Ukulima kwasefektri, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukulima kwezilwane okunamandla, sekuyinto evamile kwezolimo zanamuhla, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwemikhiqizo yezilwane ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu abakhulayo emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela yokulima iye yahlangatshezwa ngokuhlolisisa okukhulu nokugxekwa ngenxa yemiphumela yayo emibi engaba khona enhlalakahleni yezilwane kanye nemvelo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokukhathazeka okwandayo mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwasefektri kanye nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Izimo ezivalekile nezingcolile lapho izilwane zikhuliswa khona emapulazini ezimboni zingasiza ukusabalala kwamagciwane namagciwane, okwandisa amathuba okudluliselwa kwezifo ezibangelwa yizilwane kubantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kula mapulazi ukuvimbela ukuqubuka kwezifo kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokwanda kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okwenza kube nzima ukwelapha izifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokujulile ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwasefektri kanye nezifo zokuphefumula, sihlole izingozi nemiphumela engaba khona empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo.
Umthelela wokulima efektri empilweni
Ukulima kwasefektri, okubonakala ngokuvalelwa kwezilwane kakhulu kanye nokukhiqizwa ngobuningi, kunemiphumela ebalulekile empilweni yabantu. Izimo ezixineneyo nezingcolile kulezi zindawo zezimboni zakha indawo yokuzalela izifo kanye nokusabalala kwamagciwane. Lokhu kungaholela ekuveleni kwamagciwane angamelani namagciwane, okubangela usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa njalo kwamagciwane ekufuyeni kwezilwane kungasiza ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana namagciwane kubantu, okwenza kube nzima ukwelapha izifo zamagciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfucuza yezilwane eqoqwe ngamapulazi asefektri ingangcolisa umoya kanye nemithombo yamanzi, okuholela ekukhishweni kokungcola okuyingozi okungathinta kabi impilo yokuphefumula. Ukuhogela lokhu kungcola, njenge-ammonia kanye nezinto ezincane, kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa noma ukwanda kwezifo zokuphefumula, okuhlanganisa i-asthma kanye nesifo samaphaphu esingamahlalakhona (i-COPD). Imiphumela yokulima kwasefektri idlulela ngale kokukhathazeka kokuziphatha kahle kwenhlalakahle yezilwane, igcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokubhekana nomthelela wale mikhuba empilweni yabantu.
Ukuxhumana nezifo zokuphefumula
Izifo zokuphefumula bezilokhu ziyinkinga ekhulayo maqondana nemikhuba yokulima efektri. Izindawo ezivalekile nezigcwele kakhulu kulezi zindawo zenza indawo yokuzalela amagciwane emoyeni, angasakazeka kalula phakathi kwezilwane futhi angase adluliselwe kubantu. Ukukhishwa kokungcola okuyingozi okuvela emfucumfucwini yezilwane egxilile, njenge-ammonia kanye nezinto ezincane, kwandisa kakhulu ingozi yempilo yokuphefumula. Izifundo zibonise ukuhlobana phakathi kokuchayeka kulezi zingcolisi kanye nokuthuthukiswa noma ukuwohloka kwezimo zokuphefumula, okuhlanganisa i-asthma kanye nesifo esingamahlalakhona sokuphazamiseka kwamaphaphu (i-COPD). Njengoba abantu abahlala eduze kwamapulazi efektri bangase babe namazinga aphezulu okuchayeka kulezi zinto ezibangela ukuphefumula, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe ngokuphelele ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima efektri kanye nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kanye nokumelana nawo
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic ekulimeni kwasefektri kuyisici esikhathazayo esidinga ukunakwa maqondana nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Ama-antibiotic avame ukunikezwa emfuyweni ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo ezingase zivele ezimweni eziminyene nezingcolile. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhuba unegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana nama-antibiotic, okusongela kakhulu impilo yomphakathi. Ama-bacteria amelana nama-antibiotic angasakazeka ngochungechunge lokudla kanye nendawo ezungezile, okwandisa ingozi yokwehluleka kokwelashwa kokubili izifo zezilwane kanye nabantu. Lokhu kudinga imithetho eqinile yokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo, kanye nokuqaliswa kwamasu ahlukile okuqinisekisa impilo kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane ngaphandle kokubeka impilo yabantu engcupheni. Kubalulekile ukuphenya kabanzi ngomthelela wokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kanye nokumelana nawo esimweni sezifo zokuphefumula ezihlobene nokulima kwasefektri ukuze kuxazululwe ngempumelelo lokhu kukhathazeka okukhula.
