Kumele Kufundwe! I-PETA Iguqule Kanjani Amalungelo Ezilwane - Umbiko weVox

U-Jeremy Beckham ukhumbula isimemezelo esasiza ngohlelo lwe-PA yesikole sakhe esiphakathi ebusika bango-1999: Wonke umuntu kwakufanele ahlale emagumbini okufundela ngenxa yokuthi kwakukhona ukugxambukela ekhempasini.

Ngemva kosuku kususwe ukuvalwa kwesikhashana e-Eisenhower Junior High School ngaphandle kwaseSalt Lake City, amahlebezi ayesabalala. Kuthiwa, othile ovela ku-People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) wayeke, njengesigebengu esifuna umkhumbi othunjiwe, wagibela esigxotsheni sefulegi lesikole futhi wanquma ifulegi likaMcDonald ebelindizela lapho ngaphansi kweNkazimulo Yakudala.

Iqembu elilwela amalungelo ezilwane ngempela belibhikisha ngaphesheya komgwaqo esikoleni sikahulumeni ngenxa yokwamukela kwalo uxhaso oluvela esidlangalaleni esiwumdondoshiya mhlawumbe esinomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye izizukulwane zabantu baseMelika enyameni eshibhile, yasefekthri. Ngokwamaphepha asenkantolo, abantu ababili abaphumelelanga ukuzama ukwehlisa ifulegi, nakuba kungacaci noma bebengamalungu e-PETA. Amaphoyisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi angenelela ukuze amise umbhikisho we-PETA, okwaholela ekutheni kube nengxabano yezomthetho eyathatha iminyaka eminingi mayelana namalungelo ezishoshovu zokuchibiyela okuQala.

“Ngangicabanga ukuthi bangabantu abaphazamisekile ngokwengqondo benocelemba ababeza esikoleni sami … futhi bengafuni abantu badle inyama,” kungitshela u-Beckham ehleka.

Kodwa yatshala imbewu. Esikoleni samabanga aphezulu, lapho eba nelukuluku lokwazi ngokuphathwa kabi kwezilwane, wabheka iwebhusayithi ye-PETA. Wafunda mayelana nokulima kwasefekthri, wa-oda ikhophi ye -Animal Liberation , i-classic yamalungelo ezilwane yesazi sefilosofi uPeter Singer, futhi wahamba wegan. Kamuva, wathola umsebenzi e-PETA futhi wasiza ukuhlela i-Salt Lake City VegFest , umkhosi odumile we-vegan wokudla nokufundisa.

Manje ungumfundi wezomthetho, u-Beckham unokugxeka kwakhe iqembu, njengoba kwenza abaningi kuyo yonke inhlangano yamalungelo ezilwane. Kodwa uwuncoma ngokukhuthaza umsebenzi wakhe wokwenza umhlaba ungabi nesihogo ezilwaneni.

Indaba ye-PETA ebaluleke kakhulu: umbhikisho, impikiswano, igama elibi kanye nethiyetha, futhi, ekugcineni, ukuguqulwa.

I-PETA — uzwile ngayo, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi unombono ngayo . Cishe eminyakeni engama-45 ngemuva kokusungulwa kwayo, le nhlangano inefa eliyinkimbinkimbi kodwa elingenakuphikwa. ngemibhikisho yalo ewubukhazikhazi , leli qembu cishe libhekene necala elilodwa lokwenza amalungelo ezilwane abe yingxenye yengxoxo kazwelonke.

Izinga lokuxhashazwa kwezilwane e-United States liyamangaza. Kubulawa izilwane zasemhlabeni ezingaphezu minyaka yonke ukuze kudliwe, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyikhulu ziyabulawa lapho kuhlolwa . Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane kudlangile embonini yezemfashini , ekuzaleni izilwane ezifuywayo kanye nobunikazi , nasema - zoo .

Okuningi kwalokhu kwenzeka ngokungabonakali nangaphandle kwengqondo, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kolwazi noma imvume yomphakathi. I-PETA ilwe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane ukubeka obala kulezi zenzo zonya kanye nezizukulwane eziqeqeshiwe zezishoshovu zezilwane manje ezisebenza ezweni lonke.

UPeter Singer , odume kabanzi ngokugqugquzela ukunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane zanamuhla, wangitshela: “Angiyicabangi enye inhlangano engaqhathaniswa ne-PETA ngokwethonya eliphelele eye yaba nalo nelisanalo esilwaneni. inhlangano yamalungelo.”

Amaqhinga ayo ayimpikiswano awekho ngaphezu kokugxekwa. Kodwa isihluthulelo sempumelelo ye-PETA kube ukwenqaba kwayo ukuziphatha kahle, okusiphoqa ukuthi sibheke lokho esingase sikushaye indiva: ukuxhashazwa kwabantu ngobuningi bezilwane.

Entwasahlobo ka-1976, i-American Museum of Natural History yaqokwa izishoshovu ezaziphethe izimpawu ezithi, “Castrate the Scientists.” Umbhikisho, obuhlelwe yisishoshovu u-Henry Spira neqembu lakhe i-Animal Rights International, ubufuna ukumisa ucwaningo oluxhaswe nguhulumeni emnyuziyamu olubandakanya ukucwiywa kwemizimba yamakati ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela emuzweni wawo wocansi.

Ngemuva kokukhala komphakathi, umnyuziyamu yavuma ukumisa ucwaningo. Le mibhikisho yaphawula ukuzalwa kokulwela amalungelo ezilwane zesimanje, iphayona imodeli i-PETA eyokwamukela - imibhikisho yokubhekana, imikhankaso yabezindaba, ingcindezi eqondile ezinkampanini nasezikhungweni.

