Emkhakheni we-veganism yokuziphatha, ukwenqatshwa kwemikhiqizo etholakala ezilwaneni kudlulela ngalé kokugwema inyama nobisi. UJordi Casamitjana, umbhali we "Ethical Vegan," uphenya ngendwangu kasilika evame ukunganakwa, echaza ukuthi kungani ama-vegans eyeka ukuyisebenzisa. Usilika, indwangu ewubukhazikhazi nendala, ubulokhu uyisisekelo embonini yemfashini neyokuhlobisa ikhaya amakhulu eminyaka. Naphezu kokukhanga kwawo kanye nokubaluleka kwawo ngokomlando, ukukhiqizwa kukasilika kuhilela ukuxhashazwa okuphawulekayo kwezilwane , inkinga ewumnyombo kuma-vegans aziphatha kahle. UCasamitjana ulandisa ngohambo lwakhe lomuntu siqu nangesikhathi abona ngaso isidingo sokubhekisisa izindwangu ngemvelaphi yazo, okuholele ekugwemeni kwakhe ngokuqinile usilika. Lesi sihloko sihlola imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yokukhiqizwa kukasilika, ukuhlupheka okubangela imisundu kasilika, kanye nemiphumela ebanzi yezimiso zokuziphatha ephoqelela abantu abadla inyama ukuba benqabe le nto ebonakala iyingozi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumthandi wezilwane ongumakad' ebona noma ufuna ukwazi ngezimiso zokuziphatha ezikhethwa yindwangu, lesi sihloko sinikeza ukukhanya kokuthi kungani usilika ungafanele uhambe kulabo abazibophezele endleleni yokuphila engenalo unya.
UJordi Casamitjana, umbhali wencwadi ethi “Ethical Vegan”, uchaza ukuthi kungani ama-vegan angagcini nje ngokugqoka isikhumba noma uboya kodwa futhi enqaba noma yimuphi umkhiqizo owenziwe ngosilika “wangempela”.
Angazi noma sengike ngagqoka yini.
Ngike ngaba nezingubo zohlobo oluthile ezazithambile futhi zisilika (ngikhumbula ingubo eyodwa ebukeka njenge-Kimono enganikwa ngisemusha njengoba nginephosta kaBruce Lee ekamelweni lami okungenzeka ukuthi yakhuthaza isipho sothile) kodwa abavumanga. zenziwe ngosilika “wangempela,” njengoba wawuyobiza kakhulu emkhayeni wami ngaleso sikhathi.
Usilika uyindwangu kanokusho osekungamakhulu eminyaka isetshenziselwa ukwenza izingubo. Izimpahla zokugqoka ezivamile ezenziwe ngosilika zihlanganisa izingubo, ama-saree, amahembe, amabhulawuzi, ama-sherwani, amathani, izikhafu, i-Hanfu, othayi, i-Áo dài, amajazi, amaphijama, izigqoko, nezingubo zangaphansi. Kuzo zonke lezi, amahembe kasilika nothayi yikhona ebengingakusebenzisa, kodwa angilona uhlobo lwejaha lehembe nothayi. Amanye amasudi anezindwangu zikasilika, kodwa wonke amasudi engangiwagqoka ayene-viscose (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-rayon) esikhundleni salokho. Bengingathola izinto zokulala zikasilika lapho ngilala kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwekhaya lami, ngicabanga. Amashidi kasilika nama-pillowcase aziwa ngokuthambile kwawo kanye nokuphefumula kwawo futhi ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa emahhotela abizayo (hhayi uhlobo lwamahhotela engiwajwayele, noma kunjalo). Usilika usetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezihlukahlukene, njengezikhwama, izikhwama zemali, amabhande, nezigqoko, kodwa angicabangi ukuthi usilika wawuyingxenye yanoma yiziphi izikhwama zemali noma izigqoko engizisebenzisile. Ukuhlobisa ikhaya kungase kube okunye okungenzeka, njengoba ezinye zezindawo engizivakashele kungenzeka zibe namakhethini, izembozo zemicamelo, izigijimi zetafula, kanye ne-upholstery eyenziwe ngosilika wangempela.
Uma ukhuluma iqiniso, uyihlukanisa kanjani indwangu esilika kwenye? Angikaze ngibe sesimweni lapho kufanele ngenze kanjalo…ngaze ngaphenduka i-vegan eminyakeni engama-20 edlule. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lapho ngihlangana nendwangu engase yenziwe ngosilika, kufanele ngihlole ukuthi akunjalo, njengoba thina, ama-vegans, singagqoki usilika (isilwane "sangempela", okungukuthi). Uma uke uzibuze ukuthi kungani, le ndatshana ingeyakho.
