NgePlanethi
Ukulima kwezilwane kuyimbangela enkulu yokusika imithi, ukushoda kwamanzi, kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa. Ukushintshela kumasistimu asekelwe ezitshalweni kubalulekile ukuvikela amahlathi,onga izinsiza, nokulwa noshintsho lwesimo sezulu. Ikusasa elingcono leplanethi liqala emakazeni.
Izindleko Zomhlaba Earth
Ukulima kwemboni kubhidliza ukulingana kweplanethi yethu. Yonke iplate yenyama iza ngezindleko eziphazamisayo eMhlabeni.
Amaqiniso Okubalulekile:
- Izigidi zamahektare wamahlathi ayabhujiswa ukuze kwenziwe indawo yokudla izilwane kanye nezitshalo zokudla izilwane.
- Izinkulungwane zamalitha amanzi ziyadingeka ukukhiqiza nje ikhilogramu elilodwa lenyama.
- Ukukhishwa kwe-greenhouse gas okukhulu (i-methane, i-nitrous oxide) kuyashesha ushintsho lwesimo sezulu.
- Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komhlabathi kwenza kube lula ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokwenziwa kwenhlabathi ibe yintlango.
- Ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi, amachibi, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba okuvela emindeni yezilwane namakhemikhali.
- Ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala.
- Igalelo ekudalweni kwezindawo ezifile olwandle kusuka ekuchithekeni kwezolimo.
Iplanethi ekhathazekile.
Njalo ngonyaka, cishe izilwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-92 ezihlala emhlabathini zihlupheka ukuze zikwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulu senyama, ubisi namaqanda - futhi kulinganiselwa ku-99% yalezi zilwane zivalelwe emfazweni zasemakhaya, lapho zihlupheka khona kakhulu futhi zinezimo ezicindezelayo. Lezi zinhlelo zezimboni zenza inzuzo kanye nokukhiqiza ngaphandle kokubheka inkoliso yezilwane kanye nokusimama kwemvelo.
Ukulima kwezilwane sekuyinto eyodwa yezimboni ezilimaza kakhulu emhlabeni. Inesibopho ngamaphesenti angama-14.5 wokukhishwa kwegesi yomlilo emhlabeni[1] - kakhulu i-methane ne-nitrous oxide, eziqinile kakhulu kune-carbon dioxide ngokuya ngamandla okushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mdlalo usebenzisa amanani amakhulu amanzi ahlanzekile nomhlabathi wokulima.
Umthelela wokuzungezila awapheli ekukhishweni komlilo kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Ngokubuka kwe-United Nations, ezolimo zezilwane ziyashesha ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, ukonakala komhlaba, nokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngenxa yokuchitheka kwendle, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithi elwa namagciwane, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi—ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezifana ne-Amazon, lapho ukufuya izinkomo kubalelwa ku-80% wokucishwa kwamahlathi[2] . Lezi zinqubo ziyonakalisa imvelo, zisise ukusinda kwezinhlobo zezilwane, futhi zinciphise ukumelana nezindawo zemvelo.
Umonakalo emvelweni
wokulima
Manje sekukhona abantu abangaphezu kweziyishumi nambili billion emhlabeni - kabili inani labantu eminyakeni engama-50 edlule. Izinsiza zeplanethi yethu sezivele zingaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu, futhi ngenhlonipho yabantu emhlabeni wonke ephrojwayo ukuthi ifinyelele ku-10 billion eminyakeni engama-50 ezayo, ingcindezi iyanda kuphela. Umbuzo: Ngakho-ke zonke izinsiza zethu ziya kuphi?
Ukuncipha Kwemithombo
Ukulima kwezilwane kudla inani elikhulu lomhlaba, amanzi, nezibaso ezitholakala emhlabeni, okubeka ubunzima obukhulu emithonjeni yezinto ezilinganiselwe yomhlaba. [4]
Ukungcolisa iPlanethi
Kusuka ekuchithekeni kobulongwe olunobuthi kuya ekukhishweni kwe-methane, ukulima kwezilwane zasemakhaya kungcolisa umoya, amanzi kanye nomhlabathi wethu.