Amaqembu ezenhlalakahle yezilwane ayeseneminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, kuhlanganise ne-American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), eyasungulwa ngo-1866; i-Animal Welfare Institute (AWI), eyasungulwa ngo-1951; kanye ne-Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), eyasungulwa ngo-1954. La maqembu ayethathe indlela yokuguquguquka kanye nesikhungo sokwelashwa kwezilwane, ephoqelela umthetho ofana noMthetho Wokuhlatshwa Kwesintu ka-1958, owawudinga ukuthi izilwane zasemapulazini ziquleke ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa. , kanye noMthetho Wenhlalakahle Yezilwane wango-1966, owawufuna ukuphathwa kobuntu okwengeziwe kwezilwane zaselabhorethri. (Zombili lezi zenzo zibhekwa njengemithetho eyingqopha-mlando yezenhlalakahle yezilwane , nokho azikhulule ekuvikelweni kwezilwane eziningi ezidliwayo - izinkukhu - kanye neningi lezilwane zaselabhu - amagundane namagundane.)

Kodwa babengazimisele noma bengakulungele ukuthatha isimo esiyisisekelo, sokungqubuzana ngokumelene nokuhlolwa kwezilwane futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ukuze zidle, njengoba lezi zimboni zazikhula ngokushesha. Ngo-1980, unyaka i-PETA eyasungulwa ngawo, i-US yayisivele ihlaba izilwane ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.6 ngonyaka futhi ibulala phakathi kwezigidi ezingu-17 nezingu-22 ekuhloleni.

Ukuthuthuka kwezimboni ngokushesha kwangemva kwempi kokuxhashazwa kwezilwane kwabangela isizukulwane esisha sezishoshovu. Abaningi baqhamuka enhlanganweni yezemvelo, lapho iGreenpeace ibibhikishela ukuzingelwa kwezimvukuzali kanye namaqembu aqondile afana neSea Shepherd Conservation Society kade icwilisa imikhumbi edoba imikhomo. Abanye, njengoSpira, bagqugquzelwa ifilosofi “yenkululeko yezilwane” eyathuthukiswa uPeter Singer futhi yavezwa encwadini yakhe ka-1975 ethi Animal Liberation . Kodwa umnyakazo wawumncane, ungenalutho, uhlakazekile, futhi ungenayo imali encane.

U-Ingrid Newkirk owazalelwa eBrithani ubekade ephethe izindawo zokukhosela izilwane eWashington, DC, lapho ehlangana no-Alex Pacheco, isazi sesayensi yezepolitiki saseGeorge Washington University owayesebenza noSea Shepherd futhi ezinikele ngokuzinikela ku- Animal Liberation . Kwakumayelana nemibono yale ncwadi lapho bobabili benquma khona ukusungula iqembu lamalungelo ezilwane emazingeni aphansi: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.

I-Animal Liberation ithi abantu nezilwane babelana ngezithakazelo ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo, ikakhulukazi intshisekelo yokuphila ngaphandle kokulimala, okufanele kuhlonishwe. Ukwehluleka ukuqaphela lokhu kuthakasela kwabantu abaningi, u-Singer uthi, kubangelwa ukuchema komuntu siqu kwezinhlobo zezilwane azibiza ngokuthi ukuhlukahluka, okufana nokucwasa ngokwebala okunganaki izithakazelo zamalungu ezinye izinhlanga.

Umculi akasho ukuthi izilwane nabantu banezithakazelo ezifanayo kodwa kunalokho ukuthi izithakazelo zezilwane zenqatshelwa ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo kodwa ilungelo lethu lokuzisebenzisa ngokuthanda kwethu.

Umehluko osobala phakathi kwe-anti-speciesism kanye nokuqedwa noma ukukhululeka kwabesifazane, yebo, ukuthi abacindezelwe abalona uhlobo olufanayo nabacindezeli babo futhi abanawo amandla okuveza ngokunengqondo izimpikiswano noma ukuzihlelela bona. Badinga abantu abazambele abantu ukuthi bakhuthaze abantu abaphila nabo ukuthi baphinde bacabangele indawo yabo ohlwini lwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Isitatimende senhloso ye-PETA sithi I-Animal Liberation ephefumulelwe empilweni: "I-PETA iphikisana ne -specistism , umbono womhlaba wokubheka phezulu komuntu."

Ukukhula ngokushesha kweqembu kusuka ekungaziwa kuya egameni lomndeni kwagqugquzelwa uphenyo lwalo lokuqala olukhulu ngokuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane. Inhloso yayo yokuqala , ngo-1981, kwakuyi-Institute for Behavioral Research eSilver Spring, eMaryland.

Elebhu engasekho, isazi sezinzwa u-Edward Taub wayenqamula izinzwa zama-macaque, ezishiya unomphela nezitho ezazikwazi ukuzibona kodwa zingazizwa. Ubehlose ukuhlola ukuthi izinkawu ezigogekile zingaqeqeshelwa ukusebenzisa lezi zitho yini, wathi ucwaningo lungasiza abantu ukuthi baphinde balawule imizimba yabo ngemuva kokushaywa wuhlangothi noma ukulimala komgogodla.

