Ukuhlola imizwelo ezilwaneni sekunesikhathi eside kwathakazelisa izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, okusikhanyisela ngendlela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezizivumelanisa nazo futhi zichume ngayo endaweni ezikuyo. Nakuba imizwa engemihle enjengokwesaba nokucindezeleka iye yacwaningwa kabanzi ngenxa yemiphumela yayo ecacile yokusinda, ukuhlolwa kwemizwelo emihle ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu kusalokhu kungathuthukisiwe. Leli gebe ocwaningweni libonakala ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekuqondeni injabulo—umzwelo oyinkimbinkimbi, owakhayo obonakala ngokuqina, ubufushane, kanye nemvelo eqhutshwa izenzakalo.
Esihlokweni esithi “Ukuqonda Injabulo Ezilwaneni,” uLeah Kelly ufingqa ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lukaNelson, XJ, Taylor, AH, et al., olushicilelwe ngoMeyi 27, 2024. Ucwaningo lucubungula izindlela ezintsha zokuthola nokulinganisa injabulo ezilwaneni, siphikisa ngokuthi uphenyo olujulile ngalo mzwelo lungaguqula ukuqonda kwethu ukuqonda kwezilwane, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye nenhlalakahle. Ngokungafani nezifundo zabantu ezivame ukuthembela ekuzihloleni nasekuzibikeni, abacwaningi kufanele basebenzise izindlela zokudala nezingaqondile ukuze balinganise injabulo ezilwaneni. Ababhali baphakamisa ukuthi ukwehlisa injabulo ngezimo ezithile kanye nokubheka ukuziphatha okuwumphumela kunikeza indlela ethembisayo.
I-athikili iveza izindawo ezine ezibalulekile zokufunda injabulo ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu: ukuba nethemba, ukuphila kahle okuphathekayo, izinkomba zokuziphatha, nezinkomba zomzimba. Ngayinye yalezi zindawo ihlinzeka ngemininingwane eyingqayizivele kanye nezindlela zokuthwebula ingqikithi yenjabulo engaqondakali. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kokuchema kokuqonda kulinganisa ithemba ngokubheka indlela izilwane ezisabela ngayo ekushukumiseni okungacacile, kuyilapho izinkomba zomzimba ezifana namazinga e-cortisol nomsebenzi wobuchopho kunikeza ubufakazi obubambekayo bezimo ezinhle zemizwa.
Ngokuhlola lobu bukhulu, ucwaningo alugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu kwesayensi kodwa futhi luba nemithelela engokoqobo yokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezilwane .
Njengoba sifunda okwengeziwe mayelana nesipiliyoni esijabulisayo sezilwane, singaqinisekisa kangcono inhlalakahle yazo kokubili endaweni engokwemvelo nelawulwayo. Lesi sihloko sisebenza njengobizo esenzweni socwaningo olubanzi mayelana nempilo yemizwa emihle yezilwane, egqamisa ukuxhumana okujulile okubopha zonke izidalwa ezizwelayo ngokuhlangenwe nakho okwabiwe kwenjabulo. **Isingeniso: Ukuqonda Injabulo Ezilwaneni**
Ucwaningo lwemizwa ezilwaneni selunesikhathi eside lwathakazelisa izazi zebhayoloji, lunikeza ukukhanya kokuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zijwayelana kanjani futhi zichume endaweni yazo. Nakuba imizwa engemihle efana nokwesaba nengcindezi iye yacwaningwa kabanzi, ngenxa yemiphumela ecacile yokusinda, ukuhlola kwemizwa eyakhayo ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu kusalokhu kungathuthukisiwe. Leli gebe ocwaningweni libonakala ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekuqondeni injabulo— umzwelo oyinkimbinkimbi, owakhayo obonakala ngokuqina kwawo, ubufushane, kanye nemvelo eqhutshwa izenzakalo.
Esihlokweni esithi "Ukuqonda Injabulo Ezilwaneni," u-Leah Kelly ufingqa ucwaningo oluyisisekelo luka-Nelson, XJ, Taylor, AH, et al., olushicilelwe ngoMeyi 27, 2024. Ucwaningo ludingida izindlela ezintsha zokusungula ukuthola kanye nokulinganisa injabulo ezilwaneni, bephikisana ngokuthi uphenyo olujulile kulo muzwa lungaguqula ukuqonda kwethu ukuqonda kwesilwane, ukuvela kwemvelo, kanye nenhlalakahle. Ngokungafani nocwaningo lwabantu ngokuvamile oluthembele ekuzihloleni nasekuzibikeni, abacwaningi kumele basebenzise izindlela zokudala nezingaqondile zokulinganisa injabulo ezilwaneni. Ababhali baphakamisa ukuthi ukungenisa injabulo ngezimo ezithile nokubheka ukuziphatha okuwumphumela kunikeza indlela ethembisayo.
