Ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ocwaningweni nasekuhlolweni kwesayensi sekuyisikhathi eside kuyindaba ephikisanayo, esusa izimpikiswano ngezizathu zokuziphatha, zesayensi, nezenhlalo. Naphezu kweminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu yobushoshovu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindlela eziningi, i-vivisection isewumkhuba ovamile emhlabeni wonke. Kulesi sihloko, isazi sezinto eziphilayo u-Jordi Casamitjana sihlolisisa isimo samanje sezinye izindlela zokuhlola izilwane kanye nokuhlolwa kwezilwane, sikhanyisela imizamo yokushintsha le mikhuba nezindlela zobuntu nezithuthuke ngokwesayensi. Uphinde wethula uMthetho ka-Herbie, isinyathelo sokuqala senhlangano yase-UK anti-vivisection okuhloswe ngayo ukubeka usuku oluqondile lokuphela kokuhlolwa kwezilwane.
I-Casamitjana iqala ngokuzindla ngezimpande zomlando zenhlangano emelene ne-vivisection, eboniswa ngokuvakashela kwakhe isithombe "senja ensundu" e-Battersea Park, isikhumbuzo esibuhlungu sezingxabano zakuqala zekhulu lama-20 ezizungeze i-vivisection. Le nhlangano, eholwa amavulandlela afana noDkt. Anna Kingsford kanye no-Frances Power Cobbe, iye yavela phakathi namashumi eminyaka kodwa isaqhubeka nokubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu. Naphezu kwentuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe, inani lezilwane ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni liye lakhula kuphela, izigidi zihlupheka minyaka yonke ezindaweni zokucwaninga emhlabeni wonke.
Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono obanzi wezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlolwa kwezilwane kanye nemithelela yazo yezimiso zokuziphatha, egqamisa iqiniso elimsulwa lokuthi eziningi zalezi zivivinyo azigcini nje ngokuba nonya kodwa futhi zinephutha ngokwesayensi. I-Casamitjana ithi izilwane ezingezona ezomuntu zingamamodeli ampofu ebhayoloji yabantu, okuholela ezingeni eliphezulu lokuhluleka ukuhumusha imiphumela yocwaningo lwezilwane emiphumeleni yomtholampilo yabantu. Leli phutha lendlela yokusebenza ligcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinye izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa nezinobuntu.
I-Casamitjana ibe isihlola isimo esithembisayo se-New Approach Methodology (NAMs), ehlanganisa amasiko amangqamuzana omuntu, ama-organ-on-chips, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusekelwe kukhompyutha. Lezi zindlela ezintsha zinikeza amandla okuguqula ucwaningo lwe-biomedical ngokuhlinzeka ngemiphumela ehlobene nomuntu ngaphandle kwezithiyo zesimilo nezesayensi zokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Uchaza ngentuthuko kule mikhakha, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwamamodeli amangqamuzana omuntu e-3D kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwe-AI ekwakhiweni kwezidakamizwa, ekhombisa ukusebenza kahle kwawo namandla okushintsha ukuhlolwa kwezilwane ngokuphelele.
Lesi sihloko siphinde sigqamise inqubekelaphambili yamazwe ngamazwe ekwehliseni ukuhlolwa kwezilwane, ngezinguquko zomthetho emazweni afana ne-United States, Canada, ne-Netherlands. Le mizamo ikhombisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kwesidingo sokushintshela ezinkambisweni zocwaningo ezinokuziphatha okuhle nezinengqondo ngokwesayensi.
E-UK, inhlangano emelene ne-vivisection ithola umfutho ngokwethulwa koMthetho ka-Herbie. Iqanjwe nge-beagle engasetshenziswanga ocwaningweni, lo mthetho ohlongozwayo uhlose ukubeka u-2035 njengonyaka okuhlosiwe wokushintsha okuphelele kokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Umthetho uveza icebo lesu elihilela isenzo sikahulumeni, izinzuzo zezezimali zokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuqondene nomuntu, kanye nokwesekwa kososayensi abasuka ekusetshenzisweni kwezilwane.
I-Casamitjana iphetha ngokugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezindlela zokuqeda nya, njengalezo ezigqugquzelwa i-Animal Free Research UK, ezigxile kuphela ekuthatheni indawo ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kunokuncishiswa kwazo noma ukucwengwa kwazo.
Umthetho ka-Herbie umele isinyathelo esinesibindi nesidingekayo esibheke ekusaseni lapho inqubekelaphambili yesayensi ifinyelelwa ngaphandle kokuhlupheka kwezilwane, okuhambisana nentuthuko yesimilo nesayensi yesikhathi sethu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ocwaningweni lwesayensi nokuhlola sekuyisikhathi eside kuyindaba eyingxabano, esusa izinkulumo-mpikiswano ngezimiso zokuziphatha, zesayensi, nezenhlalo. Ngaphandle kweminyaka eyikhulu yobushoshovu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindlela eziningi, vivisection kusalokhu kuwumkhuba ovamile emhlabeni wonke. Kulesi sihloko, isazi sebhayoloji u-Jordi Casamitjana sidingida isimo samanje sezinye izindlela zokuhlola izilwane kanye nokuhlolwa kwezilwane, sikhanyisela imizamo yokushintsha le mikhuba nezindlela zobuntu nezithuthuke ngokwesayensi. Futhi wethula i-Herbie's Law, isinyathelo sokuqala senhlangano yase-UK yokulwa novivisection okuhloswe ngayo ukumisa idethi eqinisekile yokuphela yokuhlolwa kwezilwane.
I-Casamitjana iqala ngokuzindla ngezimpande zomlando zenhlangano ephikisana ne-vivisection, eboniswa ngokuvakashela kwakhe isifanekiso "senja ensundu" e-Battersea Park, isikhumbuzo esidabukisayo sezingxabano zakuqala zekhulu lama-20 ezizungeze i-vivisection. . Le nhlangano, eholwa amavulandlela afana noDkt. Anna Kingsford kanye Frances Power Cobbe, iye yavela phakathi namashumi eminyaka kodwa iyaqhubeka nokubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu. Ngaphandle kwentuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe, inani lezilwane ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni likhule kuphela, ngezigidi ezihlupheka minyaka yonke ezindaweni zokucwaninga emhlabeni jikelele.
I-athikili ihlinzeka ngombono obanzi wezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlolwa kwezilwane kanye nemithelela yazo yezimiso zokuziphatha, egqamisa iqiniso elimsulwa lokuthi eziningi zalezi zivivinyo azigcini nje ngokuba nonya kodwa futhi zinamaphutha ngokwesayensi. U-Casamitjana uthi izilwane okungezona ezomuntu zingamamodeli ampofu ebhayoloji yabantu, okuholela ezingeni eliphezulu lokwehluleka ukuhumusha okutholwe ocwaningweni lwezilwane kuya emiphumeleni yomtholampilo yabantu. Lokhu kushiyeka kwendlela yokusebenza kugcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinye izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa nezinobuntu.
I-Casamitjana ibe isihlola isimo esithembisayo se-New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), ehlanganisa amasiko amangqamuzana omuntu, ama-organ-on-chips, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusekelwe kukhompyutha. Lezi zindlela eziqanjiwe zinikeza amandla okuguqula ucwaningo lwe-biomedical ngokuhlinzeka ngemiphumela ehambisana nomuntu ngaphandle kwemiphumela kwezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nezesayensi zokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Uchaza intuthuko kule mikhakha, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwamamodeli amangqamuzana omuntu e-3D kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwe-AI ekwakhiweni kwezidakamizwa, okubonisa ukusebenza kahle kwawo namandla okushintsha ukuhlola kwezilwane ngokuphelele.