U-Pacheco uthole isikhundla esingakhokhelwa esiza ekuhloleni, esebenzisa isikhathi ukubhala izimo lapho. Izivivinyo ngokwazo, nokho zimbi kakhulu, zazisemthethweni, kepha izinga lokunakekela izinkawu kanye nezimo zokuhlanzeka kulebhu kubonakale kusilela emithethweni yenhlalakahle yezilwane yaseMaryland. Ngemva kokuqoqa ubufakazi obanele, i-PETA yabethula kummeli kahulumeni, owafaka uTaub nomsizi wakhe amacala okuhlukumeza izilwane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-PETA ikhiphe izithombe ezishaqisayo u-Pacheco ayezithwebule zezinkawu ezivalekile emaphephandabeni.

Ababhikishi be-PETA ababegqoke njengezinkawu ezivalelwe baphikise i-National Institutes of Health (NIH), eyayixhase ucwaningo. Abezindaba badle baqede . U-Taub walahlwa yicala futhi ilebhu yakhe yavalwa - okokuqala lokhu kwenzeka kumhloli wezilwane e-US .

Kamuva wesulwa amacala yiNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yaseMaryland ngezizathu zokuthi imithetho yezenhlalakahle yezilwane ayizange isebenze kulebhu ngoba ixhaswe ngemali engaphansi kombuso. Inhlangano yesayensi yaseMelika yaphuthuma ukumvikela, yaphazanyiswa umphakathi kanye nokuphikiswa okungokomthetho kulokho ababekubheka njengomkhuba ovamile nodingekayo.

Ngesenzo sayo esilandelayo, ngo-1985, iPETA yakhipha izithombe ezithathwe yi-Animal Liberation Front, iqembu eliqinile elizimisele kakhulu ukwephula umthetho, wokuhlukunyezwa kanzima kwezimfene eNyuvesi yasePennsylvania. Lapho, ngaphansi kosizo lokutadisha imiphumela ye-whiplash nokulimala ekhanda ezingozini zezimoto, izimfene zazifakwa izigqoko zokuzivikela futhi zaboshelwe ematafuleni, lapho uhlobo oluthile lwesando esisebenza nge-hydraulic saphihliza amakhanda azo. Izithombe zikhombisa abasebenzi baselebhu behlekisa ngezilwane ezidubekile nezilinyazwe ubuchopho. Ividiyo, enesihloko esithi “Unnecessary Fuss,” isatholakala ku-inthanethi . Kwalandela ukulandelana kwemibhikisho ePenn nase-NIH, kanjalo namacala aphikisana nenyuvesi. Ukuhlola kuyekwa .

Cishe ngobusuku obubodwa, i-PETA yaba inhlangano yamalungelo ezilwane ebonakalayo kunazo zonke ezweni. Ngokuletha ubuso nobuso umphakathi ngodlame olwenziwa ezilwaneni zaselabhu, i-PETA yabekela inselele inkolelo yokuthi ososayensi basebenzisa izilwane ngendlela yokuziphatha, ngokufanelekile, noma ngokunengqondo.

U-Newkirk ulisebenzise ngendlela ehlakaniphile ithuba lokuqongelela imali, waba ngumamukeli wokuqala wemikhankaso yokuthumela ama-imeyili kubaxhasi benkantolo. Umqondo wawuwukwenza ubushoshovu bezilwane bube ngochwepheshe, kunikeze inhlangano ikhaya elixhaswe kahle, elihlelekile.

Iqembu ngokushesha lanweba imizamo yalo yokubhekana nokuhlupheka kwezilwane okubangelwa izimboni zokudla, imfashini , nezokuzijabulisa (okuhlanganisa amasekisi nama-aquariums), lapho abantu baseMelika bansuku zonke babenesandla kakhulu. Usizi lwezilwane ezifuywayo, ikakhulukazi, kwakuyindaba inhlangano yaseMelika elwela amalungelo ezilwane, njengoba yayinjalo, ngaphambili yayinenzondo yokubhekana nayo. I-PETA yayibeka icala, yenza uphenyo lomshoshaphansi emapulazini efektri, ibhala phansi ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane okwandile emapulazini ezweni lonke, kanye nokuletha ukunakekela emikhubeni evamile yasembonini njengokuvalela izingulube ezikhulelwe emakhejini amancane.

“'Sizokwenzela umsebenzi wesikole': leyo bekuyimantra yethu,” uNewkirk wangitshela ngesu leqembu. "Sizokukhombisa ukuthi kwenzekani kulezi zindawo lapho benza khona izinto ozithengayo."

I-PETA yaqala ukukhomba izinhlobo zokudla ezisheshayo zikazwelonke ezazibonakala kakhulu, kwathi ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, yayiqhuba imikhankaso emelene ne-“Murder King” kanye “ no-Wicked Wendy’s ” okwagcina kuholele ekuzuzeni izibopho zalezo zinkampani ezinkulu zokunqamula ubudlelwano namapulazi lapho ukuhlukunyezwa kwatholakala khona. . “Ngokuhlanganisa imiboniso ebonakalayo nemikhankaso yokusebenzelana nomphakathi eklanywe ngokucophelela, i-PETA isinekhono lokusonta izinkampani ezinkulu ukuba zenze izifiso zayo,” kubika i- USA Today ngo-2001.

Ukuze isabalalise umlayezo wayo, i-PETA ayizange ithembele nje emithonjeni yezindaba kodwa yamukela noma iyiphi indlela etholakalayo, ngokuvamile ngamasu ayengaphambi kwesikhathi sayo. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukwenza amadokhumentari amafushane, ngokuvamile axoxwa osaziwayo, akhululwa njengama-DVD noma ku-inthanethi. U-Alec Baldwin unikeze izwi lakhe ku-" Meet Your Meat, "ifilimu emfushane ekhuluma ngamapulazi efekthri; UPaul McCartney wenze iphimbo kwelinye lama -video , etshela ababukeli ukuthi “uma izindawo zokuxhelwa bezinezindonga zamangilazi, wonke umuntu ubengadla imifino.” Ukukhula kwe-inthanethi nezinkundla zokuxhumana kwaba unkulunkulu we-PETA, okuvumela iqembu ukuthi lifinyelele umphakathi ngokuqondile ngamavidiyo ayimfihlo, izingcingo zokuhlela, kanye nemiyalezo ye-pro-vegan (iqoqe abalandeli abayisigidi ku-X, phambilini obekuyi -Twitter , nangaphezulu. 700,000 ku -TikTok ).