Usilika “Wangempela” Uwumkhiqizo Wezilwane
Uma wazi ukuthi i-vegan iyini, uyazi-ke isivumelwano. I-vegan ngumuntu ofuna ukukhipha zonke izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa kwezilwane ukuze athole ukudla, okokugqoka nanoma iyiphi enye injongo. Lokhu kubandakanya, ngokwemvelo, noma iyiphi indwangu equkethe noma yimuphi umkhiqizo wezilwane. Usilika wenziwa ngokuphelele ngemikhiqizo yezilwane. Yakhiwa iphrotheni yezilwane engancibiliki eyaziwa ngokuthi i-fibroin futhi ikhiqizwa izibungu zezinambuzane ezithile ukuze zakhe imifece. Nakuba usilika njengendwangu esetshenziswa abantu uvela ezinambuzaneni ezithile zokulima (futhi izinambuzane ziyizilwane ), into yangempela ikhiqizwa izilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla ngaphandle kwalezo ezifuywayo. Isibonelo, izicabucabu namanye ama-arachnid (yilokhu amawebhu azo enziwe ngakho), izinyosi, iminyovu, izintuthwane, i-silverfish, ama-caddisflies, ama-mayflies, ama-thrips, ama-leafhopper, ama-webspinners, ama-raspy crickets, amabhungane, ama-lacewings, amazeze, izimpukane, nama-midges.
Nokho, usilika wesilwane abantu abawusebenzisayo uvela emifeceni yezibungu zombungu kasilika i-Bombyx mori (uhlobo lwebhu lomkhaya i-Bombycidae) elikhuliswa emapulazini emboni. Ukukhiqizwa kukasilika imboni endala eyaziwa ngokuthi i-sericulture eyavela esikweni laseShayina laseYangshao ngenkulungwane yesi BCE . Ukutshalwa kukasilika kwasakazekela eJapane cishe ngo-300 BCE, futhi, ngo-522 BCE, amaByzantines akwazi ukuthola amaqanda osilika futhi akwazi ukuqala ukutshala usilika.
Njengamanje, lena ingenye yezimboni ezibulala kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukuze kwenziwe ihembe likasilika, kubulawa amabhu angaba ngu-1 000. Sekukonke, okungenani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-420 kuya ku-1 trillion abulawa ngonyaka ukuze kukhiqizwe usilika (inani kungenzeka ukuthi selifinyelele ku-2 trillion ngesikhathi esisodwa). Yilokhu engabhala ngakho encwadini yami ethi “Ethical Vegan” :
“Usilika awuzifanelekeli izilwane ezifuywayo ngoba uwumkhiqizo wesilwane otholakala emfeceni we-mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori), uhlobo lwebhu elifuywayo elidalwa ukuzalaniswa okukhethekile kwe-Mandarina yasendle i-Bombyx, isibungu saso esaluka imifece emikhulu ngesikhathi saso. ku-protein fiber ayikhipha ematheni. Lamabhu athambile, aminyene impela futhi embozwe izinwele ezimhlophe, alizwani nephunga elimnandi lezimbali ze-jasmine, futhi yilokhu okuwadonsela ku-mulberry omhlophe (Morus alba), onephunga elifanayo. Zibekela amaqanda azo esihlahleni, futhi izibungu ziyakhula futhi zigubuze izikhathi ezine ngaphambi kokungena esigabeni seziphungumangathi lapho zakha khona indawo yokukhosela eyenziwe ngosilika, futhi zenze ngaphakathi koshintsho olumangalisayo lwe-metamorphic zibe ubuthi bazo obuguquguqukayo ... ngaphandle uma umlimi ongumuntu ebukele. .
Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kuka-5 000 lesi sidalwa esithanda i-jasmine sixhashazwa imboni yesilika (sericulture), okokuqala eShayina futhi yasakazekela eNdiya, Korea naseJapane. Bakhuliswa ekuthunjweni, futhi labo abahluleka ukukhiqiza umfece bayabulawa noma bayekwe ukuze bafe. Labo abawenzayo bayobe sebebiliswa bephila (futhi ngezinye izikhathi kamuva badliwe) futhi imicu kamfece ikhishwe ukuze idayiswe ukuze kuzuze inzuzo.”
