Ukuphambana kwamalungelo okukhipha isisu kanye namalungelo ezilwane kuveza isimo sezimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esibekela inselele ukuqonda kwethu ukubaluleka kokuziphatha nokuzimela. Inkulumo-mpikiswano ivamise ukuxabanisa amalungelo ezidalwa ezinemizwa ngokumelene namalungelo abesifazane okwenza izinqumo ngemizimba yabo. Lesi sihloko sicubungula izimpikiswano eziyinuances ezizungeze lezi zindaba eziyingxabano, zihlola ukuthi ingabe ukumela amalungelo ezilwane kuyayidinga yini ukuma ngokumelene namalungelo okukhipha isisu.
Umbhali uqala ngokuqinisekisa ukuzibophezela okuqinile kumalungelo ezilwane, ephikisa ngokuthi izilwane ezizwelayo zinevelu yokuziphatha yangaphakathi ebophezela abantu ukuthi bayeke ukuzisebenzisa njengezinsiza nje. Lo mbono udlulela ngale kokuvimbela ukuhlupheka kwezilwane ekuboneni intshisekelo yazo ebalulekile ekuqhubekeni nokuphila. Ukuma kombhali kucacile: akulungile ukubulala, ukudla, noma ukuxhaphaza izilwane ezingenangqondo ezingezona ezomuntu, futhi izinyathelo ezingokomthetho kufanele zibonise lesi simo sokuziphatha.
Nokho, ingxoxo ithatha ijika elibucayi lapho ikhuluma nelungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu. Ngaphandle kokungqubuzana okusobala, umbhali usekela ngokuqinile ilungelo lokuzikhethela lowesifazane, egxeka ukuguqulwa okungenzeka kweNkantolo Ephakeme kwe-Roe v. Wade. I-athikili ilandisa ngesipiliyoni sombhali esebenza njengomabhalane we-Justice Sandra Day O'Connor futhi igqamisa ukuvela kokulawulwa kokukhishwa kwezisu ngamacala ayingqophamlando afana no-Roe v. Wade kanye ne-Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Izinga “lomthwalo ongadingekile”, eliphakanyiswe u-O'Connor, ligcizelelwa njengendlela elinganiselayo ehlonipha ukuzimela kowesifazane kuyilapho ivumela umthetho umbuso.
Umbhali ubhekana nokungqubuzana okucatshangwayo phakathi kokuxhasa amalungelo ezilwane kanye nokumela amalungelo okukhipha isisu ngokwethula impikiswano ehlukene. Umehluko oyinhloko usemuzweni wezidalwa ezihililekile nezimo zazo zesimo. Ukukhipha izisu okuningi kwenzeka ekuqaleni kokukhulelwa lapho umbungu ungenazwelo, kuyilapho izilwane esizixhaphazayo zinozwela ngokungenakuphikwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali uphikisa ngokuthi noma ngabe umbungu ubungazizwa kahle, ukungqubuzana kokuziphatha phakathi kombungu nokuzimela komzimba wesifazane kufanele kuxazululwe kuvune owesifazane. Ukuvumela uhlelo lwezomthetho lwezinzalamizi ukuthi lulawule umzimba wesifazane ukuvikela impilo yengane kuyinkinga enkulu futhi kuqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani kobulili.
I-athikili iphetha ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kokuhushula isisu nokuhlukunyezwa kwengane, igcizelela ukuthi ingane ezelwe iyinhlangano ehlukile intshisekelo yayo izwe elingakwazi ukuvikela ngaphandle kokwephula ukuzimela komzimba wesifazane. Ngalokhu kuhlaziya okuphelele,, umbhali uhlose ukuvumelanisa ukumela amalungelo ezilwane nokuvikela ilungelo lowesifazane lokuzikhethela, egomela ngokuthi lezi zikhundla azihlukani kodwa zisekelwe ohlakeni lokuziphatha olungaguquki.
Ngilwela amalungelo ezilwane. Ngiphikisa ngokuthi, uma izilwane zinezindinganiso zokuziphatha futhi zingezona nje izinto, sinesibopho sokuyeka ukusebenzisa izilwane njengezinsiza. Akuyona nje indaba yokungabangeli ukuhlupheka kwezilwane. Nakuba izilwane ezizwelayo (eziqaphelayo) ngokuqinisekile zinesithakazelo esibalulekile sokuziphatha ukuze zingahlupheki, futhi zinesithakazelo esibalulekile ekuqhubekeni nokuphila. Ngiyakholelwa, futhi nginikeze impikiswano, mayelana nesimo sokuthi akulungile ukubulala nokudla noma ukusebenzisa izilwane ezinozwela ezingezona abantu. Uma bekunokwesekwa okwanele njengendaba yokuziphatha yokuqeda ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane, ngokuqinisekile bengizosekela ukwenqatshelwa okungokomthetho kukho.
