Ukulima kwasefekthri, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukulima kwezilwane ngokujulile, sekuyinto evamile kwezolimo zanamuhla, okwenza ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane ngobuningi kuhlangabezane nezidingo zenani labantu elandayo lomhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela yokulima iye yahlangatshezwana nokucutshungulwa okukhulayo nokugxekwa ngenxa yemithelela yayo emibi engaba khona kukho kokubili inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nemvelo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokukhathazeka okukhulayo mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwasefekthri kanye nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Izimo ezivaliwe nezingahlanzekile lapho izilwane zikhuliswa khona emapulazini efektri zingenza kube lula ukusakazeka kwamagciwane namagciwane, okwandisa amathuba okuba izifo ze-zoonotic zidluliselwe kubantu. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kulawa mapulazi ukuvimbela ukuqubuka kwezifo kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokwanda kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwelapha izifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Kulesi sihloko, sizojula ekuxhumaneni phakathi kokulima kwefekthri kanye nezifo zokuphefumula, sihlola izingozi ezingaba khona kanye nemiphumela kokubili empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo.
Umthelela wokulima kwefekthri kwezempilo
Ukulima kwasefekthri, okubonakala ngokuvalelwa kwezilwane okuqinile kanye nokukhiqiza ngobuningi, kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yabantu. Izimo eziminyene nezingahlanzekile kule misebenzi yezimboni zakha indawo yokuzalanisa izifo nokusabalala kwamagciwane. Lokhu kungaholela ekuveleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, kube usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwama-antibiotics ekufuyweni kwemfuyo kungaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana nama-antibiotic kubantu, okwenza kube nzima ukwelapha izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfucuza yezilwane egxilile ekhiqizwa amapulazi efektri ingangcolisa imithombo yomoya nemithombo yamanzi, okuholela ekukhululweni kokungcola okuyingozi okungaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yokuphefumula. Ukuhogela kwalokhu kungcola, okufana ne-ammonia nezinhlayiyana, kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokuthuthukiswa noma ukwanda kwezifo zokuphefumula, okuhlanganisa isifuba somoya kanye nesifo esingamahlalakhona sokuvimbela amaphaphu (COPD). Imiphumela yokulima efekthri idlulela ngalé kokukhathazeka ngokuziphatha kwenhlalakahle yezilwane, igqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sokubhekana nomthelela wale mikhuba empilweni yabantu.
Ukuxhumana nezifo zokuphefumula
Izifo zokuphefumula ziye zaba ukukhathazeka okukhulayo maqondana nemikhuba yokulima efektri. Indawo evalekile futhi eminyene kule misebenzi idala indawo yokuzalanisa amagciwane asemoyeni, angasabalala kalula phakathi kwezilwane futhi akwazi ukudlulela kubantu. Ukukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolile eziyingozi emfucumfucwini yezilwane ezigxilile, njenge-ammonia nezinhlayiyana, kwandisa ingozi empilweni yokuphefumula. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuhlobana phakathi kokuchayeka kulokhu kungcola kanye nokuthuthukiswa noma ukuwohloka kwezimo zokuphefumula, okuhlanganisa isifuba somoya kanye nesifo esingamahlalakhona sokuphefumula kwamaphaphu (COPD). Njengoba abantu abahlala eduze namapulazi efektri bangase babe namazinga aphezulu okuchayeka kulezi zinto ezicasula ukuphefumula, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe kabanzi ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwasefekthri kanye nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kanye nokumelana
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwefekthri kuyisici esiphathelene nesigunyaza ukunakwa esimweni sezifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Ama-antibiotics avame ukunikezwa emfuyweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo ezingase zivele ezimeni eziminyene nezingahlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhuba ufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kokumelana nama-antibiotic, okubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Amagciwane amelana nemithi elwa namagciwane angasakazeka ngochungechunge lokudla nendawo ezungezile, okwandisa ingozi yokwehluleka ukwelashwa kukho kokubili izifo ezithathelwanayo ezilwaneni nakubantu. Lokhu kudinga imithetho eqinile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo, kanye nokuqaliswa kwamanye amasu okuqinisekisa impilo nenhlalakahle yemfuyo ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni impilo yabantu. Kubalulekile ukuthi kuqhutshekwe kuphenywe umthelela wokusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye nokumelana nezifo esimweni sezifo zokuphefumula ezihlobene nokulima kwasefekthri ukuze kubhekwane ngempumelelo nalokhu kukhathazeka okukhulayo.
