Izilwandle zomhlaba zingabambisene nabo abanamandla ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu , zimunca cishe amaphesenti angama-31 okukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide yethu futhi zibambe ikhabhoni ephindwe izikhathi ezingama-60 kunomkhathi. Lo mjikelezo wekhabhoni obalulekile uncike ezintweni eziphilayo zasolwandle ezichumayo ngaphansi kwamagagasi, kusukela emikhomo ne-tuna kuya ku-swordfish nama-anchovies. Nokho, isidingo sethu esinganeliseki sokudla kwasolwandle sibeka engozini amandla olwandle okulawula isimo sezulu. Abacwaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ukumisa ukudoba ngokweqile kungase kunciphise kakhulu ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokho kunokuntuleka okusobala kwezindlela zomthetho ukuphoqelela izinyathelo ezinjalo.
Uma isintu singasungula isu lokunqanda ukudoba ngokweqile, izinzuzo zesimo sezulu zingaba zikhulu, okungenzeka zehlise ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ngamathani e-metric ayizigidi ezingu-5.6 ngonyaka. Imikhuba efana nokudoba ngamanethi ibhebhethekisa inkinga, ikhuphule ukungcola okuvela ekudobeni komhlaba ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-200. Ukuqeda le ikhabhoni ngokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi kungadinga indawo elingana namahektha ayizigidi ezingu-432 amahlathi.
Inqubo yokuthathwa kwekhabhoni yolwandle iyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa i-phytoplankton nezilwane zasolwandle. I-Phytoplankton imunca ukukhanya kwelanga kanye ne-CO2, bese idluliswa phezu kochungechunge lokudla. Izilwane zasolwandle ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo eziphila isikhathi eside njengemikhomo, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhambiseni ikhabhoni ekujuleni kolwandle uma zifa. Ukudoba ngokweqile kuphazamisa lo mjikelezo, kunciphisa amandla olwandle okukhipha ikhabhoni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imboni yokudoba ngokwayo iwumthombo obalulekile wokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Idatha yomlando iphakamisa ukuthi ukuqedwa kwenani lemikhomo ekhulwini lama-20 sekuvele kubangele ukulahlekelwa amandla amakhulu okugcina ikhabhoni. Ukuvikela kanye nokugcwalisa lezi zilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle kungaba nomthelela wesimo sezulu olingana nodedangendlale wamahlathi.
Udoti wezinhlanzi nawo unomthelela ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni. Ezinye izinhlanzi zikhipha udoti ocwila ngokushesha, kuyilapho izimpaphe zomkhomo zivundisa i-phytoplankton, zithuthukisa amandla azo okumunca i-CO2. Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nemikhuba elimazayo efana nokudotshwa ngamanethi ngaphansi kungase kukhuphule ngokuphawulekayo umthamo wokulondoloza ikhabhoni olwandle.
Nokho, ukufeza lezi zinhloso kugcwele izinselele, okuhlanganisa nokuntuleka kwesivumelwano somhlaba wonke mayelana nokuvikelwa kolwandle. Isivumelwano seNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene sihlose ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga, kodwa ukuqaliswa kwaso kuhlala kungaqiniseki. Ukuqeda ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nokudotshwa ngamanethi ngaphansi kungaba semqoka ekulweni kwethu nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kudinga isinyathelo esibumbene somhlaba wonke kanye nezinhlaka ezomthetho eziqinile.
Ekufuneni izixazululo eziwinayo zesimo sezulu, izilwandle zomhlaba ziwumthombo onamandla ongenakuphikiswa. Izilwandle zimunca cishe amaphesenti angu - 31 okukhishwa kwethu kwekhabhoni dioxide , futhi zibamba ikhabhoni ephindwe izikhathi ezingama - 60 kunomkhathi . Okubalulekile kulo mjikelezo wekhabhoni obalulekile izigidigidi zezidalwa zasolwandle eziphila futhi zife ngaphansi kwamanzi, okuhlanganisa imikhomo, ituna, i-swordfish kanye nama-anchovies. Isifiso sethu somhlaba wonke esikhula njalo sezinhlanzi sisongela amandla olwandle. Abacwaningi beNdalo baphikisa ngokuthi “kunesimo esinamandla sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ” sokumisa ukudoba ngokweqile . Kodwa nakuba kunesivumelwano esandile mayelana nesidingo sokuqeda lo mkhuba, cishe awekho igunya elingokomthetho lokuwenza kwenzeke.