I-athikili iphinda igqamise inqubekelaphambili yamazwe ngamazwe ekwehliseni ukuhlolwa kwezilwane, ngezinguquko zomthetho emazweni afana ne-United States, Canada, ne-Netherlands. Le mizamo ikhombisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kwesidingo sokushintshela ezinkambisweni zocwaningo ezinokuziphatha okuhle nezinengqondo ngokwesayensi.
E-UK, inhlangano emelene ne-vivisection iba nomfutho ngokwethulwa komthetho ka-Herbie. Iqanjwe nge-beagle engasetshenziswanga ocwaningweni, lo mthetho ohlongozwayo uhlose ukumisa u-2035 njengonyaka okuhloswe ngawo ukushintshwa okuphelele kokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Umthetho uveza isu isu elihilela isenzo isenzo, ezezimali okukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuqondene nomuntu, kanye nokwesekwa kososayensi abasuka ekusetshenzisweni kwezilwane.
I-Casamitjana iphetha ngokugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezindlela zokuqeda nya, njengalezo ezikhuthazwa i-Animal Free Research UK, ezigxile kuphela ekushintsheni ukuhlolwa kwezilwane esikhundleni ukuncishiswa kwazo noma ukucwengwa. Umthetho Herbie umele isinyathelo esinesibindi kanye nesidingekile esiya ekusaseni lapho inqubekelaphambili yesayensi ifinyelelwa ngaphandle nokuhlupheka kwesilwane, ukuhambisana nentuthuko yesimilo kanye nesayensi yesikhathi sethu.
Isazi sebhayoloji uJordi Casamitjana ubheka ezinye izindlela zamanje zokuhlolwa kwezilwane nokuhlolwa kwezilwane, kanye naku-Herbie's Law, iphrojekthi elandelayo yokulangazelela yenhlangano yase-UK yokulwa novivisection.
Ngithanda ukumvakashela ngezikhathi ezithile.
Kufihlwe ekhoneni le-Battersea Park eSouth London, kunesithombe “senja ensundu” engithanda ukusihlonipha njalo. Lesi sithombe siyisikhumbuzo senja ye-brown terrier eyafa izwa ubuhlungu ngesikhathi i-vivisection eyenziwa kuye phambi kwezilaleli zabafundi bezokwelapha abangama-60 ngo-1903, futhi eyayiyisizinda sempikiswano enkulu , njengoba izishoshovu zaseSweden zazingene ngokunyenya ezifundweni zezokwelapha zaseNyuvesi yaseLondon. ukuveza lokho abakubiza ngokuthi izenzo ze-vivisection ezingekho emthethweni. Lesi sikhumbuzo, esembulwa ngo-1907, naso sadala impikiswano, njengoba abafundi bezokwelapha ezibhedlela zokufundisa eLondon babethukuthele, babangela izibhelu. Itshe lesikhumbuzo lagcina lisusiwe, futhi kwakhiwa isikhumbuzo esisha ngo-1985 ukuze sihloniphe inja kuphela, kodwa nesikhumbuzo sokuqala esaphumelela kakhulu ekuqwashiseni ngonya lokuhlolwa kwezilwane.
Njengoba ubona, ukunyakaza kwe-anti-vivisection kungenye yezigaba ezincane kunazo zonke ngaphakathi kokunyakaza okubanzi kokuvikela izilwane. Amaphayona ekhulwini le-19 , njengoDkt Anna Kingsford, u-Annie Besant, kanye noFrances Power Cobbe (owasungula i-British Union Against Vivisection ngokuhlanganisa izinhlangano ezinhlanu ezihlukene ezimelene ne-vivisection) bahola inhlangano e-UK ngesikhathi esifanayo ama-suffragette ayelwa. amalungelo abesifazane.
Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100, kodwa i-vivisection isaqhubeka yenziwa emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise ne-UK, ehlala ingelinye lamazwe lapho izilwane zihlupheka khona ezandleni zososayensi. Ngo-2005, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-115 zasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ekuhloleni noma ukuhlinzeka ngemboni yezokwelapha. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, inani lakhula lafinyelela ezigidini ezilinganiselwa ku -192.1 , futhi manje kungenzeka ukuthi selidlulile kumaki ayizigidi ezingu-200. I- Humane Society International ilinganisela ukuthi izilwane ezingu-10,000 ziyabulawa kuwo wonke amakhemikhali amasha e-pesticide ahlolwe. Inani lezilwane ezisetshenziswa ocwaningweni lokuhlola e-EU lilinganiselwa ku- 9.4m , kanti ama-3.88m alawa angamagundane. Ngokwezibalo zakamuva ezivela kwaHealth Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA), zingaphezu kuka-90,000 izilwane ezingezona abantu ezasetshenziswa ukuze zihlolwe ezindaweni zokucwaninga zase-Ireland ngo-2022.
EGreat Britain, inani lamagundane asetshenziswe ngo-2020 lalingama-933,000. Inani eliphelele lezinqubo ezilwaneni ezenziwa e-UK ngo-2022 laliyi- 2,761,204 , lapho i-71.39% ihilela amagundane, izinhlanzi ezingu-13.44%, amagundane angu-6.73% kanye nezinyoni ezingu-4.93%. Kuzo zonke lezi zivivinyo, ezingama-54,696 zahlolwa njengezinzima kakhulu , futhi kwenziwa izivivinyo eziyi-15,000 ezinhlotsheni ezivikelwe ngokukhethekile (amakati, izinja, amahhashi, nezinkawu).
Izilwane ezisocwaningweni lokuhlola (ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi “izilwane zelabhu”) ngokuvamile zivela ezikhungweni zokuzalanisa (ezinye zazo ezigcina izinhlobo ezithile zasekhaya zamagundane namagundane), ezaziwa ngokuthi abathengisi bekilasi A, kuyilapho abathengisi bekilasi B kungabathengi thola izilwane emithonjeni ehlukahlukene (njengendali nezindawo zokukhosela izilwane). Ngakho-ke, ukuhlupheka kokuvivinywa kufanele kwengezwe ekuhluphekeni kokukhuliswa ezikhungweni ezigcwele kakhulu futhi ugcinwe ekuthunjweni.
Izindlela eziningi ezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokuhlolwa kwezilwane nokucwaninga sezithuthukisiwe, kodwa abezombangazwe, izikhungo zemfundo, kanye nemboni yemithi ayikavumi ukuzisebenzisa ukuze kuthathelwe indawo ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane. Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi sikuphi manje nalezi zinguquko nokuthi yini elandelayo yenhlangano yase-UK anti-vivisection.
Iyini i-Vivisection?
Imboni ye-vivisection yakhiwe ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezimbili zemisebenzi, ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kanye nokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Ukuhlolwa kwesilwane yinoma yikuphi ukuhlola kokuphepha komkhiqizo, umuthi, isithako, noma inqubo eyenziwe ukuze kuzuze abantu lapho izilwane eziphilayo ziphoqeleka ukuba zithole okuthile okungase kuzibangele ubuhlungu, ukuhlupheka, ukucindezeleka, noma ukulimala okuhlala njalo. Lolu hlobo ngokuvamile luqhutshwa izimboni zezentengiselwano (njengezimboni zemithi, ze-biomedical, noma zezimonyo).
Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane yinoma yikuphi ukuhlola kwesayensi kusetshenziswa izilwane ezithunjiwe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nocwaningo lwezokwelapha, lwebhayoloji, lwezempi, lwefiziksi, noma lobunjiniyela, lapho izilwane ziphinde ziphoqeleke ukuba zithole okuthile okungase kuzibangele ubuhlungu, ukuhlupheka, ukucindezeleka, noma ukulimala okungapheli ukuze kuphenywe umuntu. - udaba oluhlobene. Lokhu kuvame ukuqhutshwa izifundiswa ezinjengososayensi bezokwelapha, izazi zebhayoloji, izazi zokusebenza komzimba, noma izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo. Ukuhlolwa kwesayensi inqubo ososayensi abayenzayo ukuze bathole, bahlole inkolelo-mbono, noma babonise iqiniso elaziwayo, elibandakanya ukungenelela okulawulwayo kanye nokuhlaziywa kokusabela kwezihloko zokuhlola kulokho kungenelela (ngokuphambene nokubonwa kwesayensi okungakwenzi lokho. bandakanya noma yikuphi ukungenelela futhi kunalokho ubheke izifundo ziziphatha ngokwemvelo).