Ukunukubezeka komoya emiphakathini yabalimi
Ukungcoliswa komoya emiphakathini yabalimi kuyindaba ekhathazayo kakhulu edinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela esimweni sezifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Imisebenzi yezolimo, njengokufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nomanyolo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini esindayo, kungadedela ukungcola okuyingozi emoyeni. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zihlanganisa i-particle, i-organic compounds eguquguqukayo, ne-ammonia, okungaba nemiphumela elimazayo kokubili imvelo nempilo yomuntu. Labo abahlala eduze nezindawo zokulima basengozini enkulu yemiphumela emibi yokungcoliswa komoya, njengoba bengase bachayeke emazingeni aphezulu alokhu kungcola njalo. Ucwaningo luye lwaxhumanisa ukuchayeka ezintweni ezingcolisa umoya zezolimo ngengozi eyandayo yezimo zokuphefumula, njengesifuba somoya, isifo esingamahlalakhona sokuvimbela amaphaphu (COPD), nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kubalulekile ukuphenya kabanzi ngemithombo nemithelela yokunukubezeka komoya emiphakathini yabalimi ukuze kusungulwe amasu asebenzayo okuvimbela kanye nokunciphisa. Ngokubhekana nalolu daba, singakwazi ukuvikela kangcono impilo kanye nokuphila kahle kwabantu abahlala futhi abasebenza kulezi zindawo, kanye nokwanda kwabantu abathintekayo ngenxa yemiphumela yokulima efekthri.
Izifo ze-Zoonotic kanye nokudluliselwa
Ukudluliswa kwezifo ze-zoonotic, okuyizifo ezingadluliselwa zisuka ezilwaneni ziye kubantu, kuyindawo ekhathazayo kakhulu esimweni sezifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Izifo ze-Zoonotic zingabangelwa amagciwane ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amagciwane, amagciwane, nama-parasites, angaba khona ezilwaneni nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Ukusondelana phakathi kwabantu nezilwane ezindaweni zokulima zasefekthri kudala indawo evumayo ekudluliselweni kwalezi zifo. Ukuthintana ngqo nezilwane ezithelelekile noma uketshezi lwazo lomzimba, kanye nokuchayeka endaweni engcolile noma ukuhogela izinhlayiya eziphuma emoyeni, kungenza kube lula ukudluliswa kwamagciwane e-zoonotic kubantu. Uma sezidluliselwe, lezi zifo zingabeka engcupheni enkulu yezempilo futhi ezingase zibangele ukuqubuka noma izifo eziwubhadane. Ukuqonda izindlela zokudlulisela kanye nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuvikela ezisebenzayo kubalulekile ekwehliseni ubungozi bezifo ze-zoonotic kanye nokuvikela impilo yabantu.
Ingozi yabasebenzi kanye nabathengi
Imisebenzi nezinqubo ezihlobene nokulima kwasefekthri ziveza ubungozi obukhulu kubo bobabili abasebenzi kanye nabathengi. Izisebenzi ezisezindaweni zokulima zasefekthri zivame ukuchayeka ezimweni eziyingozi, okuhlanganisa izinga eliphansi lomoya, izinga eliphezulu lothuli nezinhlayiya, kanye nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali ayingozi namagciwane. Lezi zingozi zomsebenzi zingaholela ezifweni zokuphefumula ezifana nesifuba somoya, i-bronchitis engapheli, kanye nezifo zamaphaphu omsebenzi. Ukwengeza, abasebenzi bangase babhekane nezingozi zokulimala ngenxa yesimo somsebenzi esinzima, kanye nezingcindezi ezingokwengqondo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abathengi nabo basengozini uma kuziwa emikhiqizweni yasefekthri. Ukuvalelwa kakhulu kwezilwane ezimeni eziminyene nezingahlanzekile kwandisa amathuba okuqubuka kwezifo kanye nokusabalala kwamagciwane, okuhlanganisa namagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic. Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo etholakala kulokhu kuhlinzwa, njengenyama, amaqanda, nobisi, kungachaya abantu kula magciwane, kwandise ingozi yezifo ezibangelwa ukudla kanye nethuba lokumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane ukuze idluliselwe kubantu.