Noma kunjalo, uma iplanethi ingathola indlela yokuyeka ukudoba ngokweqile , izinzuzo zesimo sezulu zingaba zinkulu kakhulu: amathani ayizigidi ezingu-5.6 zamathani e-CO2 ngonyaka. Futhi i-low trawling, umkhuba ofana “nokugcwalisa i-rototilling” phansi olwandle, kukodwa kwandisa ukungcola okuvela ekudobeni komhlaba wonke ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-200 , ngokocwaningo lwasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Ukugcina inani elifanayo lekhabhoni usebenzisa amahlathi kungadinga amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-432.
Indlela I-Carbon Cycle Yasolwandle Esebenza Ngayo: I-Fish Poop and Die, Ngokuyisisekelo
Njalo ngehora, izilwandle zithatha cishe amathani ayisigidi e-CO2 . Inqubo efanayo emhlabeni ayisebenzi kahle kangako - ithatha unyaka namahektha ayisigidi noma ngaphezulu ehlathi .
Ukugcina ikhabhoni olwandle kudinga abadlali ababili abakhulu: i-phytoplankton nezilwane zasolwandle. Njengezitshalo ezisemhlabeni, i-phytoplankton, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-microalgae , ihlala ezindaweni ezingaphezulu zamanzi olwandle lapho idonsa khona ukukhanya kwelanga ne-carbon dioxide, futhi ikhiphe umoya-mpilo. Uma izinhlanzi zidla i-microalgae, noma zidla ezinye izinhlanzi ezizidlile, zimunca ikhabhoni.
Ngesisindo, umzimba wezinhlanzi ngamunye usuka kumaphesenti ayi-10 kuye kwayi-15 ekhabhoni , kusho u-Angela Martin, omunye wababhali ababambisene bephepha leMvelo kanye nongumfundi we-PhD eSikhungweni Sokucwaninga Kwasogwini eNyuvesi yase-Agder yaseNorway. Lapho isilwane esifile sisikhudlwana, kulapho sithwala ikhabhoni eyengeziwe siye phansi, okwenza imikhomo ikwazi ngokungavamile ukukhipha ikhabhoni emkhathini.
“Ngenxa yokuthi iphila isikhathi eside, imikhomo yakha izitolo ezinkulu ze-carbon ezicutshini zayo. Lapho zifa futhi zicwila, leyo carbon ithuthelwa ekujuleni kolwandle. Kuyafana nakwezinye izinhlanzi eziphila isikhathi eside njenge-tuna, i-billfish ne-marlin,” kusho u-Natalie Andersen, umbhali oholayo wephepha leMvelo nomcwaningi we-International Programme on the State of the Ocean.
Susa inhlanzi bese kuba khona ikhabhoni. UHeidi Pearson, uprofesa wesayensi yezinto zasolwandle e-University of Alaska Southeast ocwaninga ngezilwane zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi imikhomo , kanye nokugcinwa kwe-carbon. “Futhi, imboni yokudoba ngokwayo ikhipha ikhabhoni.”
U-Pearson ukhomba ucwaningo lwango-2010 oluholwa ngu-Andrew Pershing , olwathola ukuthi imboni yokudoba imikhomo ayizange iqede imikhomo emikhulu eyizigidi ezingu-2.5 phakathi nekhulu lama-20, ulwandle lwaluzokwazi ukugcina amathani angaba ngu-210,000 ekhabhoni unyaka ngamunye. Ukube besikwazile ukugcwalisa le mikhomo, kuhlanganise nemikhomo, imikhomo nemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uPershing nozakwabo bathi lokho “kungalingana namahekthare angu-110 000 ehlathi noma indawo elingana neRocky Mountain National Park.”
Ucwaningo lwango-2020 kujenali iSayensi luthola into efanayo: amathani ayizigidi ezingama-37.5 ekhabhoni akhishelwe emkhathini nge-tuna, i-swordfish nezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezinkulu ezihloselwe ukuhlatshwa nokudliwa phakathi kuka-1950 no-2014. Izilinganiso zikaSentient zisebenzisa idatha ye-EPA ziphakamisa cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-160 ehlathi ngonyaka ukuze amunce lelo nani lekhabhoni.