Izikelemu zikasilika Ziyahlupheka Emapulazini Emboni
Ngemva kokufunda izinambuzane iminyaka eminingi njengesazi sezilwane , angingabazi ukuthi zonke izinambuzane ziyizidalwa ezizwelayo. Ngabhala isihloko esithi “ Kungani Ama-Vegans Engadli Izinambuzane ” lapho ngifingqa khona ubufakazi balokhu. Isibonelo, ekubuyekezweni kwesayensi kuka-2020 okunesihloko esithi “ Ingabe Izinambuzane Zingabuzwa Ubuhlungu? Ukubuyekezwa kobufakazi be-Neural and Behavioral ” ka-Gibbons et al., Abacwaningi bafunde imiyalo eyisithupha ehlukene yezinambuzane futhi basebenzise isikali semizwa sobuhlungu ukuze bahlole ukuthi banesithukuthezi yini. Baphetha ngokuthi imizwa yayingatholakala kuzo zonke izinambuzane ababezibuka. I-oda i-Diptera (omiyane nezimpukane) kanye ne-Blattodea (amaphela) yanelisa okungenani eziyisithupha kweziyisishiyagalombili zaleyo mibandela yemizwa, okuthi ngokusho kwabacwaningi "yakha ubufakazi obuqinile bobuhlungu", kanye nemiyalo ethi Coleoptera (mabhungane), kanye ne-Lepidoptera ( amabhu nezimvemvane) zanelisa okungenani ezintathu kuya kwezine kweziyisishiyagalombili, abathi “ziwubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bobuhlungu.”
Ku-sericulture, izidalwa ezizwelayo ngazinye (izibungu sezivele zinemizwa, hhayi nje abantu abadala abazoba yibo) zibulawa ngokuqondile ukuze zithole usilika, futhi njengoba izilwane zikhuliswa emapulazini efektri ukuze zibulawe, imboni kasilika iphikisana ngokucacile nezimiso. ye-veganism, futhi hhayi kuphela ama-vegans okufanele enqabe imikhiqizo kasilika, kodwa futhi nemifino. Nokho, kunezizathu ezengeziwe zokuzenqaba.
Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lungase ludingeke ukuze lukufakazele ngokwaneliseka kwabo bonke ososayensi, kodwa njengoba isimiso sezinzwa sesibungu sihlala singaphelele noma ngokwengxenye ezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane eziningi phakathi nenqubo yokushintshashintsha kwe-metamorphosis ngaphakathi kwe-cocoon, izikelemu zingase zizwe ubuhlungu uma zikhona. zibilisiwe ziphila, ngisho nalapho zisesigabeni seziphungumangathi.
Khona-ke, sinenkinga yezifo ezidlangile (into evamile kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokulima kwasefekthri), okubonakala kuyimbangela enkulu yokufa kwezikelemu zikasilika. Phakathi kuka-10% no-47% wezibungu zizobulawa izifo kuye ngokuthi imikhuba yokulima, ukusabalala kwezifo, kanye nezimo zemvelo. Izifo ezine ezivame kakhulu yi-flacherie, utshani, i-pebrine ne-muscardine, zonke ezibangela ukufa. Izifo eziningi zilashwa ngesibulala-magciwane, esingase sithinte inhlalakahle yombungu. E-India, cishe u-57% wokufa kokulahlekelwa yizifo kungenxa ye-flacherie, u-34% wotshani, u-2.3% we-pebrine, no-0.5% we-muscardine.
Izimpukane ze-Uzi kanye namabhungane e-dermestid nazo zingase zibangele ukufa kwezikelemu zesilika emapulazini emboni, njengoba lezi zingama-parasite kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye. Amabhungane e-Dermestid adla imifece emapulazini, kokubili ngesikhathi sokuzala nangemva kokuba isiphungumangathi sesibulewe umlimi.
Imboni Kasilika
Namuhla, okungenani amazwe angama-22 akhiqiza usilika wezilwane, aphezulu kube yiShayina (cishe u-80% wokukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke ngo-2017), i-India (cishe i-18%), ne-Uzbekistan (ngaphansi kwe-1%).