Kwesinye isikhathi igama elithi “ucwaningo lwezilwane” lisetshenziswa njengelifanayo lakho kokubili ukuhlolwa kwezilwane nokuhlolwa kwezilwane, kodwa lokhu kungase kudukise kancane njengoba ezinye izinhlobo zabacwaningi, njengezazi zezilwane, izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, noma izazi zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle zingase zenze ucwaningo olungaphazamisi nezilwane zasendle. izilwane ezibandakanya ukubuka kuphela noma ukuqoqa indle noma umchamo endle, futhi ucwaningo olunjalo luvame ukuba nezimiso zokuziphatha, futhi akufanele luhlanganiswe ne-vivisection, engavumelani neze nezimiso zokuziphatha. Igama elithi "ucwaningo olungenazo izilwane" lihlala lisetshenziswa njengokuphambene nokuhlolwa noma ukuhlolwa kwezilwane. Kungenjalo, igama elithi “ukuhlola isilwane” lisetshenziselwa ukusho kokubili ukuhlola nokuhlola kwesayensi okwenziwa ngezilwane (ungahlala ubheka ucwaningo lwesayensi “njengokuhlola” kwenkoleloze futhi).
Igama elithi vivisection (ngokwezwi nezwi elisho “ukuhlakaza uphila”) lingasetshenziswa, kodwa ekuqaleni, leli gama lalihlanganisa kuphela ukuhlukaniswa noma ukusebenza kwezilwane eziphilayo ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo lwe-anatomical kanye nokufundisa ngezokwelapha, kodwa akuzona zonke izivivinyo ezibangela ukuhlupheka ezihilela ukusika izilwane. , ngakho leli gama libhekwa ngabanye njengelincane kakhulu futhi elidala ukuthi lisetshenziswe okuvamile. Kodwa-ke, ngiyisebenzisa kaningi ngoba ngicabanga ukuthi yigama eliwusizo elixhunyaniswe ngokuqinile nenhlangano yezenhlalo ephikisana nokuhlolwa kwezilwane, futhi ukuxhumana kwayo “nokusika” kusikhumbuza kakhulu ngezilwane ezihluphekayo kunanoma yiliphi igama elingacacile noma elingacacile.
Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane nokuhlola kufaka phakathi ukujova noma ukuncelisa izilwane ngezinto ezingase zibe yingozi , ukususa izitho zezilwane noma izicubu ngokuhlinzwa ukuze kudale umonakalo ngamabomu, ukuphoqelela izilwane ukuba zihogele amagesi anobuthi, ukubeka izilwane ezimweni ezisabisayo ukuze zidale ukukhathazeka nokudangala, ukulimaza izilwane ngezikhali. , noma ukuhlola ukuphepha kwezimoto ngokubamba izilwane ngaphakathi kuzo ngenkathi zisebenza kuze kube semingceleni yazo.
Okunye ukuhlola nokuhlola kuklanyelwe ukufaka ukufa kwalezi zilwane. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwe-Botox, imigomo, namanye amakhemikhali kuwukuhlukahluka kokuhlolwa kwe-Lethal Dose 50 lapho u-50% wezilwane ufa noma ubulawa ngaphambi nje kokufa, ukuhlola ukuthi yimuphi umthamo obulalayo wento ehloliwe.
Ukuhlolwa Kwezilwane Akusebenzi
Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane nokuhlolwa okuyingxenye yemboni ye-vivisection ngokuvamile kuhloswe ngayo ukuxazulula inkinga yomuntu. Zingase zisetshenziselwe ukuqonda ukuthi isayensi yezinto eziphilayo neyokuphila kwabantu zisebenza kanjani, nokuthi izifo zabantu zingaliwa kanjani, noma zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi abantu bazosabela kanjani ezintweni ezithile noma ezinqubweni ezithile. Njengoba abantu beyinhloso yokugcina yocwaningo, indlela esobala yokulwenza ngokuphumelelayo iwukuhlola abantu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu angeke kwenzeke njengoba kungase kungabi khona amavolontiya angabantu abenele, noma ukuhlolwa kungathathwa njengokungafaneleki kakhulu ukuthi kungazanywa nomuntu ngenxa yokuhlupheka okungakubangela.
Isixazululo sendabuko sale nkinga kwakuwukusebenzisa izilwane ezingezona abantu esikhundleni salokho ngoba imithetho ayizivikeli njengoba zivikela abantu (ukuze ososayensi bakwazi ukubalekela ukwenza ucwaningo oluphambene nazo), futhi ngenxa yokuthi zingafuywa zithunjwe ngobuningi, ukuhlinzeka cishe ngokungapheli kwezifundo zokuhlolwa. Nokho, ukuze lokho kusebenze, kunombono omkhulu owenziwe ngokwesiko, kodwa manje sesiyazi ukuthi akulungile: ukuthi izilwane ezingezona abantu ziyizibonelo ezinhle zabantu.
Thina, abantu, siyizilwane, ngakho ososayensi esikhathini esidlule babecabanga ukuthi ukuhlola izinto kwezinye izilwane kuzoveza imiphumela efanayo ekuzihloleni kubantu. Ngamanye amazwi, bacabanga ukuthi amagundane, amagundane, onogwaja, izinja, nezinkawu bayizibonelo ezinhle zabantu, ngakho bayazisebenzisa.
Ukusebenzisa imodeli kusho ukwenza uhlelo lube lula, kodwa ukusebenzisa isilwane esingeyena umuntu njengesibonelo somuntu kwenza ukucabanga okungalungile ngoba kubathatha njengokulula kwabantu. Abanjalo. Ziyizinto eziphilayo ezihlukene sezizonke. Njengoba siyinkimbinkimbi njengoba sinjalo, kodwa sihlukile kithi, ngakho ubunkimbinkimbi bazo abuhambi ngendlela efanayo neyethu.
Izilwane okungezona abantu zisetshenziswa ngokungalungile njengezibonelo zabantu yimboni ye-vivisection kodwa zingachazwa kangcono njengama-proxies asimele kumalebhu, ngisho noma zingafani nathi. Lena inkinga ngoba ukusebenzisa ummeleli ukuhlola ukuthi okuthile kuzosithinta kanjani kuyiphutha lendlela. Kuyiphutha lokuklama, njengokungalungile njengokusebenzisa onodoli ukuvota okhethweni esikhundleni sezakhamuzi noma ukusebenzisa izingane njengamasosha aphambili empini. Yingakho imithi eminingi nokwelashwa kungasebenzi. Abantu bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isayensi ayithuthuki ngokwanele. Iqiniso liwukuthi, ngokusebenzisa ama-proxies njengamamodeli, isayensi iya ohlangothini olungalungile, ngakho inqubekelaphambili ngayinye isiyisa kude nalapho siya khona.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwesilwane luhlukile, futhi umehluko mkhulu ngokwanele ukwenza noma yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezingafanelekile ukusetshenziswa njengesibonelo sabantu esingathembela kubo ocwaningweni lwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo - olunezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuqina kwesayensi ngoba amaphutha abiza izimpilo. Ubufakazi bukhona ukuze bubonakale.