Indle yezinhlanzi nayo idlala indima ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni. Okokuqala, imfucuza evela kwezinye izinhlanzi, njenge-anchovy yaseCalifornia ne-anchoveta, ithathwa ngokushesha kunezinye ngoba icwila ngokushesha, kusho uMartin. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-whales asondele kakhulu phezulu. Okwaziwa kahle kakhulu ngokuthi i-fecal plume, le mfucumfucu yomkhomo isebenza njengomanyolo we-microalgae - okwenza i-phytoplankton ikwazi ukumunca isikhutha esengeziwe.
Imikhomo, uPearson uthi, “iza phezulu izophefumula, kodwa itshuze ijule ukuze idle. Lapho ziphezulu, ziyaphumula futhi zigaye, futhi kulapho zibhodla khona.” Umuthi abawukhiphayo “ugcwele imisoco ebaluleke ngempela ukuze i-phytoplankton ikhule. Indle yomkhomo iqhakaza kakhulu okusho ukuthi kunesikhathi sokuthi i-phytoplankton idle umsoco.”
I-Cub Overfishing kanye ne-Boother Trawling ukuze Uthuthukise Ukulandelwa Kwekhabhoni
Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukwazi inani eliqondile lekhabhoni esingaligcina ngokuqeda ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nokudotshwa ngamanetha phansi, izilinganiso zethu ezimbi kakhulu ziphakamisa ukuthi ngokuqeda nje ukudoba ngokweqile unyaka wonke, singavumela ulwandle ukuthi lugcine amathani e-metric ayizigidi ezingu-5.6 elingana ne-CO2, noma okufanayo namahektare ayizigidi ezingu-6.5 amahlathi aseMelika angamunca ngaleso sikhathi. Lesi sibalo sisekelwe emandleni okugcina ikhabhoni inhlanzi ngayinye evela ocwaningweni oluthi ' Let more big fish sink ' kanye nesilinganiso sonyaka sokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi emhlabeni wonke esingamathani ayizigidi ezingu - 77.4 , cishe amaphesenti angu - 21 awo adotshwa ngokweqile .
Okuthembeke nakakhulu, ucwaningo oluhlukile olukhishwe ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka luphakamisa ukuvimbela ukudotshwa ngamanetha phansi kuzokonga amathani alinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-370 we-CO2 unyaka ngamunye , inani elilingana nalokho obekungathatha amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-432 ehlathi unyaka ngamunye ukumunca.
Enye inselele enkulu, nokho, ukuthi akukho sivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokuvikelwa kolwandle, ingasaphathwa eyokudotshwa ngokweqile. Ukuvikela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, ukulawula ukudotshwa ngokweqile kanye nokunciphisa ipulasitiki yasolwandle kuyizinjongo zesivumelwano solwandle olukhulu esabekwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene. esibambezeleke isikhathi eside sagcina sisayinwe ngoJuni wonyaka odlule, kodwa sisazovunyelwa angu-60 noma ngaphezulu futhi asikasayinwa yi-US .
Ingabe Izinhlanzi Kufanele Zibhekwe Njengokudla Okulungele Isimo Sezulu?
Uma ukonga izinhlanzi kungagcina le khabhoni eningi emkhathini, ingabe ngempela izinhlanzi ziwukudla okukhipha umoya omncane? Abacwaningi abaqiniseki, kusho uMartin, kodwa amaqembu afana ne -WKFishCarbon kanye -OceanICU exhaswe yi-EU ayayifunda.
Ukukhathazeka okuphuthumayo, kusho u-Andersen, intshisekelo evela emkhakheni we-fishmeal ngokuphendukela ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle ukuze bathole izinhlanzi zokudla, ezivela ezingxenyeni zolwandle ezibizwa ngokuthi i-twilight zone noma isifunda se-mesopelagic.
U-Andersen uthi: “Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi i-twilight zone iqukethe inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke olwandle. “Kungaba yinto ekhathaza kakhulu uma izindawo zokudoba zezimboni ziqala ukukhomba lezi zinhlanzi njengomthombo wokudla wezinhlanzi ezifuywayo,” kuxwayisa u-Andersen. "Kungase kuphazamise umjikelezo wekhabhoni yolwandle, inqubo okusekuningi okumele sikufunde ngayo."
Ekugcineni, indikimba ekhulayo yocwaningo eqopha amandla okugcinwa kwekhabhoni olwandle, kanye nezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezihlala lapho, zikhomba emikhawulweni eqinile ekudobeni kwezimboni, okungavumeli imboni ukuthi inwebele ezindaweni ezijulile.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ku-SeintMedia.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono yesisekelo Humane Foundation.
