Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamalungelo ezilwane namalungelo abantu sekuyisikhathi eside buyindaba yempikiswano yefilosofi, yokuziphatha, kanye nezomthetho. Nakuba lezi zindawo ezimbili zivame ukuphathwa ngokwehlukana, kukhona ukuqashelwa okusha kokuxhumana kwazo okujulile. Abameli bamalungelo abantu kanye nabashisekeli bamalungelo ezilwane ngokufanayo bavuma ngokwengeziwe ukuthi ukulwela ubulungiswa nokulingana akugcini kubantu kodwa kudlulela kuzo zonke izidalwa ezinengqondo. Izimiso ezihlanganyelwe zesithunzi, inhlonipho, kanye nelungelo lokuphila ngaphandle kokulinyazwa zakha isisekelo sazo zombili lezi zinhlangano, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukukhululwa kwenye kuxhumene kakhulu nokukhululwa kwenye.
ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR) siqinisekisa amalungelo abo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabaluphi uhlanga, umbala, inkolo, ubulili, ulimi, izinkolelo zezombusazwe, isizinda sobuzwe noma sezenhlalo, isimo sezomnotho, ukuzalwa, noma yisiphi esinye isimo. Lo mbhalo obalulekile wamukelwa yi-United Nations General Assembly eParis ngoDisemba 10, 1948. Ngenxa yalokho, uSuku Lwamalungelo Abantu, olwasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1950, lugujwa emhlabeni wonke ngosuku olufanayo ukuhlonipha ukubaluleka kwalesi Simemezelo nokukhuthaza ukuphoqelelwa kwaso.
Njengoba sekuyaziwa kabanzi ukuthi izilwane ezingezona abantu, njengabantu, ziyakwazi ukuzwa imizwa—emihle nemibi—kungani kungafanele zifanelekele amalungelo ayisisekelo aqinisekisa ukuthi zingaphila ngesithunzi ngendlela yazo eyingqayizivele?
Izisekelo Zokuziphatha Ezihlanganyelwe
Kokubili amalungelo ezilwane kanye namalungelo abantu avela enkolelweni yokuthi zonke izidalwa eziphilile—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingabantu noma azizona abantu—zifanelwe ukucatshangelwa okuyisisekelo kokuziphatha. Enhliziyweni yamalungelo abantu kukhona umqondo wokuthi bonke abantu banelungelo lokuphila ngaphandle kokucindezelwa, ukuxhashazwa, kanye nobudlova. Ngokufanayo, amalungelo ezilwane agcizelela ukubaluleka kwemvelo kwezilwane kanye nelungelo lazo lokuphila ngaphandle kokuhlupheka okungadingekile. Ngokuqaphela ukuthi izilwane, njengabantu, ziyakwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu nemizwa, abameli baphikisana ngokuthi ukuhlupheka kwazo kufanele kuncishiswe noma kuqedwe, njengoba nje silwela ukuvikela abantu ekulimaleni.
Lolu hlaka lokuziphatha oluhlanganyelwe luphinde luthathe amafilosofi okuziphatha afanayo. Imibono yobulungiswa nokulingana eyisisekelo sezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu iboniswa kakhulu ekuqaphelweni okukhula kokuthi izilwane akufanele ziphathwe njengempahla nje yokuxhashazwa ngokudla, ukuzijabulisa, noma umsebenzi. Imibono yokuziphatha efana ne-utilitarianism kanye ne-deontology iphikisana nokucabangela ukuziphatha kwezilwane ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lazo lokuzwa ukuhlupheka, okudala isidingo sokuziphatha sokwandisa ukuvikelwa namalungelo anikezwa abantu ezilwaneni.
Ubulungiswa Bezenhlalo Nokuhlukana Kwezigaba
Umqondo wokuhlangana, oqaphela indlela izinhlobo ezahlukene zokungabi nabulungisa ezihlangana futhi zihlangana ngayo, ugcizelela nokuxhumana kwamalungelo ezilwane nabantu. Izinhlangano zobulungiswa bezenhlalo ziye zalwa nokungalingani okuhleliwe, njengobandlululo, ubandlululo ngokobulili, kanye nokwahlukaniswa ngezigaba, okuvame ukubonakala ngokuxhashazwa nokubandlululwa kwabantu nezilwane. Ezimweni eziningi, imiphakathi yabantu ababandlululwayo—njengalabo abampofu noma abantu abanombala—ithinteka kakhulu ngokuxhashazwa kwezilwane. Isibonelo, ukulima kwasefektri, okubandakanya ukuphathwa kabi kwezilwane, kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni ezinenani elikhulu labantu abaswele, okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi bahlupheke ngenxa yokuwohloka kwemvelo kanye nezinkinga zempilo ezibangelwa yilezo zimboni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezelwa kwezilwane kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezindlela zokucindezelwa kwabantu. Ngokomlando, isizathu sokugqilazwa, ukwenziwa amakoloni, kanye nokuphathwa kabi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene abantu kuye kwasekelwe ekungahloniphini lawo maqembu, ngokuvamile ngokuqhathanisa nezilwane. Lokhu kungahloniphini kudala isibonelo sokuziphatha kahle sokuphatha abantu abathile njengabaphansi, futhi akuyona into elula ukubona ukuthi le ndlela yokucabanga efanayo ifinyelela kanjani ekuphathweni kwezilwane. Ngakho-ke, ukulwela amalungelo ezilwane kuba yingxenye yomzabalazo omkhulu wesithunzi somuntu kanye nokulingana.