Ukuhlola ngezilwane akubikezeli ngokwethembeka imiphumela yabantu. I-National Institutes of Health iyavuma ukuthi izidakamizwa ezingaphezu kuka-90% eziphumelela ukuhlolwa kwezilwane ziyehluleka noma zidala ukulimala kubantu ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komtholampilo. Ngo-2004, inkampani eyenza imithi i-Pfizer yabika ukuthi iye yamosha imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zamaRandi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule emithini “eyehlulekile ekuhloleni abantu okuthuthukisiwe noma, ezimweni ezimbalwa, yaxoshwa emakethe ngenxa yokudala izinkinga zobuthi besibindi.” Ngokocwaningo lwango-2020 , imithi yokubeka ingaphezu kuka-6000 yayithuthuke ngaphambi kokwelashwa, isebenzisa izigidi zezilwane ngenani eliphelele lonyaka lama- $11.3bn, kodwa kule mithi, cishe u-30% waqhubekela ekuhlolweni komtholampilo kweSigaba I, futhi engama-56 kuphela (engaphansi kwe 1%) ifinyelele emakethe.
Futhi, ukuthembela ekuhloleni izilwane kungakhinyabeza futhi kubambezele ukutholwa kwesayensi njengoba izidakamizwa nezinqubo ezingase zisebenze kubantu zingase zingathuthukiswa ngenxa yokuthi abazange baphumelele ukuhlolwa nezilwane ezingezona abantu ezikhethelwe ukuzihlola.
Ukuhluleka kwemodeli yezilwane ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha nokuphepha sekuyiminyaka eminingi manje, futhi yingakho ama- Rs amathathu (Ukubuyisela, Ukuncishiswa kanye Nokulungiswa) kube yingxenye yezinqubomgomo zamazwe amaningi. Lezi zathuthukiswa eminyakeni engu-50 edlule yi-Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) ehlinzeka ngohlaka lokwenza ucwaningo lwezilwane “olunobuntu”, olusekelwe ekwenzeni izivivinyo ezimbalwa ezilwaneni (ukunciphisa), ukunciphisa ukuhlupheka ezikubangelayo (ukucwengwa), kanye esikhundleni sazo ngokuhlolwa okungezona okwesilwane (ukushintsha). Nakuba lezi zinqubomgomo ziqaphela ukuthi kufanele sisuke kumodeli yezilwane ngokuvamile, azikwazanga ukuletha izinguquko ezizwakalayo, yingakho i-vivisection isavame kakhulu futhi izilwane eziningi kunanini ngaphambili zihlushwa yiyo.
Okunye ukuhlola nokuhlola ezilwaneni akudingekile, ngakho enye indlela enhle kuzo ayikwenzi nhlobo. Kuningi ukuhlola ososayensi abangaqhamuka nakho okubandakanya abantu, kodwa abasoze bakwenza njengoba bekungeke kube okuphambene nezimiso zokuziphatha, ngakho izikhungo zemfundo abasebenza ngaphansi kwazo—okuvame ukuba namakomiti okuziphatha - zingazenqaba. Okufanayo kufanele kwenzeke kunoma yikuphi ukuhlola okuhilela ezinye izidalwa ezizwelayo ngaphandle kwabantu.
Isibonelo, ukuhlola ugwayi akufanele kusenzeka, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kufanele kuvinjelwe noma kunjalo, njengoba sazi ukuthi uyingozi kangakanani kubantu. Ngomhla ziyi-14 kuNdasa wezi-2024, iPhalamende laseNew South Wales, e-Australia, lavala ukuhogela intuthu ngenkani kanye nokuhlolwa kokubhukuda okuphoqelelwe (okusetshenziselwa ukuheha ukucindezeleka kumagundane ukuhlola izidakamizwa ezilwa nokucindezeleka), kulokho okukholakala ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kokuqala kwalezi zidakamizwa ezinonya futhi ukuhlolwa kwezilwane okungasho lutho emhlabeni.
Bese siba nocwaningo olungelona olokuhlola, kodwa olubhekayo. Ucwaningo lokuziphatha kwezilwane luyisibonelo esihle. Kwakuke kube nezikole ezimbili eziyinhloko ezazifunda lokhu: isikole saseMelika ngokuvamile esakhiwa ongoti bezengqondo kanye nesikole saseYurophu esakhiwa ikakhulukazi Izazi Zemfundiso Yenkolo (Ngiyi- Ethologist , engifunda kulesi sikole). Owokuqala wayevame ukwenza ucwaningo ngezilwane ezithunjiwe ngokuzibeka ezimweni eziningana futhi aqophe ukuziphatha ezisabela ngakho, kuyilapho lezi zamuva zazivele zibuke izilwane zasendle futhi zingaphazamisi nhlobo ukuphila kwazo. Lolu cwaningo lokubheka olungaphazamisi yilona okufanele luthathe indawo yalo lonke ucwaningo lokuhlola olungagcini nje ngokudala usizi ezilwaneni kodwa olungase luveze imiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengoba izilwane ezithunjiwe aziphathi ngokwemvelo. Lokhu kungasebenzela ucwaningo lwezoology, i-ecology, kanye ne-ethology.
Bese siba nokuhlola okungenziwa kubantu abangamavolontiya ngaphansi kokucutshungulwa kokuziphatha okuqinile, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusha obuqede isidingo sokusebenza (njengokusetshenziswa kwe-Magnetic Resonance Imaging noma i-MRI). Indlela ebizwa ngokuthi “i-microdosing” ingase futhi inikeze ulwazi ngokuphepha komuthi ohlolwayo kanye nokuthi wenziwa kanjani umzimba womuntu ngaphambi kokuhlolwa okukhulu kwabantu.
Kodwa-ke, endabeni yocwaningo oluningi lwe-biomedical, nokuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo ukubona ukuthi iphephe kangakanani kubantu, sidinga ukudala ezinye izindlela ezintsha ezigcina ukuhlola nokuhlola kodwa zisuse izilwane ezingezona ezomuntu kusukela ku-equation. Lezi yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-New Approach Methodology (NAMs), futhi uma sezithuthukisiwe, ngeke nje ziphumelele kakhulu kunokuhlolwa kwezilwane kodwa futhi kushibhile ukuzisebenzisa (uma zonke izindleko ezikhulayo sezisusiwe) ngenxa yokuthi ukuzalanisa izilwane nokuzigcina ziphila ukuze zihlolwe. kuyabiza. Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa amaseli omuntu, izicubu noma amasampula ngezindlela eziningi. Zingasetshenziswa cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yocwaningo lwe-biomedical, kusukela ekucwaningweni kwezinqubo zezifo kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa. Ama-NAM anesimilo kakhulu kunokuhlola kwezilwane futhi ahlinzeka ngemiphumela ephathelene nabantu ngezindlela ezivame ukushibhile, ezisheshayo nezithembekile. Lobu buchwepheshe sebulungele ukusheshisa ukuguqukela kwethu kwisayensi engenazilwane, kwakheka imiphumela ehambisana nomuntu.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zama-NAM, isiko lamaseli omuntu, ama-organ-on-chips, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusekelwe kukhompyutha, futhi sizobe sixoxa ngazo ezahlukweni ezilandelayo.
Human Cell Culture
Ukukhula kwamaseli omuntu esikweni kuyindlela yocwaningo esungulwe kahle ye-in vitro (engilazini). Ukuhlolwa kungasebenzisa amaseli omuntu kanye nezicubu ezinikelwe ezigulini, ezikhuliswe njengezicubu ezakhiwe elebhu noma ezikhiqizwe ngamaseli esiqu.