Inqubo yokulima iqala ngebhu lensikazi elihlanganisiwe lizalela amaqanda aphakathi kuka-300 no-400 ngaphambi kokuba life, libe selifukamela izinsuku eziyishumi noma ngaphezulu. Khona-ke, kuvela izibungu ezincane, ezigcinwa zithunjwe emabhokisini ezingqimba ze-gauze anamaqabunga kamalibhele aqoshiwe. Ngemva kokuncelisa amaqabunga cishe amasonto ayisithupha (edla cishe izikhathi ezingu-50,000 isisindo sawo sokuqala ) okuthiwa ama-silkworms (nakuba zingezona izibungu, kodwa izibungu) zizinamathisela ohlakeni lwendlu yokukhulisa, bese zenza umfece kasilika ngesikhathi. izinsuku ezintathu kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili ezilandelayo. Labo abasindayo babe sebeziphuca babe amabhu amadala, akhipha i-enzyme ephula usilika ukuze baphume emfeceni. Lokhu ngokuphumelelayo “kuzomosha” umlimi usilika njengoba kuzokwenza ube mfishane, ngakho umlimi ubulala amabhu ngokuwabilisa noma ngokuwashisisa ngaphambi kokuba aqale ukukhipha i-enzayimi (le nqubo yenza kube lula ukuhlehlisa izintambo). Uchungechunge luzophinde lucutshungulwe ngaphambi kokuthi ludayiswe.
Kahle njengakunoma yikuphi ukulima kwasefekthri, ezinye izilwane zikhethelwa ukuzaliswa, ngakho-ke ama-cocoon avunyelwe ukuvuthwa futhi achanyuselwe ukukhiqiza abantu abadala abazalanisayo. Futhi njengezinye izinhlobo zokulima kwasefekthri, kuzoba nenqubo yokukhetha okwenziwayo ukukhetha ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezifuywayo okufanele zisetshenziswe (kulokhu, ama-silkworms ane-"reelability") engcono kakhulu, okuyikhona okuholele ekudalweni kohlobo lwasekhaya lwezilwane ezifuywayo. i-silkworm kuqala.
Embonini kasilika yomhlaba wonke, kulinganiselwa ukuthi sonke isibalo sabantu bemibungu kasilika baphila phakathi kwezinsuku eziyizigidigidi eziyi-15 nezingama-37 emapulazini emboni, lapho okungenani izinsuku eziyizigidigidi eziyi-180 kuye kweziyi-1.3 zamathriliyoni zibandakanya isipiliyoni esingaba sibi (ukuba ukubulawa noma ukuhlushwa yisifo, esidala phakathi kwezigidigidi ezi-4.1 nezingu-13 zokufa). Ngokusobala, lena yi-vegans yemboni abangakwazi ukuyisekela.
Kuthiwani Nge-“Ahimsa” Silk?
Njengoba kwenzeka ekukhiqizweni kobisi kanye nobisi olubizwa ngokuthi “ ahimsa milk ” (obekufanele lugweme ukuhlupheka kwezinkomo kodwa kwavela ukuthi kusakubangela), kwenzeka okufanayo “nge-ahimsa silk”, omunye umqondo owasungulwa imboni yamaNdiya. esabela ekulahlekelweni kwamakhasimende akhathazekile ngokuhlupheka kwezilwane (ikakhulukazi amakhasimende azo amaJain namaHindu).
Izikhungo ezithi zikhiqiza usilika we-ahimsa zithi “ubuntu” ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kukasilika okuvamile ngoba zisebenzisa imifece osekuvele kukho inundu, ngakho-ke akukho kufa okuthiwa kwenzeka lapho kukhiqizwa. Kodwa-ke, ukufa ngenxa yezifo ezibangelwa ukulima emafemini amabhu asaqhubeka.
Ukwengeza, uma abadala sebephumile emfeceni bebodwa, abakwazi ukundiza ngenxa yemizimba yabo emikhulu namaphiko amancane adalwa yizizukulwane eziningi zokuzalanisa, ngakho-ke abakwazi ukuzikhulula ekuthunjweni (ukushiywa ukuthi bafele epulazini). iBeauty Without Cruelty (BWC) ivakashele amapulazi kasilika e-Ahimsa yaphawula ukuthi amabhu amaningi achanyuselwa kulama coco awakulungele ukundiza nokufa ngokushesha. Lokhu kukhumbuza okwenzeka embonini yoboya lapho izimvu ziye zashintshwa izakhi zofuzo ukuze zikhiqize uboya obengeziwe, futhi manje zidinga ukugundwa njengoba kungenjalo zizoshisa ngokweqile.