Ubulungiswa Bezemvelo Nokuzinza
Ukuxhumana kwamalungelo ezilwane namalungelo abantu nakho kuyacaca lapho kucatshangelwa izindaba zobulungiswa bezemvelo kanye nokusimama. Ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezifana nokulima kwasefektri kanye nokuzingela izilwane zasendle ngokungekho emthethweni, kunegalelo elikhulu ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo. Ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zemvelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu konke kuthinta ngokungalingani imiphakathi yabantu abasengozini, ikakhulukazi labo abaseNingizimu Yomhlaba, abavame ukuthwala umthwalo wokulimala kwemvelo.
Isibonelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ukuze kufuywe izilwane akugcini nje ngokubeka engcupheni izilwane zasendle kodwa futhi kuphazamisa indlela yokuphila yemiphakathi yomdabu ethembele kulezo zindawo zemvelo. Ngokufanayo, umthelela wezemvelo wezolimo zezimboni, njengokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi kanye nokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa, kubeka izinsongo eziqondile empilweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezintulayo. Ngokumela amalungelo ezilwane kanye nemikhuba yezolimo eqhubekayo, enokuziphatha okuhle, sibhekana ngesikhathi esisodwa nezinkinga zamalungelo abantu ezihlobene nobulungiswa bezemvelo, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nelungelo lendawo ehlanzekile nephephile.
Izinhlaka Zezomthetho Nezinqubomgomo
Kukhona ukuqashelwa okwandayo kokuthi amalungelo abantu namalungelo ezilwane awahlukani kodwa ancikene kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlaka zomthetho nezenqubomgomo. Amazwe amaningana athathe izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa inhlalakahle yezilwane ezinhlelweni zawo zomthetho, eqaphela ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwezilwane kunegalelo enhlalakahleni iyonke yomphakathi. Isibonelo, iSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Sokunakekelwa Kwezilwane, nakuba singakabophi ngokomthetho, siyisinyathelo somhlaba wonke esifuna ukuqaphela izilwane njengezidalwa eziphilile futhi sinxusa ohulumeni ukuba bacabangele inhlalakahle yezilwane ezinqubweni zabo. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe, njengeSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Samalungelo Omphakathi Nezepolitiki, manje ihlanganisa izinto ezicatshangelwayo zokuphathwa kwezilwane ngendlela yokuziphatha, okubonisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuxhumana phakathi kwalezi ezimbili.
Abameli bamalungelo abantu kanye namalungelo ezilwane bavame ukubambisana ukukhuthaza imigomo efanayo yezomthetho, njengokuvinjelwa kokuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimo zokusebenza zabantu ezimbonini ezihlobene nezilwane, kanye nokusungulwa kokuvikelwa kwemvelo okuqinile. Le mizamo ihlose ukudala umhlaba onobulungiswa nozwela kakhulu kuzo zonke izidalwa, abantu kanye nabangebona abantu ngokufanayo.
Ukuxhumana kwamalungelo ezilwane namalungelo abantu kuyisibonakaliso sokunyakaza okubanzi okubheke ebulungiseni, ukulingana, kanye nenhlonipho yazo zonke izidalwa eziphilile. Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka nokukhula futhi uqaphela kakhulu imiphumela yokuziphatha yokuphathwa kwethu kwezilwane, kuba sobala ngokwengeziwe ukuthi ukulwela amalungelo ezilwane akuhlukile ekulweleni amalungelo abantu. Ngokubhekana nokungabi nabulungisa okuhleliwe okuthinta kokubili abantu nezilwane, sisondela ezweni lapho isithunzi, ububele, kanye nokulingana kudluliselwa kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziluhlobo luni lwazo. Kungokuqaphela ukuxhumana okujulile phakathi kokuhlupheka kwabantu nezilwane kuphela lapho singaqala khona ukudala umhlaba onobulungisa nozwela ngempela kubo bonke.