Enye yentuthuko yesayensi ebaluleke kakhulu eyenza ukuthuthukiswa kwama-NAM amaningi kwaba yikhono lokusebenzisa ama-stem cells. Amaseli e-stem angamaseli angahlukanisiwe noma ahlukaniswe ngokwengxenye ezintweni eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi angashintsha abe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamangqamuzana futhi ande unomphela ukuze akhiqize okwengeziwe kwe-stem cell efanayo, ngakho lapho ososayensi beqala ukuqonda indlela yokwenza ama-stem cell womuntu abe amaseli avela kunoma yisiphi izicubu zomuntu, lokho kwenzeka. kwaba wushintsho lomdlalo. Ekuqaleni, bawathola emibungu yomuntu ngaphambi kokuba akhule abe yizimbungu (wonke amaseli e-embryonic ekuqaleni angama-stem cell), kodwa kamuva, ososayensi bakwazi ukuwathuthukisa kusukela kumaseli e-somatic (noma yiliphi elinye iseli lomzimba) okuthi, ngenqubo ebizwa nge-hiPSC reprogramming. , ingaguqulwa ibe ama-stem cells, bese iba kwamanye amaseli. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ungase uthole ama-stem cells amaningi usebenzisa izindlela zokuziphatha okungekho muntu ongaphikisa ngazo (njengoba singasekho isidingo sokusebenzisa imibungu), futhi uwaguqule abe izinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana omuntu ongase uwahlole.
Amaseli angatshalwa njengezendlalelo eziyisicaba ezitsheni zepulasitiki (2D cell culture), noma amabhola amaseli e-3D aziwa ngokuthi ama-spheroids (amabhola amaseli e-3D alula), noma ozakwabo abayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ama-organoid (“izitho ezincane”). Izindlela zokukhiqiza amangqamuzana ziye zakhula zaba yinkimbinkimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi manje sezisetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zocwaningo, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kobuthi bezidakamizwa kanye nocwaningo lwezinqubo zezifo zabantu.
Ngo-2022, abacwaningi baseRussia benza uhlelo olusha lokuhlola i-nanomedicine olusekelwe emaqabunga ezitshalo. Ngokusekelwe eqabungeni lesipinashi, lesi simiso sisebenzisa ukwakheka kwemithambo yeqabunga enawo wonke amangqamuzana asusiwe, ngaphandle kwezindonga zawo, ukulingisa ama-arterioles nama-capillaries obuchopho bomuntu. Amaseli omuntu angafakwa kulesi sikafula, bese kuthi izidakamizwa zihlolwe kuwo. Ososayensi be-ITMO University's SCAMT Institute e-St. Petersburg bashicilele ucwaningo lwabo ku- Nano Letters . Bathe ukwelashwa kwendabuko kanye ne-nano-pharmaceutical kungahlolwa ngale modeli esekelwe esitshalweni, futhi sebevele bayisebenzisela ukulingisa nokwelapha i-thrombosis.
USolwazi uChris Denning nethimba lakhe eNyuvesi yase-Nottingham e-UK basebenzela ukuthuthukisa asezingeni eliphezulu , bajulise ukuqonda kwethu nge-cardiac fibrosis (ukuqina kwezicubu zenhliziyo). Ngenxa yokuthi izinhliziyo zezilwane ezingezona ezabantu zihluke kakhulu kunezabantu (isibonelo, uma sikhuluma ngamagundane noma amagundane kufanele ashaye ngokushesha), ucwaningo lwezilwane lube yizibikezelo ezimbi ze-cardiac fibrosis kubantu. Ixhaswe yi-Animal Free Research UK, i- "Mini Hearts" Research Project eholwa nguProfesa Denning ibheke ukujulisa ukuqonda kwethu i-cardiac fibrosis ngokusebenzisa amamodeli we-stem cell 2D kanye ne-3D ukuze asekele ukutholakala kwezidakamizwa. Kuze kube manje, isiphumelele ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kwezidakamizwa ezinikezwe ithimba yizimboni zemithi ebezifuna ukuhlola ukuthi la ma-NAM alungile kangakanani.
Esinye isibonelo i- MatTek Life Sciences' EpiDerm™ Tissue Model , okuyimodeli ye-3D ethathwe kumaseli womuntu esetshenziswa esikhundleni sokuhlolwa onogwaja ukuze kuhlolwe amakhemikhali amandla abo okugqwala noma ukucunula isikhumba. Futhi, inkampani i -VITROCELL ikhiqiza amadivaysi asetshenziselwa ukuveza amangqamuzana amaphaphu omuntu esitsheni kumakhemikhali ukuhlola imiphumela yezempilo yezinto ezihogeliwe.
I-Microphysiological Systems
I-Microphysiological systems (MPS) igama eliyisambulela elihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zemishini yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, njenge- organoid , tumoroids , nezitho -on-a-chip . Ama-Organoid akhuliswa asuka kumaseli esiqu somuntu ukuze akhe izicubu ze-3D esitsheni esilingisa izitho zomuntu. Ama-tumoroids ayimishini efanayo, kodwa alingisa izimila zomdlavuza. Ama-organ-on-a-chip amabhlogo epulasitiki ahlanganiswe namaseli esiqu somuntu kanye nesekhethi ekhuthaza ukuthi izitho zisebenza kanjani.
I-Organ-on-Chip (OoC) ikhethwe njengobunye bobuchwepheshe obuyishumi obuphezulu obusafufusa yi-World Economic Forum ngo-2016. Ama-microfluidic chips amancane epulasitiki enziwe ngenethiwekhi yama-microchannel axhuma amagumbi anamaseli abantu noma amasampula. Imithamo emincane yesixazululo ingadluliselwa eziteshini ngesivinini esilawulekayo namandla, okusiza ukulingisa izimo ezitholakala emzimbeni womuntu. Nakuba zilula kakhulu kunezicubu nezitho zomdabu, ososayensi bathole ukuthi lezi zinhlelo zingasebenza ngempumelelo ekulingiseni isayensi yokwakheka komzimba womuntu nesifo.
Ama-chips angawodwana angaxhunywa ukuze kwakhe i-MPS eyinkimbinkimbi (noma "ama-chips omzimba"), engasetshenziswa ukutadisha imiphumela yomuthi ezithweni eziningi. Ubuchwepheshe be-organ-on-chip bungangena esikhundleni sokuhlolwa kwezilwane ekuhlolweni kwezidakamizwa nezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali, ukumodela kwezifo, ukumodela komgoqo wobuchopho begazi kanye nocwaningo lokusebenza kwesitho esisodwa, okuhlinzeka ngemiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi ephathelene nomuntu. Lobu buchwepheshe obusha buthuthukiswa njalo futhi bucwengisiswa futhi bumiselwe ukunikeza ingcebo yamathuba okucwaninga angenazilwane esikhathini esizayo.
Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi amanye ama-tumoid abikezela cishe u-80% wokuthi umuthi olwa nomdlavuza uzosebenza kanjani, uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sokunemba esingu-8% kumamodeli ezilwane.
I-World Summit yokuqala ye-MPS yabanjwa ekupheleni kukaMeyi 2022 eNew Orleans, okubonisa ukuthi le nsimu entsha ikhula kangakanani. I-US FDA isivele isebenzisa amalebhu ayo ukuhlola lobu buchwepheshe, futhi i-US National Institutes of Health isisebenze iminyaka eyishumi kuma-tissue chips.
Izinkampani ezifana ne -AlveoliX , i-MIMETAS , ne -Emulate, Inc. , zithengise lawa maships ukuze abanye abacwaningi bakwazi ukuwasebenzisa.
I-Computer-based Technologies
Ngokuthuthuka kwakamuva kwe -AI (Artificial Intelligence) kulindeleke ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwezilwane eziningi ngeke kusadingeka ngoba amakhompyutha angase asetshenziselwe ukuhlola amamodeli wezinhlelo ze-physiological kanye nokubikezela ukuthi izidakamizwa noma izinto ezintsha zizobathinta kanjani abantu.
obusekelwe kukhompyutha, noma ku-silico, bukhulile emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ngentuthuko enkulu kanye nokukhula kokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-“-omics” (igama eliyisambulela sohlaziyo olusekelwe kukhompyutha, njenge-genomics, i-proteomics kanye i-metabolomics, engasetshenziswa ukuphendula yomibili imibuzo yocwaningo ecacile kakhulu nebanzi) kanye ne-bioinformatics, kuhlanganiswe nezengezo zakamuva zokufunda ngomshini ne-AI.