I-athikili iveza izindawo ezine ezibalulekile zokufunda injabulo ezilwaneni ezingezona ezomuntu: ukuba nethemba, inhlalakahle ecabangelayo,izinkomba zokuziphatha, nezinkomba zomzimba. Ngayinye yalezi zindawo ihlinzeka ngemininingwane eyingqayizivele kanye nezindlela zokuthwebula ingqikithi yenjabulo engaqondakali. Isibonelo, izilinganiso zokuhlola zokuchema ukuba nethemba ngokubheka ukuthi izilwane zisabela kanjani ku-stimu engaqondakali, kuyilapho izinkomba zomzimba ezifana namaleveli e-cortisol nomsebenzi wobuchopho kunikeza ubufakazi obubambekayo bezimo ezinhle zemizwa.
Ngokuhlola lobu bukhulu, ucwaningo alugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu kwesayensi kodwa luphinde lube nemithelela yokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezilwane. Njengoba sifunda kabanzi mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho okujabulisayo kwezilwane, singaqinisekisa kangcono impilo yazo kokubili endaweni yemvelo nelawulwayo. Lesi sihloko sisebenza njengobizo esenzweni ukuze uthole ucwaningo olubanzi mayelana nezimpilo ezinhle ezingokomzwelo zezilwane, egqamisaukuxhumana okujulile okuhlanganisa zonke izidalwa ezizwelayo ngokuhlangenwe nakho okwabiwe kwenjabulo.
Isifinyezo Ngu: Leah Kelly | Isifundo Soqobo Ngu: Nelson, XJ, Taylor, AH, et al. (2023) | Kushicilelwe: May 27, 2024
Lolu cwaningo lunikeza isifinyezo sezindlela ezithembisayo zokutadisha imizwa eyakhayo ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu, futhi luphikisa ngokuthi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka.
Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziqaphela ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ziba nemizwelo, eye yajwayela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze isekele ukuphila, ukufunda nokuziphatha komphakathi. Nokho, ukucwaninga ngemizwa eyakhayo ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu kuyindlala, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuyibona nokuyikala uma iqhathaniswa nemizwa engemihle. Ababhali balesi sihloko bachaza ukuthi injabulo, imizwa eyakhayo ebonakala “njengenamandla, emfushane, futhi eqhutshwa izenzakalo,” ingase ibe isihloko esihle kakhulu sokutadisha ezilwaneni, ngenxa yokuhlotshaniswa kwayo nezimpawu ezibonakalayo ezifana nokucula nokunyakaza. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nenjabulo lungase lusinikeze ukuqonda okujulile kwezinqubo zokucabanga nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa futhi lusenze sikwazi ukuqapha kangcono nokwenza lula ukuphila kwezilwane.
Nakuba ucwaningo ngenjabulo kubantu luthembele kakhulu ekuzihloleni nasekuzibikeni, lokhu ngokuvamile akwenzeki ngezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, okungenani hhayi ngezindlela esingaziqonda ngokushesha. Ababhali basikisela ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokulinganisa ubukhona benjabulo kubantu abangebona abantu iwukuba udale izimo eziletha injabulo futhi uqoqe ubufakazi obuvela ezimpendulweni zokuziphatha eziwumphumela . Ekubuyekezeni izincwadi zamanje, ababhali bachaza izindawo ezine ezingase zibe nezithelo kakhulu ekutadisheni injabulo kubantu abangebona abantu: 1) ukuba nethemba, 2) ukuphila kahle, 3) izinkomba zokuziphatha, kanye 4) nezinkomba zomzimba.
- Ukulinganisa ithemba njengenkomba yomzwelo omuhle ezilwaneni, abacwaningi basebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokuchema kokuqonda. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqeqesha izilwane ukuba zibone isivuseleli esisodwa njengesihle nesinye njengesibi, bese sizethula ngesisusa sesithathu esingacacile esiphakathi kwalezi ezinye ezimbili. Khona-ke lezi zilwane zibhekwa njengezinethemba elikhulu noma ezingenathemba nakakhulu ngokusekelwe endleleni ezisondela ngokushesha ngayo entweni yesithathu engaqondakali. Ukuhlolwa kokuchema komqondo kuye kwabonakala futhi kuhlobanisa imizwa eyakhayo nokuchema okuhle kubantu, kunikeze indlela efanelekile eya phambili kososayensi ukuze baqhubeke nokuyisebenzisa njengethuluzi lokuqonda kangcono injabulo ezilwaneni.