Uma kubhekwa lezi zingozi, kubalulekile ukubeka eqhulwini impilo nokuphepha kwabasebenzi kanye nabathengi. Ukusebenzisa izimiso ezifanele zokuphepha, ukuthuthukisa izimo zokusebenza zabasebenzi, kanye nokukhuthaza izindlela zokulima ezisimeme nezinobuntu kungasiza ekunciphiseni lezi zingozi futhi kuvikelwe inhlalakahle yabo bonke ababambiqhaza abahilelekile. Ngokubona kanye nokubhekana nezingozi zezempilo ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokulima kwasefekthri, singasebenzela indlela esimeme nethembekile ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kokudla.
Imithelela empilweni yomphakathi jikelele
Lezi zingozi ezihlobene nokulima kwasefekthri zidlulela ngale komthelela oqondile kubasebenzi nakubathengi, zibe nomthelela omkhulu empilweni yomphakathi jikelele. Ukudluliswa kwezifo okungenzeka zisuka ezilwaneni ziye kubantu, ezaziwa ngokuthi izifo ze-zoonotic, kubangela usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Ukuqubuka kwezifo ezinjengomkhuhlane wezinyoni kanye nomkhuhlane wezingulube kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nemisebenzi yokulima efekthri, okugqamisa amandla okusakazeka okusabalele kanye nesidingo sezinyathelo eziqinile zezempilo zomphakathi ukunciphisa ubungozi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic emisebenzini yokulima efektri kunomthelela ekwenyukeni kokumelana nama-antibiotic, okuyinkinga yezempilo emhlabeni jikelele. Ama-antibiotics asetshenziswa njalo ezilwaneni emapulazini emboni ukuze kuvinjelwe izifo futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic. Lapho la magciwane esakazwa kubantu ngokudla ukudla okungcolile noma ngokuthintana ngqo nezilwane noma imfucuza yazo, kuba nzima nakakhulu ukwelapha izifo, okuholela emazingeni aphezulu okugula nokufa.
Ngaphezu kwezingozi eziqondile zezempilo, ukulima kwasefekthri nakho kunemiphumela yezemvelo ethinta impilo yomphakathi ngokungaqondile. Inqwaba yemfucuza ekhiqizwa yile misebenzi, evame ukugcinwa emachwebeni amakhulu noma isabalale ezindaweni eziseduze, ingangcolisa imithombo yamanzi futhi ikhiphe amagesi ayingozi njenge-ammonia ne-hydrogen sulfide. Lokhu kungcola kwemvelo kunomthelela ekungcolisweni komoya namanzi, kubeke engcupheni ikhwalithi yemithombo yemvelo futhi okungase kubangele izinkinga zokuphefumula nezinye zezempilo emiphakathini eseduze.
Sekukonke, ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwasefekthri kanye nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu kuyingxenye eyodwa yomthelela obanzi empilweni yomphakathi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela nokubhekana nemiphumela elimazayo yale mikhuba hhayi nje kuphela enhlalakahleni yabantu kodwa futhi nempilo ehlangene yemiphakathi kanye nekusasa elisimeme leplanethi yethu.
Ukubaluleka kwezinqubo zokulawula
Ukubaluleka kokulawula izinqubo embonini yokulima efekthri ngeke kugcizelelwe. Imithethonqubo esebenzayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni impilo nokuphepha kwabo bobabili abasebenzi nabathengi, kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi bokudluliswa kwezifo ze-zoonotic. Ngokusungula kanye nokuphoqelela imihlahlandlela eqinile yenhlalakahle yezilwane, ukuphepha kokudla, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, abalawuli banganciphisa ubungozi obungaba khona obuhlobene nemisebenzi yokulima efekthri. Ukwengeza, izinqubo zokulawula zingasiza ekubhekaneni nenkinga ephathelene nokumelana nama-antibiotic ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo zezilwane. Ngokugqugquzela izindlela zokulima ezinomthwalo wemfanelo nezisimeme, imithethonqubo ingaba nomthelela ekwenzeni ngcono impilo yomphakathi kanye nenhlalakahle yemvelo.