Ngesikhathi lapho ngisho nokuthanda imifino kusabhekwa njengento engathandeki, i-PETA kwaba yi-NGO yokuqala enkulu elwela ukukholelwa kwezilwane ngezwi, idala amapheshana okwabelwana ngawo kabanzi agcwele izindlela zokupheka kanye nolwazi olusekelwe ezitshalweni. Yanikeza izinja zemifino mahhala e-National Mall; umculi uMorrissey, owayenesihloko se-albhamu yakwaSmith ethi Meat Is Murder wayenamadokodo ePETA emakhonsathini akhe; amabhendi e-hardcore punk afana ne-Earth Crisis adlulise amaflaya e-PETA e-pro-vegan emibonisweni yawo.

Izimboni zokuhlola izilwane kanye nezimboni zezolimo zezilwane zijule ephaketheni futhi zigxilile - ekuqhubekeni nazo, i-PETA yathatha umqansa, izimpi zesikhathi eside. Kodwa ukuletha amaqhinga afanayo ngokumelene nabaphikisi ababuthaka kulethe imiphumela esheshayo, ukushintsha izinkambiso ekusetshenzisweni kwezilwane okwake kwatholakala yonke indawo, kusukela eboyeni kuye ekuhlolweni kwezilwane ezimonyoni, nezinkampani ezinkulu ezifana ne-Unilever ezincoma ukugunyazwa kwe-PETA kwemininingwane yazo evumelana nezilwane.

Leli qembu lisize ekuqedeni ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane kumasekisi (okuhlanganisa ne-Ringling Brothers, eyethulwa kabusha ngo-2022 inabadlali abangabantu kuphela) futhi lithi selivale ama-zoo amaningi afuywayo amakati amakhulu e-US. Indlela yayo enezici eziningi iye yadonsela ukunaka ebubanzini bezindlela abantu abalimaza ngazo izilwane ukuze bathole inzuzo ngaphandle kwamehlo omphakathi, njengasemikhankasweni yayo yokulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezivivinyweni ezinyantisayo zokuphahlazeka kwezimoto.

Njengoba yaqala ukwenza ngezinkawu zaseSilver Spring ngo-1981, i-PETA inekhono ekusebenziseni uphenyo lwayo nemibhikisho ukuze iphoqelele iziphathimandla ukuthi ziphoqelele imithetho yenhlalakahle yezilwane evame ukwephulwa . Mhlawumbe ukunqoba kwayo okukhulu kwakamuva kwaba ngokumelene no-Envigo, umfuyi wezinyosi ozinze eVirginia osetshenziswa ekuhloleni ubuthi. Umphenyi we-PETA uthole inqwaba yokwephulwa kwe-Animal Welfare Act futhi wakuletha eMnyangweni Wezolimo, nawo owaletha eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa. U-Envigo ulivumile icala lokwephula umthetho kakhulu, okwaholela enhlawulo yezigidi ezingu-35 zamaRandi - enkulu kunawo wonke ake atholakala ecaleni lenhlalakahle yezilwane - kanye nokuvinjelwa kwekhono lenkampani lokuzalanisa izinja. Lolu phenyo lugqugquzele abenzi bomthetho eVirginia ukuthi bashaye umthetho oqinile wenhlalakahle yezilwane mayelana nokuzalanisa izilwane.

I-PETA futhi, ngenxa yesidingo, isiphenduke amandla okuvikela ilungelo lentando yeningi lokubhikisha. Lapho izimboni ezisatshiswa yi-PETA nezinye izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane ezenza uphenyo lomshoshaphansi zicindezela imithetho ebizwa ngokuthi “i-ag-gag” ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushaywa kwamapulazi emafekthri, leli qembu lajoyina umfelandawonye okuhlanganisa ne-American Civil Liberties Union ukuze libaphonsele inselelo enkantolo, lawina kaningi. ezingeni likahulumeni kwabalwela amalungelo ezilwane kanye nabenzi bobubi bezinkampani.

Eminyakeni engu-40, i-PETA isikhule yaba isikhungo esikhulu, ngesabelomali sokusebenza sika-2023 sezigidi ezingu-75 zamaRandi kanye nabasebenzi besikhathi esigcwele abangu-500, okuhlanganisa ososayensi, abameli, nochwepheshe bezinqubomgomo. Manje sekungubuso beqiniso benhlangano yaseMelika yamalungelo ezilwane, enombono womphakathi ngokuhlukana kweqembu.

UChris Green, umqondisi omkhulu we-Animal Legal Defence Fund (engangivame ukusebenza naye e-Harvard's Animal Law and Policy Programme), wangitshela: “Njenge-Hoover yokuvala izikhala, i-PETA isiphenduke ibizo elifanele, ummeleli wokuvikela izilwane kanye nezilwane. amalungelo.”