Iqiniso
Izinto Ezilimaza Isimo Sezulu
Ukufuywa kwezilwane embonini kubangela amagesi abamba ukushisa amaningi kunezigaba zokuthutha emhlabeni jikelele ndawonye. [7]
amalitha angu-15,000
amalitha amanzi anikwa ilukuluku lokukhiqiza ikhilogremu eyodwa yenkomo yenkomo - isibonelo esikhulu sendlela yokulima izilwane idla ingxenye yesithathu yamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni. [5]
60%
yokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kokudla — ngokufuywa kwezilwane kube ngumshayeli ohamba phambili. [8]
75%
yomhlaba wezolimo ingakhululwa uma izwe zamukela ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni — kuvulwa indawo elingaka le-United States, China, kanye ne-European Union ndawonye. [6]
Inkinga
Umthelela Wezemvelo Wokulima Kwezasendaweni
Ukulima kwefektri kukhulisa ushintsho lwesimo sezulu, kukhulula amanani amakhulu kwamafutha abamba ukushisa. [9]
Manje sekucacile ukuthi ushintsho lwesimo sezulu olubangelwa umuntu luyinyaniso futhi lubeka usongo olukhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Ukuze ugweme ukwedlula ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke ngo-2ºC, izizwe ezithuthukile kumele zisike ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse okungenani ngama-80% ngo-2050. Ukulima kwezasendaweni kungumnikelo omkhulu kunayo yonke engeyodwa kulesi sifo, okhipha amanani amakhulu wegesi ye-greenhouse.
Izinhlobonhlobo zemithombo ye-carbon dioxide
Ukulima kwasemakhaya kukhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa kuzo zonke izigaba zochungechunge lwayo lokuhlinzeka. Ukusika amahlathi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukudla kwezilwane noma ukukhuphula imfuyo akugcini nje ngokususa izindawo ezibalulekile zokugcina isulfure kodwa futhi kukhipha isulfure egciniwe emhlabathini nasemithi nasemithi kuya emkhathini.
Imboni edla amandla
Imboni edla kakhulu amandla, ukulima amasiko kudla inani elikhulu lamandla - ikakhulukazi ukutshala okuphakelayo kwezilwane, okubalelwa ku-75% wokusetshenziswa okuphelele. Okusele kusetshenziselwa ukushisa, ukukhanyisa, kanye nokungenisa umoya.
Ngaphandle kwe-CO₂
Ikhabhoni di-oxide akuyona ukukhathazeka okukhulu kuphela - ukufuywa kwemfuyo nakho kudala amanani amakhulu we-methane ne-nitrous oxide, okuyi-greenhouse gas enamandla kakhulu.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu sekuyaphazamisa ukulima - futhi izingozi zikhuphuka.
Ukukhuphuka kwamazinga lokushisa kubeka ubunzima ezifundeni ezinentlupheko yamanzi, kuvimbele ukukhula kwezitshalo, futhi kwenze kube nzima ukukhulisa izilwane. Ushintsho lwesimo sezulu futhi ludla izinambuzane, izifo, ukucindezeleka kokushisa, kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi, kusebenzisa ukuphepha kokudla okungapheli.
Ukulima kwasefekthri kubeka engcupheni umhlaba wemvelo, kusebenzisa ukusinda kwezilwane nezitshalo eziningi. [10]
Ama- ecosystems anempilo esenzeni sokuphila komuntu - elondoloza ukunikezwa kokudla kwethu, imithombo yamanzi, nomoya. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlelo ezisekelayo zimpilo zivundluka, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemiphumela ebanzi yokulima amasiko, okusheshisa ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo.
