Emhlabeni obhekene nezinkinga ezimbili zokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo nokungavikeleki kokudla, imfucumfucu emangalisayo yempilo yezilwane ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kokudla iveza inkinga ecindezelayo kodwa evamise ukunakwa. Ngokocwaningo luka-Klaura, Breeman, kanye no-Scherer, izilwane ezilinganiselwa ku-18 bhiliyoni zibulawa minyaka yonke ukuze zilahlwe, okugqamisa ukungasebenzi kahle kanye nenkinga yesimilo ezinhlelweni zethu zokudla. Lesi sihloko sicubungula lokho okutholwe ocwaningweni lwabo, olungagcini nje ngokulinganisa isilinganiso sokulahleka kwenyama kanye nemfucuza (MLW) kodwa futhi esiveza obala ukuhlupheka okukhulu kwesilwane okuhilelekile.
Ucwaningo, olusebenzisa idatha ka-2019 evela ku-UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), luhlola ukulahleka kwenyama ezigabeni ezinhlanu ezibalulekile zochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kokudla—ukukhiqiza, ukugcinwa nokuphathwa, ukucubungula nokupakisha, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye ukusetshenziswa—kumazwe angu-158. Ngokugxila ezinhlotsheni eziyisithupha—izingulube, izinkomo, izimvu, izimbuzi, izinkukhu, nama-turkeys—abacwaningi baveza iqiniso elibuhlungu lokuthi izigidigidi zezimpilo zezilwane ziyaqedwa ngaphandle kokufeza noma iyiphi injongo yokondleka.
Imiphumela yalokhu okutholakele ifinyelela kude. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi i-MLW inikela ngokuphawulekayo ekonakaleni kwemvelo, kodwa futhi iphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwenhlalakahle yezilwane okunganakwanga kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwangaphambilini. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukwenza lezi zimpilo ezingabonakali zibonakale kakhudlwana, lukhuthaza uhlelo lokudla olunozwelo futhi oluzinzile. Igcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo semizamo yomhlaba wonke yokunciphisa i-MLW, ihambisane Nemigomo Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo yeNhlangano Yezizwe (SDGs) ukunciphisa ukulahlwa kokudla ngo-50%.
Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuhluka kwesifunda ku-MLW, izici zomnotho ezithonya lawa maphethini, kanye nomthelela ongaba khona wokwenza uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kokudla lusebenze kahle kakhudlwana. Idinga iqoqo ukucatshangelwa kabusha kokuthi sikhiqiza, sisebenzisa kanjani, futhi kanjani ibaluleke kakhulu imikhiqizo yezilwane, igcizelela ukuthi ukunciphisa i-MLW akuyona nje isibopho semvelo kodwa futhi kuwukuziphatha okuhle.
Isifinyezo Ngu: Leah Kelly | Isifundo Soqobo Ngu: Klaura, J., Breeman, G., & Scherer, L. (2023) | Kushicilelwe: Julayi 10, 2024
Inyama emoshwayo emhlabeni jikelele ilingana nezimpilo zezilwane ezilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-18 ngonyaka. Lolu cwaningo luhlola indlela yokubhekana nenkinga.
Ucwaningo ngezinhlelo zokudla okusimeme selulokhu lubeka phambili udaba lokulahleka kokudla kanye nemfucuza (FLW), njengoba cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yakho konke ukudla okuhloselwe ukusetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke - amathani ama-metric ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.3 ngonyaka - igcina ilahliwe noma ilahleke ndawana thize ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa kokudla. . Abanye ohulumeni bamazwe ngamazwe nabamazwe ngamazwe sebeqalile ukubeka imigomo yokunciphisa ukulahlwa kokudla, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ihlanganisa lokho okuhlosiwe ku-Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) yowezi-2016.
Ukulahleka kwenyama kanye nemfucuza (MLW) kumelela ingxenye eyingozi kakhulu ye-FLW yomhlaba wonke, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi imikhiqizo yezilwane inomthelela omubi ngokulinganayo emvelweni kunokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kwababhali balolu cwaningo, ukuhlaziya kwangaphambilini okulinganisa i-FLW bekushaye indiva ukucatshangelwa kwenhlalakahle yezilwane ekubaleni kwabo kwe-MLW.
Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukukala ukuhlupheka kwezilwane kanye nezimpilo ezilahlekile njengobukhulu be-MLW. Ababhali bathembele emcabangweni wokuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu ukholelwa noma cha ukuthi abantu kufanele badle izilwane, akudingekile ikakhulukazi ukubulala izilwane ezigcina zilahliwe, zingasebenzisi "ukusetshenziswa" nhlobo. Inhloso yabo enkulu wukwenza izimpilo zalezi zilwane zibonakale emphakathini, kwengeze esinye isizathu esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa i-MLW futhi sishintshele ohlelweni lokudla olunozwelo, oluzinzile.
Besebenzisa idatha yomhlaba wonke yokukhiqiza ukudla nemfuyo ka-2019 evela ku-UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), abacwaningi basebenzise izindlela ezisunguliwe zocwaningo lwangaphambilini lwe-FLW ukuze balinganisele i-MLW ngezinhlobo eziyisithupha—izingulube, izinkomo, izimvu, izimbuzi, izinkukhu namaturkey—kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezingu-158. amazwe. Bahlole izigaba ezinhlanu zochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kokudla: ukukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa nokuphatha, ukucubungula nokupakisha, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nokusetshenziswa. Isibalo sigxile kakhulu ekubalweni kokulahlekelwa kwenyama ngesisindo sesidumbu futhi singabandakanyi izingxenye ezingadliwa, ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithile zokulahlekelwa eziklanyelwe isigaba ngasinye sokukhiqiza nesifunda somhlaba.