Izixazululo zokulima okusimeme
Ukuze kubhekwane nokukhathazeka kwezemvelo nempilo okuhlobene nokulima kwasefekthri, kubalulekile ukuhlola nokusebenzisa izixazululo zezinqubo zokulima ezisimeme. Lezi zixazululo zingasiza ekunciphiseni umthelela omubi wokulima kwezilwane ngokujulile endaweni ezungezile futhi kunciphise ubungozi obungaba khona empilweni yabantu. Enye indlela eyinhloko ukwamukelwa kwezindlela zokulima eziphilayo, ezigcizelela ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wemvelo nokulawula izinambuzane, kuyilapho kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okwenziwa kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezishintshwe izakhi. Ukusebenzisa izinqubo zokulima ngokwemvelo akugcini nje ngokukhuthaza impilo yomhlabathi kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngokugeleza okuyingozi kwezolimo. Ukwengeza, ukuhlanganiswa kwamasu okulima okuvuselelayo, njengokutshala izitshalo ezimboziwe kanye namadlelo ashintshayo, kungathuthukisa ukuvunda komhlabathi, ukonga amanzi, kanye ne-sequester carbon, ngaleyo ndlela kube nesandla emizamweni yokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokugqugquzela nokweseka abalimi ekuguqukeleni ezindleleni ezizinzile nezivuselelayo, singakwazi ukuhlahla indlela eya ohlelweni lwezolimo olukwazi ukumelana nokuqina nolukhathalela imvelo.
Ukukhuthaza imikhuba emihle nephephile
Njengoba sijula ekuhloleni ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwasefekthri kanye nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza imikhuba yokuziphatha nephephile embonini yezolimo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kobuntu kuyo yonke inqubo yokulima. Ukuqalisa izinyathelo ezifana nezimo zokuhlala ezivulekile, ukufinyelela ekukhanyeni kwemvelo kanye nomoya omncane, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo okufanele kwezilwane kungaba nomthelela enhlalakahleni yazo yonke, kunciphise ingozi yokudluliselwa kwezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukubeka phambili ukuphepha kwabasebenzi ngokuhlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa okufanele, izinto zokuvikela, kanye nokuphoqelela imithetho ukuze kuvinjelwe izingozi emsebenzini. Ngokukhuthaza imikhuba elungile nephephile, asivikeli nje kuphela impilo nenhlalakahle yezilwane nabasebenzi kodwa futhi sikhuthaza indlela esimeme nenesibopho sokukhiqiza ukudla.
Sengiphetha, ubufakazi obuxhumanisa ukulima kwasefekthri nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu bucacile futhi buphathelene. Izimo eziminyene futhi ezingahlanzekile kulezi zikhungo zinikeza indawo ekahle yokuzalanisa amagciwane namagciwane ukuze asakazeke futhi aguquke. Kubalulekile kithi ukuthi siqaphele ubungozi bezempilo obungaba khona obuhambisana nokulima kwasefekthri futhi sithathe izinyathelo eziya emikhubeni eqhubekayo nelungile ekukhiqizeni kwethu ukudla. Ukwenyuka kwemithethonqubo kanye nokufundiswa kwabathengi kubalulekile ekwehliseni umthelela omubi wokulima kwasefekthri kukho kokubili inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nempilo yabantu. Masiqhubeke silwela ikusasa elinempilo nelizinzile lawo wonke umuntu.
FAQ
Yiziphi izifo eziyinhloko zokuphefumula eziye zaxhunyaniswa nemikhuba yokulima efektri kubantu?
Ezinye zezifo eziyinhloko zokuphefumula ezixhumene nemikhuba yokulima efekthri kubantu zihlanganisa isifuba somoya, i-bronchitis engapheli, kanye nesifo esinobuthi sothuli. Izinga lomoya elibi emapulazini efektri, elibangelwa ukugcwala kwezinhlayiya ezihamba emoyeni, i-ammonia, namagesi afana ne-hydrogen sulfide, lingabhebhethekisa izimo zokuphefumula. Izisebenzi kulezi zindawo zisengozini enkulu ngenxa yokuchayeka isikhathi eside kulezi zinto ezingcolisayo. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwefekthri kungaba nomthelela ekwandeni kwama-antibiotic, okungase kube nzima kakhulu izifo zokuphefumula. Sekukonke, umthelela omubi wokulima kwefekthri empilweni yokuphefumula kuwukukhathazeka okukhulayo.