Ukungcoliswa komoya emiphakathini yabalimi
Ukungcoliswa komoya emiphakathini yabalimi kuyinkinga ekhathazayo kakhulu edinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela maqondana nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Imisebenzi yezolimo, njengokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nomanyolo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini esindayo, ingakhipha ukungcola okuyingozi emoyeni. Lokhu kungcola kufaka phakathi izinto ezincane, amakhemikhali e-volatique organic, kanye ne-ammonia, okungaba nemiphumela emibi kokubili emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu. Labo abahlala eduze nezindawo zokulima basengozini enkulu yemiphumela emibi yokungcoliswa komoya, njengoba bangase bavezwe emazingeni aphezulu alokhu kungcola njalo. Izifundo zixhumanise ukuchayeka ekungcolisweni komoya wezolimo nengozi eyengeziwe yezimo zokuphefumula, njenge-asthma, isifo samaphaphu esingamahlalakhona (i-COPD), kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Kubalulekile ukuphenya ngokuphelele imithombo kanye nemiphumela yokungcoliswa komoya emiphakathini yabalimi ukuze kuthuthukiswe amasu asebenzayo okuvimbela nokunciphisa. Ngokubhekana nale nkinga, singayivikela kangcono impilo kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu abahlala futhi basebenze kulezi zindawo, kanye nabantu abaningi abathinteka yimiphumela yokulima kwasefektri.
Izifo ze-Zoonotic kanye nokudluliswa kwazo
Ukudluliswa kwezifo ze-zoonotic, okuyizifo ezingadluliselwa kusuka ezilwaneni kuya kubantu, kuyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu maqondana nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu. Izifo ze-zoonotic zingabangelwa yizifo ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, kanye nezinambuzane, ezingaba khona ezilwaneni nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Ukusondelana kwabantu nezilwane ezindaweni zokulima zasefektri kudala indawo evumela ukudluliswa kwalezi zifo. Ukuxhumana okuqondile nezilwane ezinegciwane noma uketshezi lwazo lomzimba, kanye nokuchayeka ezindaweni ezingcolile noma ukuhogela izinhlayiya eziphuma emoyeni, kungasiza ekudlulisweni kwezifo ze-zoonotic kubantu. Uma sezidlulisiwe, lezi zifo zingaba yingozi enkulu empilweni futhi zingase ziholele ekuqubukeni noma ekubhubheni kobhubhane. Ukuqonda izindlela zokudlulisela nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuvimbela ezisebenzayo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ingozi yezifo ze-zoonotic nokuvikela impilo yabantu.
Ingozi kubasebenzi nakubathengi
Imisebenzi kanye nemikhuba ehlobene nokulima kwasefektri ibeka izingozi ezinkulu kokubili kubasebenzi nakubathengi. Izisebenzi ezisebenza ezindaweni zokulima zasefektri zivame ukuchayeka ezimweni eziyingozi, okuhlanganisa ikhwalithi yomoya engeyinhle, amazinga aphezulu othuli kanye nezinto ezincane, kanye nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali ayingozi kanye namagciwane. Lezi zingozi zomsebenzi zingaholela ezifweni zokuphefumula ezifana ne-asthma, i-bronchitis engapheli, kanye nezifo zamaphaphu emsebenzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izisebenzi zingase zibhekane nezingozi zokulimala ngenxa yohlobo lomsebenzi oludinga amandla ngokomzimba, kanye nokucindezeleka kwengqondo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abathengi nabo basengozini uma kukhulunywa ngemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa efektri. Ukuvalelwa kakhulu kwezilwane ezindaweni eziminyene nezingcolile kwandisa amathuba okuqubuka kwezifo kanye nokusabalala kwamagciwane, okuhlanganisa namagciwane amelana namagciwane. Ukudla imikhiqizo etholakala kulezi zindlela, njengenyama, amaqanda, kanye nobisi, kungadalula abantu kulezi zifo, okwandisa ingozi yezifo ezibangelwa ukudla kanye nethuba lokumelana namagciwane kubantu.