Ngo-2019, cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-77.4 enyama yengulube, inkomo, imvu, yembuzi, yenkukhu kanye ne-turkey yamoshwa noma yalahleka ngaphambi kokuba idliwe abantu, okulingana nezimpilo zezilwane ezicishe zibe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-18 zaqedwa “ngokungenanjongo” (okubizwa ngokuthi “ ukulahlekelwa yimpilo”). Kulezi, izinkomo ezingu-74.1 million, izimbuzi ezingu-188 million, izimvu ezingu-195.7 million, izingulube ezingu-298.8 million, amaturkeys angu-402.3 million, kanti ezingu-16.8 billion - noma cishe u-94% - izinkukhu. Ngokwesisekelo somuntu ngamunye, lokhu kumelela ukuphila kwezilwane ezimoshayo ezingaba ngu-2.4 kumuntu ngamunye.
Iningi lokulahleka kwempilo yezilwane kwenzeka esigabeni sokuqala nesokugcina sochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kokudla, ukukhiqizwa nokudliwa. Kodwa-ke, amaphethini ahluka kakhulu kuye ngesifunda, nokulahlekelwa okusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuvame kakhulu eNyakatho Melika, e-Oceania, eYurophu, nase-Asia Yezimboni, kanye nokulahlekelwa okusekelwe ekukhiqizeni okugxile eLatin America, eNyakatho ne-Sub-Saharan Africa, nase-Western and Central Asia. . ENingizimu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ukulahlekelwa bekuphezulu kakhulu ezigabeni zokusabalalisa nokucubungula nokupakisha.
Amazwe ayishumi abalela u-57% wakho konke ukulahleka kwempilo, kanti izigebengu ezinkulu zomuntu ngamunye yiNingizimu Afrika, i-US, neBrazil. I-China ibe nokulahlekelwa kakhulu kwempilo iyonke nge-16% yesabelo somhlaba wonke. Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi izifunda eziphezulu ze-GDP zibonise ukulahlekelwa kwezilwane okuphezulu kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye uma kuqhathaniswa nezifunda eziphansi ze-GDP. I-Sub-Saharan Africa ibe nenani eliphansi lokulahlekelwa kwempilo kanye ne-capita ngayinye.
Ababhali bathole ukuthi ukwenza i-MLW isebenze kahle ngangokunokwenzeka kuzo zonke izifunda kungasindisa izimpilo zezilwane eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-7.9. Khonamanjalo, ukwehlisa i-MLW kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kokudla ngama-50% (enye yezinhloso ze-UN Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo) kuzosindisa izimpilo eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-8.8. Ukunciphisa okunjalo kucabanga ukuthi inani elifanayo lezilwane lingadliwa kuyilapho linciphisa kakhulu inani lezilwane ezibulawayo ukuze nje kumoshwe.
Nokho, ababhali banikeza izwi lesexwayiso mayelana nokuthatha izinyathelo zokubhekana ne-MLW. Isibonelo, nakuba izinkomo ziye zalahlekelwa ukuphila okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkukhu, baphawula ukuthi izinkomo zimele umthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngokufanayo, ukugxila ekwehliseni ukulahlekelwa “kwezilwane ezinyanyisayo” kanye nokungazinaki izinkukhu namaturkey kungase kubangele ukulahlekelwa ukuphila okuphelele nokuhlupheka kwezilwane ngokungazi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukucabangela kokubili imigomo yezemvelo nenhlalakahle yezilwane kunoma yikuphi ukungenelela.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ucwaningo belusekelwe ezilinganisweni, ezinemikhawulo embalwa. Isibonelo, nakuba ababhali bengazibandakanyi izingxenye zezilwane “ezingenakudliwa” ekubaleni kwabo, izifunda zomhlaba wonke zingase zehluke kulokho ezikubheka njengokungadliwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhwalithi yedatha ihluka ngezinhlobo nezwe, futhi ngokuvamile, ababhali babonisa ukuthi ukuhlaziya kwabo kungase kuphendukele kumbono waseNtshonalanga.
Kubameli abafuna ukunciphisa i-MLW, ukungenelela kungase kuqondiswe kangcono eNyakatho Melika nase-Oceania, okubangela kokubili ukulahlekelwa kwempilo okuphezulu kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye kanye nokuphuma kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ephezulu kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye. Phezu kwalokhu, i-production-based-MLW ibonakala iphezulu emazweni anemali engenayo ephansi, anobunzima obukhulu bokudala ukungenelela okuphumelelayo, ngakho amazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu kufanele athwale umthwalo owengeziwe wokunciphisa, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lokusetshenziswa. Okubalulekile, nokho, abameli kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi abenzi bezinqubomgomo kanye nabathengi bayalazi izinga lempilo yezilwane emoshwayo ohlelweni lokuhlinzekwa kokudla nokuthi lokhu kuyithinta kanjani indawo ezungezile, abantu, kanye nezilwane ngokwazo.
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