Imiphumela Enobuthi
Ukulima kwasefekthri kukhiqiza ukungcolisa okunamanzi okuchitha futhi kubhubhise izindawo zokuhlala zemvelo, kulimaze izilwane zasendle. Imfucuza ivame ukuvuza ezindleleni zamanzi, idale "izindawo ezifile" lapho izinhlobo ezimbalwa zisinda khona. Ukukhishwa kweNitrogen, njenge-ammonia, futhi kubangela ukwanda kwamanzi kanye nomonakalo ungqimba lwe-ozone.
Ukukhula Komhlaba Nokulahleka Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ukonakala kwezindawo zemvelo kwenza ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane emhlabeni wonke. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezindlu zomhlaba zaseSewakhiqiza ukudla kwezilwane, kucindezela ezolimo ziye ezindaweni ezibalulekile eLatin America nase-sub-Saharan Africa. Phakathi kuka-1980 no-2000, amafemu amasha emazweni asakha kwanda kwafinyelela izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-25 ubukhulu be-UK, lapho ngaphezu kuka-10% kuthatha indawo yamahlathi ashisayo. Lokhu kukhula kubangelwa kakhulu ukulima okukhulu, hhayi amafemu abantu abancane. Izinyathelo ezifanayo e-Europe nazo ziyimbangela yokwehla kwezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo.
Umthelela Wokulima Kwezindlu Zezilwane Kwimozulu Nezemvelo
Ukulima kwemboni kukhiqiza u-14.5% wokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa emhlabeni - ngaphezu kwesektoroni yezokuthutha. Lokhu kukhishwa kwegesi kwenza ushintsho lwesimo sezulu lube nzima kakhulu, kwenze izindawo zokuhlala zibe nzima kakhulu. INkonferensi Yokuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo isixwayisa ngokuthi ushintsho lwesimo sezulu luphazamisa ukukhula kwezitshalo ngokwandisa izinambuzane nezifo, kwandisa ukucindezeleka kokushisa, kuguqule imvula, futhi kubangele ukuguguleka komhlabathi ngemikhuba eqinile.
Ukulima efektri kubangela umonakalo emvelweni ngokukhipha ubuthi obuhlukahlukene obungcolisa imvelo yemvelo. [11]
Imfazwe zasemakhaya, lapho kugcwaliswe khona izilwane eziningi noma izinkulungwane, zenza izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zokungcolisa imvelo ezilimaza izindawo zokuhlala kanye nezilwane zasendle ezikulezo zindawo. Ngo-2006, i-United Nations 'Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) yabiza ukufuywa kwezilwane' njengenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinikele ezinkingeni ezimbi kakhulu zemvelo namuhla. "
Izilwane eziningi zilingana nokudla okuningi
Ukulima kwefektri kuncike kakhulu kokusanhlamvu kanye nesoya ecebile ngamaprotheni ukuze kwandise izilwane ngokushesha - indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu kunokufuya izilwane ngokwesiko. Lezi zithelo zivame ukudinga imisebe emikhulu yezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nomanyolo wamakhemikhali, iningi lazo eliphetha ngokungcolisa imvelo kunokuba lisize ukukhula.
Izingozi Ezifihliwe Zokugeleza Kwezolimo
Ukweqisa kwenitrojeni nefosforasi evela emasimini efekthri kuvame ukungena ezinhlelweni zamanzi, kulimaze impilo yasemanzini futhi kudale 'izindawo ezifile' ezinkulu lapho izinhlobo ezimbalwa zingaphila khona. Enye yenitrojeni iba igesi ye-ammonia, enikeza isandla ekucoliseni kwamanzi kanye nokuncipha kwe-ozone. Laba baphazamisayo bangasongela nempilo yabantu ngokungcolisa izimpahla zethu zamanzi.
Ingxube Yezinto Ezingcolisayo
Ipulazi zasendaweni azigcini nje ngokukhulula i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ngokweqile - kodwa futhi zikhiqiza abangcolisi abalimazayo njenge-E. coli, izinsimbi ezinzima, nezibulala-zinambuzane, okubeka engcupheni impilo yabantu, izilwane, kanye nemvelo ngokufanayo.