I-Genomics iwumkhakha wezinhlaka ezahlukene webhayoloji yamangqamuzana egxile ekwakhekeni, ekusebenzeni, ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, ekudwebeni, nasekuhleleni ama-genomes (isethi ephelele ye-DNA ephilayo). I-Proteomics ucwaningo olukhulu lwamaprotheni. I-Metabolomics ucwaningo lwesayensi lwezinqubo zamakhemikhali ezibandakanya ama-metabolites, ama-molecule amancane angaphansi, ama-intermediates, kanye nemikhiqizo ye-cell metabolism.
Ngokusho kwe-Animal Free Research UK, ngenxa yengcebo yezicelo "-omics" engasetshenziselwa, imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-genomics iyodwa ilinganiselwa ukuthi izokhula ngo-£ 10.75bn phakathi kuka-2021-2025. Ukuhlaziywa kwedathasethi enkulu neyinkimbinkimbi kunikeza amathuba okudala umuthi oqondene nawe ngokusekelwe kuzakhi zofuzo ezihlukile zomuntu. Izidakamizwa manje zingaklanywa kusetshenziswa amakhompyutha, futhi amamodeli ezibalo kanye ne-AI kungasetshenziswa ukubikezela izimpendulo zabantu ezidakamizweni, esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kwezilwane ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa.
Kukhona isofthiwe eyaziwa ngokuthi i- Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) esetshenziselwa ukubikezela isayithi elibophezela isamukeli se-molecule yesidakamizwa esingaba khona, ehlonza amasayithi angaba khona abophezelayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela igweme ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali angafuneki angenawo umsebenzi webhayoloji. Ukwakhiwa kwezidakamizwa okusekelwe esakhiweni (SBDD) kanye ne-ligand-based drug design (LBDD) yizinhlobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile zezindlela ze-CADD ezikhona.
Ubudlelwano be-Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) amasu asekelwe kukhompuyutha angangena esikhundleni sokuhlolwa kwezilwane ngokwenza izilinganiso zokuthi into ingaba yingozi, ngokusekelwe ekufananeni kwayo nezinto ezikhona kanye nolwazi lwethu lwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.
Sekuvele kube nentuthuko yakamuva yesayensi kusetshenziswa i-AI ukuze kufundwe ukuthi amaprotheni agoqeka kanjani , okuyinkinga enzima kakhulu izazi zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ebezilokhu zilwa nayo isikhathi eside. Babazi ukuthi yimaphi ama-amino acid amaprotheni anawo, futhi alandelana kanjani, kodwa ezimweni eziningi, babengazi ukuthi yisiphi isakhiwo se-3D abazosenza kuphrotheni, esichaza ukuthi amaprotheni azosebenza kanjani emhlabeni wangempela wezinto eziphilayo. Ukukwazi ukubikezela ukuthi umuthi omusha owenziwe ngamaprotheni uzoba namuphi umumo kungase kunikeze ukuqonda okubalulekile kokuthi ungasabela kanjani ngezicubu zomuntu.
Amarobhothi nawo angadlala indima kulokhu. Izilingisi zekhompuyutha zeziguli ezingabantu eziziphatha njengabantu ziboniswe ukuthi zifundisa abafundi i-physiology nekhemisi kangcono kune-vivisection.
Intuthuko ku-International Anti-Vivisection Movement
Kube khona inqubekelaphambili kwamanye amazwe mayelana nokushintshwa kokuhlolwa kwezilwane nokuhlolwa. Ngo-2022, uMbusi waseCalifornia u-Gavin Newsom wasayina umthethosivivinywa owathi kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Januwari 2023 wenqabela ukuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi ezinjeni namakati . I-California ibe yisifunda sokuqala e-US ukuvimbela izinkampani ekusebenziseni izilwane ezihambisana nazo ukuze ziqinisekise imiphumela eyingozi yemikhiqizo yazo (njengezibulala-zinambuzane nezithasiselo zokudla).
I-California iphasise umthethosivivinywa AB 357 ochibiyela imithetho ekhona yokuhlola izilwane ukuze kwandiswe uhlu lwezinye izindlela okungezona ezezilwane ezidingwa amanye amalabhorethri okuhlola amakhemikhali. Lesi sichibiyelo esisha sizoqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwezilwane kwemikhiqizo efana nezibulala-zinambuzane, imikhiqizo yasendlini, namakhemikhali ezimboni kuthathelwa indawo ukuhlolwa okungezona ezezilwane, ngethemba lokusiza ukwehlisa inani lezilwane ezisetshenziswa unyaka ngamunye. Umthethosivivinywa, oxhaswe yi-Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) futhi wagunyazwa yiLungu LePhalamende uBrian Maienschein, D-San Diego , usayinwe waba umthetho nguMbusi uGavin Newsom ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuMfumfu wezi-2023.
Kulo nyaka, uMongameli wase-US u-Joe Biden usayine umthetho i- FDA Modernization Act 2.0 , oqede igunya likahulumeni lokuthi izidakamizwa zokuhlola kufanele zihlolwe ezilwaneni ngaphambi kokuba zisetshenziswe kubantu ezivivinyweni zomtholampilo. Lo mthetho wenza kube lula ukuthi izinkampani zezidakamizwa zisebenzise ezinye izindlela zokuhlola izilwane. Ngawo lowo nyaka, iWashington State yaba izwe le-12 lase -US ukuvimbela ukuthengiswa kwezimonyo ezisanda kuhlolwa ezilwaneni.
Ngemva kwenqubo ende nokubambezeleka okuthile, iCanada yagcina ivimbele ukusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kwezilwane emikhiqizweni yezimonyo. Mhla zingama-22 kuNhlangulana wezi-2023, uhulumeni wenza izichibiyelo kuMthetho Wokufezekiswa Kwesabelomali (uMthethosivivinywa C-47) owenqabela lezi zivivinyo.
Ngo-2022, iPhalamende laseDashi laphasisa iziphakamiso eziyisishiyagalombili zokuthatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa inani lokuhlolwa kwezilwane eNetherlands . Ngo-2016, uhulumeni waseDutch wathembisa ukwenza uhlelo lokuqeda ukuhlolwa kwezilwane, kodwa wehluleka ukufeza leyo njongo. NgoJuni 2022, iPhalamende laseDashi kwadingeka lingenelele ukuphoqa uhulumeni ukuthi enze okuthile.
Ukuminza okuhlasimulisayo nokuhlolwa kukagesi ezilwaneni ezingenakubalwa ngeke zisaqhutshwa e- Taiwan yizinkampani ezifuna ukwenza izimangalo zokumaketha ezilwa nokukhathala zokuthi ukusebenzisa ukudla kwazo noma imikhiqizo yesiphuzo kungase kusize abathengi ukuthi bangakhathali ngemva kokuzivocavoca.
Ngo-2022, izinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu zokudla e-Asia , i-Swire Coca-Cola Taiwan kanye no-Uni-President, zamemezela ukuthi zimisa zonke izivivinyo zezilwane ezingadingeki ngokusobala ngokomthetho. Enye inkampani ebalulekile yase-Asia, uhlobo lweziphuzo ze-probiotic i-Yakult Co. Ltd, nayo yenze kanjalo njengoba inkampani yayo engumzali, i-Yakult Honsha Co., Ltd., isivele ikuvimbile ukuhlola okunjalo kwezilwane.