Ngenxa yalezi zingozi, kubalulekile ukubeka phambili impilo nokuphepha kwabasebenzi nabathengi. Ukusebenzisa izinqubo zokuphepha ezifanele, ukuthuthukisa izimo zokusebenza zabasebenzi, nokukhuthaza imikhuba yokulima esimeme neyobuntu kungasiza ekunciphiseni lezi zingozi nokuvikela inhlalakahle yabo bonke abathintekayo. Ngokuqaphela nokubhekana nezingozi zempilo ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokulima kwasefektri, singasebenzela indlela eqhubekayo nenesibopho yokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kokudla.
Imiphumela empilweni yomphakathi iyonke
Lezi zingozi ezihlobene nokulima kwasefektri zidlulela ngale komthelela oqondile kubasebenzi nakubathengi, zinemiphumela ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi iyonke. Ukudluliselwa okungenzeka kwezifo ezivela ezilwaneni kuya kubantu, okwaziwa ngokuthi izifo ze-zoonotic, kubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Ukuqubuka kwezifo ezifana nomkhuhlane wezinyoni kanye nomkhuhlane wezingulube kuye kwahlotshaniswa nemisebenzi yokulima kwasefektri, okugqamisa amathuba okudluliselwa kabanzi kanye nesidingo sezinyathelo eziqinile zempilo yomphakathi zokunciphisa izingozi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic emikhubeni yokulima efektri kunegalelo ekwandeni kokumelana nama-antibiotic, okuyinkinga yezempilo yomhlaba wonke. Ama-antibiotic anikezwa njalo ezilwaneni emapulazini efektri ukuvimbela izifo nokukhuthaza ukukhula, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic. Lapho la magciwane esatshalaliswa kubantu ngokudla ukudla okungcolile noma ngokuxhumana ngqo nezilwane noma indle yazo, kuba nzima kakhulu ukwelapha izifo, okuholela emazingeni aphezulu okugula nokufa.
Ngaphezu kwezingozi eziqondile zempilo, ukulima kwasefektri nakho kunemiphumela yemvelo ethinta impilo yomphakathi ngokungaqondile. Inani elikhulu lemfucuza ekhiqizwa yile misebenzi, evame ukugcinwa emachibini amakhulu noma isakazeke emasimini aseduze, ingangcolisa imithombo yamanzi futhi ikhiphe amagesi ayingozi njenge-ammonia ne-hydrogen sulfide. Lokhu kungcola kwemvelo kunegalelo ekungcolisweni komoya namanzi, kubeke engcupheni ikhwalithi yemithombo yemvelo futhi kungabangela izinkinga zokuphefumula nezinye izinkinga zempilo emiphakathini eseduze.
Sekukonke, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezolimo zasefektri nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu kumane nje kuyisici esisodwa somthelela obanzi empilweni yomphakathi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela nokubhekana nemiphumela emibi yale mikhuba hhayi nje kuphela enhlalakahleni yabantu ngabanye kodwa nasempilweni ehlangene yemiphakathi kanye nekusasa eliqhubekayo leplanethi yethu.
Ukubaluleka kwemikhuba yokulawula
Ukubaluleka kokulawula imikhuba embonini yezolimo zasefektri akunakuphikiswana ngakho. Imithethonqubo esebenzayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni impilo nokuphepha kwabasebenzi nabathengi, kanye nokunciphisa ingozi yokudluliswa kwezifo ezibangelwa yizilwane ezifuywayo. Ngokusungula nokuphoqelela iziqondiso eziqinile zenhlalakahle yezilwane, ukuphepha kokudla, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, abalawuli banganciphisa izingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene nemisebenzi yezolimo zasefektri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawula imikhuba kungasiza ekubhekaneni nenkinga ephathelene nokumelana nama-antibiotic ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo zezilwane. Ngokukhuthaza imikhuba yezolimo enomthwalo wemfanelo neqhubekayo, imithethonqubo ingasiza ekuthuthukiseni impilo yomphakathi kanye nenhlalakahle yemvelo.