Ukulima kwemboni akunasebenzi kahle - kusebenzisa izinsiza ezinkulu ngenkathi kunikeza amanani aphansi kakhulu amandla okudla asetshenziswayo. [12]
Izinhlelo zokulima izilwane ezinzulu zidla amanzi amaningi, okuthambile, namandla ukuze kukhiqizwe inyama, ubisi namaqanda. Ngokungafani nezindlela zendabuko eziguqula utshani kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo ibe ukudla kahle, ukulima kwasefekthri kuncike ekudleni okunamandla futhi kuletha imbuyiselo ephansi ngokwemithombo yamandla yokudla esetshenziswayo. Lokhu kungalingani kuveza ukungasebenzi kahle okubucayi enhliziyweni yokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo yezimboni.
Ukuguqulwa Kwephrotheni Okungasebenzi
Izilwane ezifuywe efektri zidla amanani amakhulu okuphakelayo, kodwa okuningi kwalokhu kungeniswa kulahleka njengamandla okunyakaza, ukushisa kanye ne-metabolism. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukukhiqiza ikhilogramu elilodwa lenyama kungadinga amakhilogramu amaningana okuphakelayo, okwenza uhlelo lwehluleka ukukhiqiza amaprotheni.
Izidingo Ezinkulu Ezindabeni Zemvelo
Ukulima kwemboni kuyasebenzisa inani elikhulu lomhlaba, amanzi, namandla. Ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane kusebenzisa cishe ama-23% wamanzi kwezolimo - cishe amalitha angu-1,150 umuntu ngamunye ngosuku. Futhi kuncike kumquba onamandla namasiprayi, kuchitha izakhi ezibalulekile njenge-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ezingasetshenziswa kangcono ukukhulisa ukudla okuningi kahle.
Imikhawulo Yenzinga Ephakeme
Igama elithi "isikhathi esiphezulu" libhekisela endaweni lapho izinsiza ezibalulekile ezingavuseleli njengamafutha namaphosforasi - kokubili okubalulekile ekulinyeni kwemboni - kufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu bese liqala ukwehla. Yize ukunemba kwesikhathi kungaqiniseki, ekugcineni lezi zinto zizoba ziningi. Njengoba zigxile ezimbalwa emazweni, lokhu kubi kubeka engcupheni enkulu yezombangazwe emazweni athembele ekungenisweni kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe.
Njengoba kuqinisekisiwe izifundo zesayensi
Izinkomba
[1] https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/e6627259-7306-4875-b1a9-cf1d45614d0b
[2] https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/amazon/amazon_threats/unsustainable_cattle_ranching/
[3] https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1634679
https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a85d3143-2e61-42cb-b235-0e9c8a44d50d/content/y4252e14.htm
[4] https://drawdown.org/insights/fixing-foods-big-climate-problem
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_footprint#Water_footprint_of_products_(agricultural_sector)
[6] https://ourworldindata.org/land-use-diets
[7] https://www.fao.org/4/a0701e/a0701e00.htm
[8] https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/amazon/amazon_threats/unsustainable_cattle_ranching/
[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture#Climate_change_aspects
[10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture#Biodiversity
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-023-01326-z
https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/26/world/species-loss-evolution-climate-scn-intl-scli/index.html
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture#Effects_on_ecosystems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture#Air_pollution
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JTEHA..76..230V/abstract
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture#Resource_use
https://web.archive.org/web/20111016221906/http://72.32.142.180/soy_facts.htm
https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/915b73d0-4fd8-41ca-9dff-5f0b678b786e
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/4/1084
[13] https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaq0216
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316623065896?via%3Dihub
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-014-1104-5
https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/c93da831-30b3-41dc-9e12-e1ae2963abde/content
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