Ngo-2023, i-European Commission yathi izosheshisa imizamo yayo yokuqeda ukuhlolwa kwezilwane e-EU ngokuphendula isiphakamiso se- European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) . Umfelandawonye othi "Londoloza Izimonyo Ezingenazo Unya - Zibophezele EYurophu Ngaphandle Kokuhlolwa Kwezilwane", uphakamise izinyathelo ezingase zithathwe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokunciphisa ukuhlolwa kwezilwane, okwamukelwa yiKhomishana.
E-UK, umthetho ohlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ekuhlolweni nasekuhlolweni yi- Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Amendment Regulations 2012 , owaziwa nge-ASPA. Lokhu kwaqala ukusebenza mhla lu kuMasingana wezi-2013 ngemva kokuba uMthetho wokuqala we-1986 ubuyekeziwe ukuze ufake imithethonqubo emisha eshiwo yi-European Directive 2010/63/EU mayelana nokuvikelwa kwezilwane ezisetshenziselwa izinjongo zesayensi. Ngaphansi kwalo mthetho, Inqubo yokuthola ilayisense yephrojekthi ihlanganisa abacwaningi abachaza izinga lezilwane ezihluphekayo okungenzeka zibe nakho ekuhlolweni ngakunye. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kokuqina kuvumela kuphela ukuhlupheka okudalwe esilwaneni ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, futhi akubandakanyi ezinye izinto ezilimazayo izilwane ezibhekana nazo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwazo elabhorethri (njengokungakwazi ukuhamba, indawo engenalutho, kanye nokuntuleka kwamathuba okuveza imizwa yazo. imizwelo). Ngokusho kwe-ASPA, "isilwane esivikelekile" yinoma iyiphi i-vertebrate ephilayo engeyona yomuntu nanoma iyiphi i-cephalopod ephilayo (ama-octopus, squid, njll.), kodwa leli gama alisho ukuthi zivikelekile ekusebenziseni ucwaningo, kodwa kunalokho ukusetshenziswa kwazo kulawulwa ngaphansi kwe-ASPA (ezinye izilwane ezifana nezinambuzane azinikezwa ukuvikelwa okusemthethweni). Okuhle ukuthi i-ASPA 2012 ifake umqondo wokuthuthukiswa "kokunye" njengemfuneko yezomthetho, ithi " UNobhala Wezwe kumele asekele ukuthuthukiswa nokuqinisekiswa kwamanye amasu."
Umthetho ka-Herbie, Into Enkulu Elandelayo Yezilwane Kumalebhu
I-UK iyizwe eline-vivisection eminingi, kodwa futhi iyizwe eliphikisana kakhulu nokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Lapho, ukunyakaza kwe-anti-vivisection akuyona nje indala kodwa futhi inamandla. I-National Anti-Vivisection Society yaba yinhlangano yokuqala emhlabeni yokulwa ne-vivisection, eyasungulwa ngo-1875 e-UK nguFrances Power Cobbe. Washiya eminyakeni embalwa kamuva kwathi ngo-1898 wasungula i-British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). Lezi zinhlangano zisekhona nanamuhla, ezake zaba yingxenye yeqembu le- Animal Defenders International , kanti lezi zinhlangano ziqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-Cruelty Free International.
Enye inhlangano emelene ne-vivisection eyashintsha igama yiDr Hadwen Trust for Humane Research, eyasungulwa ngo-1970 ngesikhathi iBUAV iyisungula ngenhloso yokuhlonipha owayengumengameli wayo, uDkt Walter Hadwen. Ekuqaleni kwakuyithemba elinikeza izibonelelo ukuthi kuklonyeliswe izibonelelo kososayensi ukuze basize esikhundleni sokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Yahlukana ne-BUAV ngo-1980, kwathi ngo-2013 yaba inhlangano esiza abantulayo. Ngo-April 2017, yamukela igama elisebenzayo I-Animal Free Research UK , futhi nakuba iqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngezibonelelo kososayensi, manje isiqhuba imikhankaso futhi inxenxa uhulumeni.
Ngingomunye wabasekeli bayo ngoba bahlela ucwaningo lwezempilo, futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule ngamenywa ukuba ngihambele umcimbi wokuqongelela imali obizwa nge-“A Cup of Compassion” ekhemisi, indawo yokudlela edayisa kakhulu inyama eLondon, lapho bethule khona umkhankaso wabo omusha. : Umthetho kaHerbie . UCarla Owen, oyi-CEO ye-Animal Free Research UK, ungitshele okulandelayo ngakho:
“Umthetho kaHerbie umele isinyathelo esinesibindi esibheke ekusasa eliqhakazile labantu nezilwane. Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane osekuphelelwe yisikhathi kuyasehlula, njengoba kungaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-92 ezidakamizwa ezibonisa isithembiso ekuhlolweni kwezilwane ziyehluleka ukufinyelela emtholampilo futhi zihlomulise iziguli. Yingakho kudingeka sibe nesibindi sokuthi 'sekwanele', futhi sithathe isinyathelo sokushintsha ucwaningo olusekelwe ezilwaneni sisebenzise izindlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezisekelwe kumuntu ezizoletha inqubekelaphambili yezokwelapha esiyidinga ngokuphuthumayo ngenkathi sisindisa izilwane ekuhluphekeni.
Umthetho ka-Herbie uzokwenza lo mbono ube ngokoqobo ngokubeka u-2035 njengonyaka okuhlosiwe wokuhlolwa kwezilwane okuzothathelwa indawo ezinye izinto ezinobuntu, ezisebenzayo. Izothola lokhu kuzibophezela okubalulekile emabhukwini emithetho futhi ibambe uHulumeni ukuthi aziphendulele ngokuchaza ukuthi kumele baqale kanjani futhi bagcine inqubekela phambili.
Enhliziyweni yalo mthetho omusha obalulekile u-Herbie, ibheagle elihle elakhuliselwa ucwaningo kodwa ngokubonga lathathwa njengelingadingeki. Manje uhlala nami kanye nomndeni wethu ngokujabula, kodwa usikhumbuza zonke lezo zilwane ezingazange zibe nenhlanhla. Sizosebenza ngokuzikhandla kulezi zinyanga ezizayo ukuze sinxuse abenzi benqubomgomo ukuthi bethule uMthetho ka-Herbie - ukuzibophezela okubalulekile ekuqhubekeleni phambili, ekuhawukeleni, ekusaseni eliqhakazile labo bonke abantu.”
Ngokukhethekile, uMthetho ka-Herbie ubeka unyaka okuhloswe ngawo ukushintshwa kwesikhathi eside kokuhlolwa kwezilwane, uchaza imisebenzi uhulumeni okufanele ayenze ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi lokhu kuyenzeka (okuhlanganisa ukushicilela izinhlelo zokusebenza nemibiko yenqubekelaphambili ePhalamende), usungula Ikomidi Lokweluleka Ngochwepheshe, lithuthukise izinxephezelo zezezimali nezibonelelo zocwaningo ekudalweni kobuchwepheshe obuqondene nomuntu, futhi ihlinzeka ngosekelo lwenguquko kososayensi/izinhlangano ukuthi zisuke ekusetshenzisweni kwezilwane ziye kubuchwepheshe obuqondene nomuntu.