Izixazululo zokulima okusimeme
Ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga zemvelo nezempilo ezihambisana nokulima kwasefektri, kubalulekile ukuhlola nokusebenzisa izixazululo zemikhuba yokulima eqhubekayo. Lezi zixazululo zingasiza ekunciphiseni umthelela omubi wokulima izilwane okujulile emvelweni futhi kuncishiswe izingozi ezingaba khona empilweni yabantu. Enye indlela ebalulekile ukwamukelwa kwezindlela zokulima zemvelo, ezigcizelela ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wemvelo kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane, ngenkathi kuvinjelwa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali okwenziwa kanye nezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo. Ukusebenzisa imikhuba yokulima ngokwemvelo akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa impilo yomhlabathi kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngokugeleza kwezolimo okuyingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwamasu okulima okuvuselelayo, njengokutshala izimbozo kanye nokudlisa ngokuzungeza, kungathuthukisa ukuvunda komhlabathi, konge amanzi, futhi kususe ikhabhoni, ngaleyo ndlela kufake isandla emizamweni yokunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokukhuthaza nokusekela abalimi ekushintsheleni emikhubeni yezolimo eqhubekayo nevuselelayo, singavula indlela eya ohlelweni lwezolimo oluqinile noluqaphela imvelo.
Ukukhuthaza imikhuba yokuziphatha nephephile
Njengoba sihlola ngokujulile ekuhloleni ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwezimboni nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza imikhuba yokuziphatha nephephile embonini yezolimo. Lokhu kuhilela ukubeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngobuntu kuyo yonke inqubo yokulima. Ukusebenzisa izinyathelo ezifana nezimo zokuhlala ezibanzi, ukufinyelela ekukhanyeni kwemvelo kanye nokuphefumula, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo okufanele kwezilwane kungasiza enhlalakahleni yazo iyonke, kuncishiswe ingozi yokudluliswa kwezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukubeka phambili ukuphepha kwabasebenzi ngokunikeza ukuqeqeshwa okufanele, imishini yokuzivikela, kanye nokuphoqelela imithethonqubo yokuvimbela izingozi zomsebenzi. Ngokukhuthaza imikhuba yokuziphatha nephephile, asivikeli nje kuphela impilo nenhlalakahle yezilwane nabasebenzi kodwa futhi sikhuthaza indlela eqhubekayo nenesibopho yokukhiqizwa kokudla.
Ekuphetheni, ubufakazi obuxhumanisa ukulima kwasefektri nezifo zokuphefumula kubantu bucacile futhi buyakhathaza. Izimo ezigcwele kakhulu nezingcolile kulezi zikhungo zinikeza indawo ephelele yokuzalela amagciwane namabhaktheriya ukuze asakazeke futhi aguquke. Kubalulekile ngathi ukuqaphela izingozi zempilo ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokulima kwasefektri futhi sithathe izinyathelo zokufeza imikhuba eqhubekayo neyokuziphatha ekukhiqizeni kwethu ukudla. Ukwanda komthethonqubo kanye nemfundo yabathengi kubalulekile ekunciphiseni umthelela omubi wokulima kwasefektri enhlalakahleni yezilwane kanye nempilo yabantu. Masiqhubeke silwela ikusasa elinempilo nelihlala njalo labo bonke.
Imininingo Evamile
Yiziphi izifo zokuphefumula eziyinhloko ezihlotshaniswa nemikhuba yokulima efektri kubantu?
Ezinye zezifo zokuphefumula eziyinhloko ezihlotshaniswa nemikhuba yokulima efektri kubantu zifaka phakathi i-asthma, i-bronchitis engapheli, kanye ne-organic dust toxic syndrome. Ikhwalithi yomoya empofu emapulazini efektri, ebangelwa ukugcwala kwezinhlayiya eziphuma emoyeni, i-ammonia, namagesi afana ne-hydrogen sulfide, ingenza izimo zokuphefumula zibe zimbi kakhulu. Izisebenzi kulezi zindawo zisengozini enkulu ngenxa yokuchayeka isikhathi eside kulezi zingcolisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ekulimeni efektri kungabangela ukumelana nama-antibiotic, okungenza kube nzima kakhulu ukutheleleka kokuphefumula. Sekukonke, umthelela omubi wokulima efektri empilweni yokuphefumula uyinkinga ekhulayo.