Abezindaba babonakale bekulambele ukucasulwa yi-PETA, okubhebhezela ubudlelwano obuvame ukuzuzisana: I-PETA ithola umshini wokunyathelisa, futhi abezindaba bangakwazi ukulima intukuthelo, kungaba unya ezilwaneni noma e-PETA ngokwayo, kubafundi nokuchofoza. Lokhu kugxila ekuqhumeni nokucasuka akwenzanga nje i-PETA izitha eziningi, kodwa ngokuvamile kuye kwabukela phansi, noma okungenani kwadayisela ubucayi bemigomo yeqembu kanye nezinga lempumelelo yalo.

Ukusakazwa okude kweqembu kuvame ukugxila hhayi kulokho okuzuzwe yiqembu noma ngisho nasekucabangeni kwangempela kwemiyalezo yalo kodwa ku-Newkirk uqobo, futhi ikakhulukazi kulokho okubonakala sengathi kunqamukile phakathi kobuntu bakhe obuhle kanye nemibono yakhe, okwenza i-PETA ihlale igula. -imibhikisho enesimilo. Kuphrofayili yaseNew Yorker yango-2003, uMichael Specter umemezele ukuthi iNewkirk “ifundeke kahle, futhi ingahlakanipha. Uma engaguquli, engagxeki, noma engahlaseli amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye esintu esibona umhlaba ngendlela ehlukile endleleni awenza ngayo, uyinkampani enhle.” Uchithe ngokungananazi isu le-PETA le-PR ngokuthi “intukuthelo engamaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, amaphesenti ayishumi umuntu ngamunye osaziwayo neqiniso.”

I-Specter iveza umfundi okucatshangwayo ongavumelani nemibono kaNewkirk. Kodwa ukubiza ukugxekwa kwesikhundla se-orthodox njengokushiseka noma ukweqisa kuyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela ngokumelene nokuzibandakanya nengqikithi yokugxeka. Ngakho-ke i-PETA ibilokhu ibhekene nokududulana okufanayo cishe nawo wonke amalungelo omphakathi kanye nombutho wobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle ngaphambi kwayo: kakhulu, maduze kakhulu, kude kakhulu, okweqisayo kakhulu, nokushiseka ngokweqile.

Kodwa i-PETA yenze umsebenzi wabagxeki bayo waba lula ngokuvama ukweqa umugqa phakathi kokucasuka nokucasula. Ukufaka ohlwini ezinye zezoni ezimbi kakhulu, leli qembu lenze izimangalo ezingabazekayo ezihlobanisa ukusetshenziswa kobisi ne-autism , lifanise ama-meatpackers noJeffrey Dahmer's cannibalism , kubhekiselwa ku-Rudy Giuliani womdlavuza we-prostate ukusetshenziswa kobisi (embukisweni ongavamile wokuzisola, kamuva waxolisa ), futhi yaqhathanisa ukulima kwasefekthri nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, okwenza kube nokuhlehla okukhulu . (Ungakhohlwa ukuthi lesi siqhathaniso sakamuva senziwa nangumlobi ongumPolish-Jewish u-Isaac Bashevis Singer, owayephunyukile eYurophu phakathi nokudlondlobala kobuNazi eJalimane futhi ngo-1968 wabhala ukuthi “ngokuphathelene [nezilwane], bonke abantu bangamaNazi; ngoba izilwane, iyiTreblinka yaphakade.”)

Imizimba yabantu abaya ocansini nobunqunu, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi njengabesifazane, kuyizinto ezivamile zemibhikisho nezikhangiso ze-PETA; UNewkirk naye ulengiswa enqunu phakathi kwezidumbu zengulube emakethe yenyama yaseSmithfield eLondon ukukhombisa ukufana phakathi kwemizimba yabantu neyengulube. Abalandeli bosaziwayo abafana no -Pamela Anderson bavele emkhankasweni omude othi “Ngincamela ukuhamba nqunu kunokugqoka uboya”, futhi izishoshovu ezipendwe ngomzimba zinqunu zibhikishele yonke into kusukela kuvolo kuya ekuthunjweni kwezilwane zasendle. Lawa maqhinga ahehe ukumangalelwa kokungahloniphi abesifazane ngisho nokuxhashazwa ngokobulili okuvela kubalandeli besifazane kanye nabasekeli bamalungelo ezilwane okuphathelene nendlela ehlukanisayo yokukhulula abantu nezilwane .

Omunye owayesebenzela i-PETA, ocele ukukhuluma ngokungaziwa, wangitshela ukuthi ngisho nabantu enhlanganweni bathole ukuthi ezinye zalezi zindlela zokuthumela imiyalezo “ziyinkinga.” Indlela yokubiza zonke izindleko kubikwa ukuthi ibe nomthelela ekushiyeni komsunguli wakhe u-Alex Pacheco kule nhlangano, futhi isidonse ukugxekwa ongqongqoshe benhlangano yamalungelo ezilwane yaseMelika, njengesazi sezomthetho uGary Francione, owake waba nguzakwabo waseNewkirk. Futhi yize kulula ukuhlanganisa yonke i-PETA ne-Newkirk, abantu abaningi engikhulume nabo bekucacile ukuthi izinqumo eziningi, okubandakanya neziyimpikiswano kakhulu, zidlula kuye.