Ukulima efekthri kunomthelela kanjani ekubhebhethekeni kwezifo zokuphefumula kubantu?
Ukulima emafekthri kunomthelela ekubhebhethekeni kwezifo zokuphefumula kubantu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Okokuqala, ukuminyana nokungahlanzeki kwezimo kulezi zikhungo zakha indawo ekahle yokwanda nokudluliselwa kwamagciwane. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics ezilwaneni kuholela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, angadluliselwa kubantu ngokuthintana ngqo noma ngokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yenyama engcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcoliswa komoya okukhiqizwa ukulima kwasefekthri, okuhlanganisa uthuli, i-ammonia, nezinhlayiyana, kungabhebhethekisa izimo zokuphefumula futhi kwandise ingozi yezifo zokuphefumula phakathi kwabasebenzi nemiphakathi eseduze. Sekukonke, izinqubo eziqinile nezingahlanzekile ekulimeni kwefekthri zinomthelela ekusabalaleni kwezifo zokuphefumula kubantu.
Ingabe zikhona izifunda ezithile noma imiphakathi ethinteka kakhulu yizifo zokuphefumula ezixhumene nokulima kwasefemini?
Yebo, imiphakathi ehlala eduze nefekthri yokulima ivame ukuthinteka kakhulu izifo zokuphefumula. Le misebenzi ikhipha ukungcola okufana ne-ammonia, i-hydrogen sulfide, nezinhlayiya ezisemoyeni, ezingaba nomthelela ezinkingeni zokuphefumula. Ucwaningo lubonise amazinga aphezulu esifuba somoya, ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula, nezinye izinkinga zokuphefumula kule miphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezingane nabantu asebekhulile. Ukwengeza, imiphakathi ehola kancane kanye nencishwe amathuba ivamise ukuba nomthelela ngendlela engafanele ngenxa yokuba seduze kwalezi zikhungo. Imithethonqubo ethuthukisiwe kanye namasu okunciphisa ayadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yalaba bantu abasengozini.
Yiziphi ezinye izixazululo ezingaba khona noma amasu okunciphisa umthelela wokulima kwefekthri ezifweni zokuphefumula kubantu?
Ezinye izixazululo ezingaba khona noma amasu okunciphisa umthelela wokulima kwefekthri ezifweni zokuphefumula kubantu zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa imithetho eqinile kanye nokuqapha izinga lomoya emapulazini efekthri naseduze, ukukhuthaza izinhlelo ezingcono zokungenisa umoya kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlunga komoya ngaphakathi kwalezi zikhungo, ukusebenzisa izindlela ezifanele zokulawula imfucuza ukuze ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi ayingozi kanye nezinhlayiyana, ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela zokulima njengokulima okuphilayo noma okusimeme, nokufundisa umphakathi ngezingozi ezingaba khona zezempilo ezihlobene nokulima kwasefekthri kanye nezinzuzo zokusebenzisa imikhiqizo yokudla etholakala endaweni kanye nemvelo.
Iyini imiphumela yesikhathi eside yezempilo kubantu abahlala eduze noma abasebenza ezindaweni zokulima emafekthri mayelana nezifo zokuphefumula?
Abantu abahlala eduze noma abasebenza ezindaweni zokulima zasefekthri basengozini yokuthola izifo zokuphefumula ngenxa yokuchayeka ezintweni ezingcolisa umoya njenge-ammonia, uthuli, nama-endotoxins. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingacasula uhlelo lokuphefumula, okuholela ezimpawu ezifana nokukhwehlela, ukuhefuzela, nokuphelelwa umoya. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kulokhu kungcola kungandisa ingozi yokuba nezimo zokuphefumula ezingapheli njengesifuba somoya, ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula engapheli, nesifo esingamahlalakhona sokuvimbela amaphaphu (COPD). Ukwengeza, imisebenzi yokulima efekthri inomthelela ekusabalaleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okungase kubhebhethekise izinkinga zempilo yokuphefumula. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukungcoliswa komoya kule misebenzi ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yabantu abahlala noma abasebenza eduze.