Ukulima kwezimboni kunegalelo kanjani ekusabalaleni kwezifo zokuphefumula kubantu?
Ukulima kwasefektri kunegalelo ekusabalaleni kwezifo zokuphefumula kubantu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Okokuqala, izimo ezigcwele kakhulu nezingcolile kulezi zikhungo zakha indawo ekahle yokwanda nokudluliselwa kwamagciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ezilwaneni kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, angadluliselwa kubantu ngokuxhumana ngqo noma ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yenyama engcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcola komoya okubangelwa ukulima kwasefektri, okuhlanganisa uthuli, i-ammonia, kanye nezinto ezincane, kungenza izimo zokuphefumula zibe zimbi kakhulu futhi kwandise ingozi yezifo zokuphefumula phakathi kwabasebenzi kanye nemiphakathi eseduze. Sekukonke, imikhuba eqinile nengahlanzekile ekulimeni kwasefektri inegalelo ekusabalaleni kwezifo zokuphefumula kubantu.
Ingabe zikhona izifunda noma imiphakathi ethile ethinteka kakhulu yizifo zokuphefumula ezihlobene nokulima kwasefektri?
Yebo, imiphakathi ehlala eduze kwemisebenzi yokulima efektri ivame ukuthintwa kakhulu yizifo zokuphefumula. Le misebenzi ikhipha ukungcola okufana ne-ammonia, i-hydrogen sulfide, kanye nezinto ezincane emoyeni, okungaba nomthelela ezinkingeni zokuphefumula. Izifundo zibonise amazinga aphezulu e-asthma, i-bronchitis, nezinye izinkinga zokuphefumula kule miphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezingane nabantu asebekhulile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphakathi engenayo ephansi kanye neyabandlululwa ivame ukuthinteka ngokungalingani ngenxa yokusondela kwayo kulezi zikhungo. Kudingeka amasu okulawula athuthukisiwe kanye nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka ukuze kuvikelwe impilo yalaba bantu abasengozini.
Yiziphi ezinye izixazululo noma amasu angaba khona okunciphisa umthelela wokulima kwasefektri ezifweni zokuphefumula kubantu?
Ezinye izixazululo noma amasu angaba khona okunciphisa umthelela wokulima kwasefektri ezifweni zokuphefumula kubantu zifaka phakathi ukusebenzisa imithetho eqinile nokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya emapulazini asefektri nasezindaweni ezizungezile, ukukhuthaza izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ezingcono kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlunga umoya ngaphakathi kwalezi zikhungo, ukusebenzisa imikhuba efanele yokuphatha imfucuza ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwamagesi ayingozi kanye nezinto ezincane, ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela zokulima ezifana nokulima okungokwemvelo noma okusimeme, kanye nokufundisa umphakathi ngezingozi zempilo ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokulima kwasefektri kanye nezinzuzo zokudla imikhiqizo yokudla etholakala endaweni kanye neyasemvelo.
Yiziphi izithiyo zezempilo zesikhathi eside kubantu abahlala eduze noma abasebenza emisebenzini yokulima efektri maqondana nezifo zokuphefumula?
Abantu abahlala eduze noma abasebenza emisebenzini yokulima efektri basengozini yokuthola izifo zokuphefumula ngenxa yokuchayeka kwabo ezintweni ezingcolisa umoya njenge-ammonia, uthuli, kanye ne-endotoxins. Lezi zinto ezingcolisa umoya zingacasula uhlelo lokuphefumula, okuholela ezimpawini ezifana nokukhwehlela, ukuphefumula kanzima, kanye nokuphelelwa umoya. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kulezi zinto ezingcolisa umoya kungandisa ingozi yokuthola izimo zokuphefumula ezingamahlalakhona ezifana ne-asthma, i-bronchitis engapheli, kanye nesifo samaphaphu esingamahlalakhona (i-COPD). Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yokulima efektri inegalelo ekusabalaleni kwamagciwane angamelana namagciwane, okungakhulisa kakhulu izinkinga zempilo yokuphefumula. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukungcola komoya kule misebenzi ukuvikela impilo yabantu abahlala noma abasebenza eduze.