I-BWC iphinde yaphawula ukuthi izikelemu eziningi zikasilika ziyadingeka emapulazini e-Ahimsa ukuze kwakhiwe inani elilinganayo likasilika njengokulima kukasilika okuvamile ngoba imifece embalwa ekwazi ukuphindeleka. Lokhu kuphinde kukhumbuze ukungezwani kwengqondo abanye abantu abadla imifino ababa nakho lapho becabanga ukuthi benza into enhle ngokusuka ekudleni inyama yezilwane ezimbalwa baye ekudleni amaqanda ezilwane eziningi ezengeziwe ezifuywe emapulazini emboni (ezizobulawa noma kunjalo).
Ukukhiqizwa kukasilika we-Ahimsa, noma kungabandakanyi ukubilisa imifece ukuze kutholwe imicu, kusathembele ekutholeni amaqanda “angcono kakhulu” kubafuyi abafanayo ukuze kukhiqizwe izikelemu eziningi, ezisekela yonke imboni kasilika, kunokuba kube enye indlela yona.
Ngaphezu kosilika we-ahimsa, imboni ibizama ezinye izindlela “zokulungisa”, ihlose ukuheha amakhasimende abawalahlekele lapho ebona ukuthi kungakanani ukuhlupheka okukubangelayo. Isibonelo nje, kube nemizamo yokuthola izindlela zokunqanda ukuguqulwa kwamabhu ngemva kokwakhiwa kwe-cocoon, ngenhloso yokuthi kuthiwe akekho umuntu ozohlupheka uma ubiliswa. Akukhona nje ukuthi lokhu akufinyelelwanga, kodwa ukumisa ukuguquka kwesimo kunoma yisiphi isigaba akusho ukuthi isilwane asisaphili futhi asisazizwa. Kungaphikiswana ngokuthi uma usuka kucimbi uye kubhu elidala isimiso sezinzwa singase “sicime” lapho sisuka kolunye uhlobo siye kolunye, kodwa abukho ubufakazi bokuthi lokhu kuyenzeka, futhi kukho konke esikwaziyo, sigcina umuzwa kuyo yonke inqubo. . Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe kwenzekile, lokhu kungaba yisikhashana nje, futhi bekungeke kwenzeke kakhulu ukuthola indlela yokumisa ukuguqulwa kwesimo ngaleso sikhathi.
Ekupheleni kosuku, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko imboni ehamba kuzo, iyohlale ithembele ekugcineni izilwane zithunjwe emapulazini emboni futhi zizixhaphaze ukuze zithole inzuzo. Lezi zizodwa sezivele ziyizizathu zokuthi kungani ama-vegans engeke agqoke usilika we-ahimsa (noma yiliphi elinye igama abangase baqhamuke nalo), njengoba ama-vegan kokubili aphikisana nokuthunjwa kwezilwane nokuxhashazwa kwezilwane.
Ziningi ezinye izindlela zikasilika ezenza kube lula kakhulu ukwenqaba ama-vegans usilika wezilwane. Isibonelo, eziningi zivela emiculweni yezitshalo yemvelo (usilika kabhanana, usilika we-cactus, u-bamboo lyocell, usilika kaphayinaphu, usilika we-Lotus, ukotini sateen, usilika we-fiber orange, usilika we-Eucalyptus), kanye neminye evela emiculweni yokwenziwa (i-polyester, i-satin egaywe kabusha, i-viscose; Usilika omncane, njll.). Kukhona ngisho nezinhlangano ezikhuthaza ezinye izindlela ezinjalo, njenge- Material Innovation Initiative .
Usilika uyinto yokunethezeka engadingekile engadingeki muntu, ngakho kuyadabukisa ukuthi zingaki izidalwa ezizwelayo ezenziwa ukuba zihlupheke ukuze zikhiqize uhlobo lwazo lwezilwane. Kodwa-ke, kulula ukugwema umkhondo wegazi likasilika. Mhlawumbe ungomunye wemikhiqizo iningi lama-vegan akuthola kulula ukwenqaba ngoba, njengami, usilika kungenzeka ukuthi wawungeyona ingxenye yempilo yawo ngaphambi kokuba ube yi-vegan. Ama-Vegans awawugqoki usilika noma abe nawo noma yimuphi umkhiqizo, kodwa akekho omunye okufanele agqoke.
Usilika kulula kakhulu ukuwugwema.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku-Veganfta.com futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono ye Humane Foundation.