Ngokwakhe, njengoba ebhekane nokugxekwa okunjalo iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane, iNewkirk isalokhu ingaphenduki ngenjabulo. “Asizile ukuzokwenza abangane; sizele ukuzothonya abantu,” ungitshela. Ubonakala edabukisa ukuthi uphakathi kwedlanzana labantu ababamba isilinganiso esikhulu sokuhlupheka kwezilwane emhlabeni. Isicelo sakhe sokunciphisa umonakalo abantu ababangela ezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, uma kukhona, sinengqondo, ikakhulukazi sivela kumuntu oseneminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-50 engufakazi walo monakalo omubi kakhulu. Uma ekhuluma ngemikhankaso, ukhuluma ngesilwane ngasinye esingaphathwa kahle ophenyweni lwe-PETA. Angakhumbula imininingwane emincane yemibhikisho yamashumi eminyaka edlule kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zokuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane ezayibangela. Ufuna ukwakha umnyakazo, kodwa futhi ufuna ukwenza okulungile ngezilwane.

Mhlawumbe akukho lapho lokhu kubonakala khona kakhulu kunasesinqumweni sakhe sokuqhuba uhlelo lokufinyelela izilwane kanye nendawo yokukhosela izilwane eNorfolk, eVirginia, oluvame ukuthulisa izilwane. Okunye okugxekwe isikhathi eside kakhulu kwenhlangano ukuthi i-PETA inobuzenzisi: iyiqembu elilwela amalungelo ezilwane eliphinde libulale izinja . Kuyi-grist ekahle ye -Centre for Consumer Freedom , iqembu le-astroturf osekuyisikhathi eside lihlotshaniswa nezolimo zezilwane kanye nezithakazelo zikagwayi, eliqhuba umkhankaso othi “PETA ibulala izilwane”. Google PETA, futhi amathuba okuthi le nkinga ivele.

Kepha iqiniso lokukhosela kwezilwane ukuthi ngenxa yomthamo obambekayo, izindawo zokukhosela eziningi zibulala amakati nezinja ezilahlekile ezizithathayo futhi ezingakwazi ukuzibuyisela ekhaya - inkinga edalwe ukuzalaniswa kabi kwezilwane embonini yezilwane ezilwa nayo iPETA ngokwayo. Indawo yokukhosela ye-PETA ithatha izilwane kungakhathaliseki isimo sazo sempilo, akukho mibuzo ebuzwayo, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, igcina ikhipha izilwane eziningi ngokwesilinganiso kunezinye izindawo zokukhosela eVirginia, ngokusho kwamarekhodi omphakathi. Uhlelo luphinde lwenze iphutha ngesihluku, lapho lwaze lwanikeza isilwane esifuywayo i-chihuahua ababecabanga ukuthi silahlekile .

Pho kungani wenze njalo? Kungani inhlangano ekhathazeke kangaka nge-PR inganikeza abaphikisi inhloso esobala kangaka?

U-Daphna Nachminovitch, iphini likamongameli we-PETA ophenyweni ngonya lwezilwane, ungitshele ukuthi ukugxila endaweni yokukhosela kuphuthelwa umsebenzi omkhulu owenziwa yi-PETA ukusiza izilwane emphakathini, nokuthi indawo yokukhosela ithatha izilwane ezizohlupheka kakhulu uma zishiywa zife ngaphandle. noma ubani ukuzithatha: “Ukuzama ukwenza ngcono izimpilo zezilwane kungamalungelo ezilwane,” kusho yena. Noma kunjalo, umuntu osebenza ngaphakathi isikhathi eside wangitshela ukuthi “I-PETA yokuthenwa kwezilwane ilimaza ngokuphelele isithombe se-PETA kanye nengqikithi yayo. Kusukela ekudumeni, kumnikeli, kanye nasezingeni lemali engenayo kuyinto embi kakhulu eyenziwa yi-PETA … Wonke umuntu angancamela ukuthi angakwenzi lokhu. Kodwa u-Ingrid akafuni nje ukuzifulathela izinja.”

Ekugcineni, imibuzo emayelana nemiyalezo nokukhetha kwamasu kuyimibuzo emayelana nempumelelo. Futhi lolo wuphawu lombuzo omkhulu mayelana ne-PETA: Ingabe iyasebenza? Noma okungenani ngempumelelo ngangokunokwenzeka? Ukulinganisa ithonya lezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nemibhikisho kuyaziwa ukuthi kunzima. Imibhalo yezemfundo iyonke ikhona futhi, ekugcineni, ayihlanganisi ukuthi yini esebenzayo nokuthi yini engafanele ukufeza izinhloso ezihlukene zezishoshovu, noma ukuthi umuntu kufanele azichaze kanjani lezo zinhloso kwasekuqaleni.

Thatha izithombe zocansi. “Ucansi luyadayiswa, selokhu kwathi nhlo,” kusho uNewkirk. I-raft yokugxeka ngamazwi kanye nolunye ucwaningo lwezemfundo luphakamisa okuhlukile. Ingase ithole ukunakwa kodwa ekugcineni ingase iphikisane nabalandeli abawinile.

Kodwa kunzima ukuhlukanisa umphumela. Njengamanje, i-PETA ithi isihehe amalungu nabasekeli abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-9 emhlabeni jikelele. Ingenye yezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane ezixhaswa kakhulu ngezimali emhlabeni.

Izoba nemali eningi noma encane kanye nobulungu ukube ibikhethe amasu ahlukene? Akunakwenzeka ukusho. Kuyathandeka ngokuphelele ukuthi ukubonakala okutholwe ngamasu ayo ayimpikiswano kwenza i-PETA ihehe kumadlelandawonye ajulile futhi ifinyelele abantu okungenzeka ukuthi abakaze bacabangele amalungelo ezilwane.

Ukungaqiniseki okufanayo kuyasebenza ekukhuthazeni i-PETA kwe-veganism. Nakuba kunezinketho eziningi ze-vegan ezitolo ezinkulu nezindawo zokudlela kunango-1980, ama-vegans asakha cishe amaphesenti angu-1 abantu baseMelika.