Enye yezinto engizithanda kakhulu mayelana ne-Animal Free Research UK ukuthi azikho mayelana nama-Rs amathathu, kodwa kuphela mayelana ne-Rs eyodwa, "Ukubuyisela". Abakukhuthazi ukuncishiswa kokuhlolwa kwezilwane, noma ukucwengwa kwabo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhlupheka, kodwa ukuqedwa kwabo ngokuphelele futhi kufakwe esikhundleni sezinye izindlela ezingenazo izilwane - ngakho-ke, bangama-abolitionists, njengami. UDkt Gemma Davies, oyiSikhulu sezokuXhumana kwezeSayensi kule nhlangano, ungitshele lokhu mayelana nokuma kwabo mayelana nama-3Rs:
“E-Animal Free Research UK, esigxile kukho, futhi bekulokhu kungukuphela kokuhlolwa kwezilwane ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Sikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwezilwane akuthetheleleki ngokwesayensi nangokokuziphatha, nokuthi ukulwela ucwaningo olungenazo izilwane kunikeza ithuba elingcono kakhulu lokuthola ukwelashwa kwezifo zabantu. Ngakho-ke, asikhuthazi izimiso ze-3Rs futhi esikhundleni salokho sizinikele ngokugcwele ekumiseleni ukuhlola kwezilwane ngobuchwepheshe obusha, obuhlobene nomuntu.
Ngo-2022, izinqubo zesayensi eziyizigidi ezingu-2.76 zisebenzisa izilwane eziphilayo zenziwa e-UK, ama-96% azo asebenzisa amagundane, amagundane, izinyoni noma izinhlanzi. Nakuba imigomo ye-3Rs ikhuthaza Ukushintshwa lapho kungenzeka khona, inani lezilwane ezisetshenzisiwe libe lehle ngo-10% kuphela uma liqhathaniswa no-2021. Sikholelwa ukuthi ngaphansi kohlaka lwama-3Rs, inqubekelaphambili akwenziwa ngokushesha ngokwanele. Izimiso Zokuncishiswa Nokucwengisiswa ngokuvamile ziphazamisa umgomo wayo wonke Wokumiselela, okuvumela ukuthembela okungadingekile ekuhlolweni kwezilwane ukuthi kuqhubeke. Kule minyaka eyishumi ezayo, sifuna i-UK ihole ekusukeni embonweni we-3Rs, isungule uMthetho ka-Herbie ukuze siguqule ukugxila kwethu kubuchwepheshe obuphathelene nabantu, okusenza sikwazi ukuthi ekugcineni sikhiphe izilwane ezindaweni zokucwaninga.”
Ngicabanga ukuthi lena yindlela efanele, nobufakazi bokuthi baqonde ukuthi babeka umnqamulajuqu ka-2035, futhi bahlose uMthetho kaHerbie, hhayi umgomo kaHerbie, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi osopolitiki bayafeza lokho abakuthembisayo (uma bekuphasisa. , kunjalo). Ngicabanga ukuthi ukubeka umgomo weminyaka eyi-10 womthetho wangempela ophoqelela uhulumeni nezinkampani ukuthi zithathe isinyathelo kungase kusebenze kangcono kunokubeka umgomo weminyaka emi-5 oholela kuphela kunqubomgomo, njengoba izinqubomgomo ngokuvamile zigcina sezingalandelwanga futhi zingalandelwa njalo. Ngabuza uCarla ukuthi kungani ngo-2035, futhi wathi okulandelayo:
“Intuthuko yakamuva yezindlela ezintsha zokwenza izinto (ama-NAM) njenge-organ-on-chip nezindlela ezisekelwe kukhompyutha inikeza ithemba lokuthi uguquko luseduze, nokho, asikakafiki lapho. Nakuba singekho isidingo sokuthi ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kwenziwe ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo, imihlahlandlela yokulawula yamazwe ngamazwe ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa isho ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwezilwane okungenakubalwa kusakwenziwa unyaka ngamunye. Nakuba thina njengenhlangano esiza abantulayo sifuna ukubona isiphetho sokuhlolwa kwezilwane ngokushesha okukhulu, siyaqonda ukuthi uguquko olubaluleke kangaka endleleni, indlela yokucabanga nemithetho kuthatha isikhathi. Ukuqinisekiswa okufanele kanye nokwenza kahle kwezindlela ezintsha ezingenazo izilwane kumele kwenzeke ukuze kungagcini nje ngokufakazela futhi kubonise amathuba nokuguquguquka okuhlinzekwa ama-NAM kodwa futhi kwakhiwe ukwethembana nokususa ukuchema ocwaningweni olusuka 'endingeni yegolide' yamanje yokuhlolwa kwezilwane.
Nokho, likhona ithemba, ngoba njengoba ososayensi abaningi abasafufusa besebenzisa ama-NAM ukuze bashicilele imiphumela yokuhlola egxile kakhulu kubantu kumajenali esayensi anohlobo oluphezulu, ukuzethemba kuzokhula ekuhlobaneni kwabo nasekusebenzeni kwabo phezu kokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Ngaphandle kwezemfundo, ukuthathwa kwama-NAM yizinkampani ezithaka imithi ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa kuzoba yigxathu elibalulekile eliya phambili. Nakuba lokhu kuyinto eqala ukwenzeka kancane kancane, ukushintshwa okuphelele kokuhlolwa kwezilwane yizinkampani ezithaka imithi kungase kube inguquko ebalulekile kulo mzamo. Phela, ukusebenzisa amangqamuzana omuntu, izicubu kanye nama-biomaterials ocwaningweni kungasitshela okuningi ngezifo zabantu kunanoma yikuphi ukuhlolwa kwezilwane okungake kwenzeke. Ukwakha ukuzethemba kubuchwepheshe obusha kuzo zonke izindawo zocwaningo kuzofaka isandla ekuthatheni kwabo kabanzi eminyakeni ezayo, ekugcineni kwenze ama-NAM abe yinketho esobala neyokuqala.
Nakuba silindele ukubona inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile endleleni, sikhethe u-2035 njengonyaka esihlosiwe ukuze simiselele ukuhlolwa kwezilwane. Ngokusebenzisana eduze nososayensi, amalungu ephalamende, izifundiswa nezimboni, siphokophela “eshumini leminyaka loshintsho”. Nakuba lokhu kungase kuzwakale kukude kwabanye, lesi sikhathi siyadingeka ukunikeza ithuba elanele lezemfundo, izimboni zocwaningo kanye nezincwadi zesayensi ezishicilelwe ukuze zibonise ngokugcwele izinzuzo namathuba ahlinzekwa ama-NAM, futhi kwakhiwe ukuzethemba nokwethenjwa komphakathi wesayensi. kuzo zonke izindawo zocwaningo. Lawa mathuluzi amasha athuthukiswa njalo futhi acwengisiswe, okusibeka esimweni sokwenza impumelelo emangalisayo kusayensi ephathelene nabantu ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezilwane. Lokhu kuthembisa ukuba ishumi leminyaka elijabulisayo lokusungula izinto ezintsha nenqubekela phambili, sisondela nsuku zonke emgomweni wethu wokuqeda ukuhlolwa kwezilwane ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha.
Sicela ososayensi bashintshe izindlela zabo, bamukele amathuba okuqeqesha kabusha futhi baguqule indlela abacabanga ngayo ukuze babeke phambili ubuchwepheshe obusha, obuthinta abantu. Ngokubambisana singaphokophela ekusaseni eliqhakazile leziguli ezikudinga ngempela ukwelashwa okusha nokuphumelelayo kodwa nezilwane ebezingadalelwa ukuhlupheka ngokuhlolwa okungadingekile.”
Konke lokhu kunethemba. Ukukhohlwa ama-R amabili okuqala ngokugxila Ekumiseleni kukodwa futhi nokubeka okuhlosiwe okungekude kakhulu esikhathini esizayo ukuze kuqedwe ngokuphelele (hhayi okuhloswe ukuguquguquka okungamaphesenti) kubonakala kuyindlela efanele kimi. Enye engagcina inqamule ukuqina thina nezinye izilwane esihlale kukho amashumi eminyaka.
Ngicabanga ukuthi u-Herbie kanye nenja ensundu yase-Battersea bebengaba abangane abakhulu kakhulu.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku-Veganfta.com futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono ye Humane Foundation.