- Injabulo ingabuye ibhekwe njengengxenye encane yokuphila kahle, engalinganiswa ngezinga lesikhashana ezilwaneni ngokuyixhuma nezimpendulo zomzimba. Isibonelo, amazinga e-cortisol aphansi akhombisa ingcindezi ephansi futhi ngenxa yalokho impilo ephezulu. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo locwaningo lungaba sengozini ye-anthropomorphizing ukuziphatha okuthile, njengokudlala. Nakuba abacwaningi abaningi bevuma ukuthi ukudlala ezilwaneni kubonisa ukuthinta okuhle, ezinye izifundo ziye zaphakamisa ukuthi ukudlala kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokucindezeleka, okungabonisa okuphambene.
- Ukuziphatha okuthile kungenzeka kuhlotshaniswa nemizwa enamandla eyakhayo, ikakhulukazi ezincelisayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphimisela nokubukeka kobuso , eziningi zazo ezifana nalezo eziboniswa kubantu. Izinhlobo eziningi zikhiqiza imisindo ngesikhathi sokudlala engachazwa njengokuhleka, okufeza injongo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo “ngokuthathelwana ngokomzwelo,” futhi kuxhunyaniswa nokwenza kusebenze i-dopamine ebuchosheni. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isimo sobuso esibonisa ukunengeka noma ukuthanda kufundwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, kuhlanganise nezinyoni, ngokubheka ukusabela kwazo okungokomzimba ekunambithekeni okubabayo noma okumnandi. Nakuba izisho ngokuvamile zingahunyushwa ngokungeyikho - kudinga iqembu elilawulayo ukuthi lilinganise ngokuqhathanisa nesikhathi ngasinye - ababhali bephoyinti lokubuyekeza ekufundeni komshini njengendlela yokurekhoda ngokunembe kakhulu ukuziphatha kobuso ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene.
- Izinkomba ze-physiological ebuchosheni zingaba indlela ewusizo kakhulu yokufunda imizwelo eyakhayo njengenjabulo, ngoba izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zabelana ngezingxenye ezifanayo eziyisisekelo zobuchopho kanye nezinqubo zobuchopho ezibuyela emuva kokhokho bethu abavamile. Imizwa ivela ezindaweni ezingaphansi kobuchopho, okusho ukuthi i-prefrontal cortex ethuthukisiwe kanye nokucabanga okuphezulu, njengoba kubonakala kubantu, akudingeki. Imizwa kubantu nabangewona abantu (izilwane ezinomgogodla, okungenani) ngokufanayo itholakala ixhunywe ama-dopamine nama-opiate receptors, futhi ithintwa imivuzo yangaphandle namahomoni. Isibonelo, i-oxytocin ingase ihlotshaniswe nesimo esihle, kuyilapho i-cortisol ikhula ezimweni ezicindezelayo. Kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngemiphumela yama-neurotransmitters ezinqubweni ze-neurobiological.
Ucwaningo lwamanje luphakamisa ukufana okuqinile phakathi kwemizwelo yomuntu kanye neyomuntu. Ababhali balesi sihloko bagcizelela isidingo sendlela yokuqhathanisa ukuze uqonde kangcono ukubonakaliswa kwenjabulo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngokwenza kanjalo, sizothola ukuqonda okujulile ngemvelaphi yethu sobabili kanye nolwazi, okungase kukhuthaze ukuphathwa okungcono kwezilwane ngezindlela eziningi.
Hlangana Nombhali: Leah Kelly
Njengamanje uLeah ungumfundi oneziqu eNyuvesi yaseNorthwestern University ophishekela i-MA ku-Public Policy and Administration. Ngemva kokuthola i-BA yakhe e-Pitzer College ngo-2021, wasebenza eKomitini Lodokotela Lezokwelapha Eziziphendulela unyaka. Ubeyimifino kusukela ngo-2015 futhi unethemba lokuthi uzosebenzisa amakhono akhe enqubomgomo ukuze aqhubeke nokumela izilwane.
Izingcaphuno:
U-Nelson, XJ, Taylor, AH, Cartmill, EA, Lyn, H., Robinson, LM, Janik, V. & Allen, C. (2023). Injabulo ngokwemvelo: Izindlela zokuphenya ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nomsebenzi wenjabulo ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu. Ukubuyekezwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo , 98, 1548-1563. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12965
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ngoFaunalyTics.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono ye Humane Foundation.