Naphezu kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-45 yomsebenzi, i-PETA ayizange iqinisekise ngisho nedlanzana labantu baseMelika ukuthi ligweme inyama. Selokhu yasungulwa, ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kuleli sekuphindeke kabili .

Kodwa ukubona lokhu njengokwehluleka kugeja izinga lenselelo kanye namandla ahleleke ukumelana nayo. Ukudla inyama kuwumkhuba ogxiliswe kakhulu ngokwesiko, ogqugquzelwa ukutholakala kwenyama eshibhile yonke indawo eyenziwa ukulima kwasefekthri, ithonya lezombangazwe elifana ne-hydra lezindawo zokusebenzela zezolimo, nokuba khona yonke indawo kokukhangisa ngenyama. I-PETA isebenzisa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-75 ngonyaka kubo bonke abasebenzi bayo nemikhankaso, kanti iphesenti elithile lalokho kuhloswe ngalo ukuphikisana nokudliwa kwenyama. Imboni yokudla okusheshayo yaseMelika iyodwa yachitha cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ngo-2019 ikhuthaza umyalezo ohlukile.

Ukushintsha ukuziphatha komphakathi kokuthile komuntu siqu njengokudla kuyinkinga okungekho noyedwa enhlanganweni yamalungelo ezilwane (noma ukunyakaza kwemvelo noma impilo yomphakathi, ngaleyo ndaba) oyixazululile. U-Peter Singer, lapho ngikhuluma naye, uyavuma ukuthi ngezinga ayenalo ngeso lengqondo iphrojekthi yezombangazwe ku -Animal Liberation , kwakungenye yokuqwashisa okwaholela ekunyakazeni kwabathengi njengokuduba okuhleliwe. “Umbono wawuwukuthi uma abantu sebazi, ngeke bahlanganyele,” wangitshela. “Futhi akukenzeki neze lokho.”

Futhi umsebenzi we-PETA awubanga nomphumela wokuguqula umthetho wenhlangano, njengezintela zenyama, imithetho eqinile yezenhlalakahle yezilwane, noma ukumiswa koxhaso lwenhlangano yokuhlola izilwane. Okudingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu e-US amandla anonya okunxenxa. Futhi uma kuziwa emandleni okunxenxa, i-PETA, kanye nokunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane kukonke, ayashoda.

UJustin Goodman, iphini likamongameli omkhulu e-White Coat Waste Project, okuyiqembu eliphikisa uxhaso lukahulumeni lokuhlola izilwane, wangitshela ukuthi ngokubonakala sengathi iyazihlukanisa futhi mhlawumbe ayinandaba, i-PETA “iyamemeza ngaphandle” kuyilapho izimboni eziphikisayo zinamabutho ama-lobbyists.

Uthi: “Ungabala ngakwesinye isandla isibalo sabantu abalwela amalungelo ezilwane eNtabeni, ukuze kungabikho muntu owesabayo. I-PETA kufanele ifune ukufana ne-NRA - lapho benombono ongemuhle ngawe, kodwa bayakwesaba. "

Ngokuphambene, u-Wayne Hsiung, ummeli, umsunguli weqembu lamalungelo ezilwane i-Direct Action Everywhere, umgxeki we-Newkirk manje-futhi-futhi , nombhali we- eseyi “Kungani ubushoshovu, hhayi i-veganism, buyisisekelo sokuziphatha,” uyabuza ukuthi inombolo kwabantu abaguqulelwe ku-veganism noma ngisho namazinga omphakathi okusetshenziswa kwenyama amamethrikhi alungile okungakalwa ngawo impumelelo ye-PETA. Inhlangano elwela amalungelo ezilwane, yangitshela, “inombono wempumelelo we-neoliberal obheka izinkomba zezomnotho, kodwa ezomnotho [njengokuthi zingaki izilwane ezikhiqizwa futhi ezidliwe] zizoba inkomba yokusalela.”

"I-metric engcono ukuthi zingaki izishoshovu eziqala ukusebenza, bangaki abantu abenza isenzo esiqhubekayo esingenalo udlame egameni lakho," esho. “Namuhla, ngokungafani neminyaka engu-40 edlule, unamakhulu abantu abagasela emapulazini emboni, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abavotela izinhlelo zokuvota ezweni lonke ... I-PETA ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi enye inhlangano enesibopho salokho."

Uma kuziwa emibonweni yokuvota, i-PETA ihlwanyele inqwaba yezinhlamvu zokulwela amalungelo ezilwane. Cishe wonke umuntu engikhulume naye ngale ngcezu, okuhlanganisa nabagxeki abaningi, batuse ingxenye ethile ye-PETA ngokubakhuthaza ukuba bahlanganyele embuthweni, kungaba ngamapheshana embukisweni we-punk, amavidiyo ayimfihlo asatshalaliswa nge-DVD noma ku-inthanethi, noma ukubhala kukaNewkirk. nokukhuluma obala.

UJeremy Beckham kungenzeka ukuthi akazange asize ukuqala i-Salt Lake City VegFest, noma aze abe yi-vegan, uma kungenjalo ngombhikisho we-PETA esikoleni sakhe esiphakathi. U-Bruce Friedrich, owasungula i-Good Food Institute, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo ekhuthaza amanye amaprotheni, wayengumxhumanisi womkhankaso we-PETA walowo mbhikisho. Namuhla, ababengabasebenzi be-PETA bafundisa emanyuvesi, baphethe izinkampani zenyama yezitshalo, futhi banezikhundla eziphezulu kwezinye izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo.

