwakhe kufeze lokhu ikakhulukazi ngokunika amandla ama-ejensi alawulayo ukuze alandelele eduze futhi aqaphe ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungekho emthethweni, ukwandisa ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yokulwa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, futhi ngokuvamile, ukulwa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokungemthetho.
Izithembiso Zemboni
Kukhona futhi uphawu lokuthi izithembiso zemboni yokuzithandela zingasiza ukunqanda ukugawulwa kwamahlathi. Ngo-2006, iqoqo labadayisi abakhulu bakabhontshisi besoya bavuma ukuthi ngeke besakwazi ukuthenga isoya eyayitshalwe endaweni egawuliwe. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-8, isabelo sokunwetshwa kukabhontshisi wesoya ezindaweni ezazinamahlathi ngaphambili sehla sisuka kumaphesenti angu-30 saya ekhulwini.
Ukutshalwa kabusha Kwamahlathi kanye Nokugawulwa Kwamahlathi
Okokugcina, kukhona ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi - inqubo yokutshala izihlahla endaweni egawuliwe noma ezweni elisha, ngokulandelana. EShayina, izinhlelo zokutshala amahlathi ezenziwa uhulumeni ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 ziye zandisa izihlahla zezwe zisuka kumaphesenti angu-12 zaya kumaphesenti angu-22, kuyilapho izinhlelo zendawo zokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi ziye zatshala okungenani izihlahla ezengeziwe eziyizigidi ezingu-50 emhlabeni wonke kule minyaka engu-35 edlule.
Umugqa Ophansi
Umthelela wokugawulwa kwamahlathi emvelweni usobala: kukhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa, kungcolisa amanzi, kubulala izitshalo nezilwane, kuguguleka inhlabathi futhi kunciphisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kule planethi. Ngeshwa, sekubuye kwanda kakhulu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, futhi ngaphandle kokugxila, isenzo esinolaka sokukunqanda, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi cishe kuzoba kubi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
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