I-PETA nayo ilolonge umsebenzi wamanye amaqembu. Inqwaba yamalungu angaphakathi kwamalungelo ezilwane engikhulume nawo aphikisana ngokuthi amaqembu amakhulu ezenhlalakahle zezilwane njenge-Humane Society yase-United States ayengeke enze izinsiza ezingathi sína emsebenzini wokulima omelene nefekthri uma kungenjalo i-PETA yokusika indlela kubo. Izinhlangano zenhlalakahle yezilwane ezifayo manje zenza umsebenzi onzima - ukufaka amacala, ukuthumela imibono yomphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, ukuthola izindlela zokuvota phambi kwabavoti - okudingekayo ukwenza ushintsho olukhulayo. Bafanelwe yisabelo sabo sodumo lwempumelelo yamashumi eminyaka amuva nje. Kodwa futhi baye bazuza ngokusebenza kwe-PETA hhayi nje njengesikhuthazo kubo kodwa njenge-bogeyman yamalungelo ezilwane kwabanye.

Isikhulu esiphezulu seqembu elikhulu elimela inhlalakahle yezilwane sangitshela: “Ukuba ne-PETA laphaya yenza zonke lezi zinto ezihlasimulisayo, ezingabazekayo, kwenza ezinye izinhlangano zokuvikela izilwane zibukeke njengabalingani abanengqondo ngokwengeziwe lapho zimelela imithetho, imithetho, noma olunye ushintsho lwesikhungo.”

I-Newkirk, okwamanje, isalokhu iyi-iconoclast. Akafuni ukugxeka ezinye izinhlangano ngokuqondile - into abantu abaningi engikhulume nayo, okuhlanganisa nabagxeki abanolaka, abamncoma - kodwa akaguquki ngokubeka izikhundla ezicacile nezingahle zingathandwa yi-PETA.

Ngemva kokuchitha amashumi eminyaka inxusa inhlangano ukuthi ithathe izilwane ezifuywayo ngokungathi sína, njengoba i-PETA incoma ngisho namaketanga okudla okusheshayo ngokuzibophezela ekuphathweni kobuntu kwezilwane, iNewkirk kwesinye isikhathi ibigxeka ukushintshwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo ekuthuthukiseni izimo zezilwane emapulazini efektri kunalokho . kunokuqeda amapulazi ezimboni ngokuphelele. I-PETA yaphikisana nesiphakamiso 12, umthetho oyingqopha-mlando wenhlalakahle yezilwane owaphasiswa abavoti baseCalifornia ngo-2018, ngalezo zingxabano (eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, nokho, uNewkirk ngokwakhe wayebhikishela ukusekela iProp 12 eNkantolo Ephakeme lapho izwa inselelo yezomthetho evela efektri. izithakazelo zokulima).

Ngokwenza umqondo wePETA, ungaqali ngeqembu, kodwa ngenkinga ezama ukuyilungisa. Abantu balinganisa ubudlova ezilwaneni ngezinga elicishe lingenakucatshangwa. Udlame olutholakala yonke indawo futhi olujwayelekile, olwenziwa abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, izinkampani, kanye nohulumeni, ngokuvamile ngokusemthethweni ngokuphelele. Akukona nje kuphela ukuthi abantu abambalwa abazamile ukubhekana nalolu dlame ngokungathi sína, iningi labo aliboni njengodlame. Usibekela kanjani inselelo lesi simo esikhona, lapho abantu abaningi bengathanda ukushuna izimpikiswano zakho?

I-PETA, isithunywa esingaphelele kodwa esidingekayo, yanikeza impendulo eyodwa, ngokusemandleni ayo.

Namuhla, izilwane eziningi zifuywa futhi zibulawe ngaphansi kwezimo ezesabekayo kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo yokuphila komuntu. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40, i-PETA ayikawufezi umgomo wayo wokuqeda ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Kodwa, noma kunjalo, futhi ngokumelene nezingqinamba, iyiguqule unomphela impikiswano mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane. E-US, izilwane, ingxenye enkulu, azikho emasekisini. Uboya bubhekwa njengento engafanele kwabaningi. Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kuyahlukanisa, ingxenye yabantu baseMelika iphikisana nalo mkhuba . Ukudliwa kwenyama sekuphenduke inkulumompikiswano yomphakathi. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke nakakhulu, manje kunamaqembu amaningi azinikele enhlalakahleni yezilwane. Kunemali eningi yabanikelayo. Osopolitiki abengeziwe bakhuluma ngokulima emafemini .

Inqubekela phambili kunoma iyiphi inhlangano yomphakathi ihamba kancane, iyakhula, futhi inzima. Kodwa i-PETA inikeze ipulani. Iqale ngomgomo oqinile nengaxoxiswana wezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nezombusazwe futhi yabona ukuthi ingaba nomthelela omkhulu esikhathini eside ngokusebenza ngobungcweti kanye nokuthuthukisa inethiwekhi yabasekeli ebanzi. Yayingesabi ingxabano nokubhekana, iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bayalazi igama elithi PETA.

Iphinde yenza amaphutha alimaza isithunzi sayo kanye nelenhlangano.

Kodwa noma yikuphi lapho inhlangano elwela amalungelo ezilwane isuka lapha, nanoma yimaphi amasu ewakhethayo, izodinga izinhlangano ezinkulu, ezixhaswe kahle ngezimali zokulwa nezimpi ezinkulu, ezinkantolo nasezinkantolo zemibono yomphakathi. Futhi izodinga abaholi, abafana noNewkirk, ukuzibophezela kwabo emzamweni kuphelele.