Ngakho-ke kufanele ngiphikisane nokuthi owesifazane abe nelungelo lokuzikhethela ukuthi uzoba nengane? Kufanele ngivune umthetho ovimbela ukukhishwa kwesisu noma okungenani ngingasiphathi isinqumo sokukhetha esivikelwe uMthethosisekelo wase-US, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yabamba ngo-1973 ecaleni lika- Roe v. Wade , akunjalo?
Cha. Lutho neze. Ngiyalisekela ilungelo lomuntu wesifazane lokuzikhethela futhi ngicabanga ukuthi akulungile kakhulu ukuthi iNkantolo, eholwa umuntu ongaboni besifazane uSam Alito futhi emele iningi eliphikisayo eliphikisayo okuhlanganisa namaJustice atshela abantu baseMelika ngokungathembeki ukuthi ukuhushula isisu kwanqunywa umthetho ababezowuhlonipha. , ngokusobala uhlela ukwesula uRoe v. Wade .
Ngempela, ngasebenzela uJustice Sandra Day O'Connor weNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States phakathi neThemu lika-October 1982. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho, ekuphikisaneni kwakhe ne- City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health , uJustice O'Connor enqaba indlela yokusingatha i-trimester. ekuhloleni umthetho wombuso wokukhipha izisu owawushiwo ecaleni lika -Roe v. Wade kodwa usagunyaza ilungelo lokukhetha. Uphakamise “yomthwalo ongadingekile” : “Uma umthetho othile ‘ungawuthwesi umthwalo ngokungafanele’ ilungelo eliyisisekelo, khona-ke ukuhlola kwethu lowo mthethonqubo kukhawulelwe ekunqumeni kwethu ukuthi umthethonqubo uhlobene ngokunengqondo nenjongo yezwe esemthethweni.” Indlela “yomthwalo ongadingekile” yokuhlola ukulawulwa kokuhushula isisu yaba umthetho wezwe ngo-1992 ecaleni le- Planned Parenthood v. Casey futhi yavumela iNkantolo elinganiselayo ukuthi ibe nokuvumelana okujwayelekile kokuthi ilungelo lokukhetha livikelwe ngokomthethosisekelo ngaphansi kokulawulwa kombuso, kodwa hhayi. ukuthwesa “imithwalo engadingekile”, ilungelo lokukhetha.
Ingabe ngiyaguquguquka ekusekeleni ilungelo lowesifazane lokuzikhethela kodwa ngiphikisa ngokuthi akufanele sibulale futhi sidle - noma kungenjalo sisebenzise njengezinsiza kuphela - izilwane ezingezona abantu ezizwelayo?
Cha. Hhayi bonke. Ngo-1995, ngaba nesandla endabeni ye-anthology ephathelene nobulili besifazane nezilwane eyanyatheliswa i-Duke University Press. Kuleyo ndatshana, ngiveze amaphuzu amabili:
Okokuqala, inani elikhulu kakhulu lokukhishwa kwezisu lenzeka ekuqaleni kokukhulelwa lapho umbungu ungenawo umuzwa wokuzwela. Ngokwezibalo ezakamuva kunendatshana yami ka-1995, cishe u-66% wokukhishwa kwezisu kwenzeka emasontweni ayisishiyagalombili okuqala kanti u-92% wenziwa emasontweni ayi-13 noma ngaphambi kwalokho . Cishe i-1.2% kuphela eyenziwa emasontweni angama-21 noma ngemuva kwalokho. Ososayensi abaningi kanye ne-American College of Gynecologists bagcina ukuthi amasonto angama-27 noma ngaphezulu awumngcele ophansi wemizwa. Nakuba indaba yokuzwela kombungu isaqhubeka nokuphikiswana ngayo, ukuvumelana ukuthi iningi uma kungenjalo wonke ama-fetus akhishwa yizisu ayazi. Abanazo izintshisekelo ezizobathinta kabi.
Ngaphandle okungenzeka ngaphandle kwamanye ama-mollusk, njengama-clam nama-oyster, cishe zonke izilwane esivame ukuzixhaphaza ngokungangabazeki . Akukho ngisho nengxenye encane yokungabaza mayelana nemizwa engeyona yomuntu njengoba kukhona mayelana nokuzwela kombungu.
Kodwa angisekeli ukusekelwa kwami elungelweni lokukhetha kuphela, noma ikakhulukazi, endabeni yemizwa ye-fetus. Impikiswano yami eyinhloko ukuthi imibungu yabantu ayifani nezilwane ezingezona abantu esizixhaphazayo. Umbungu womuntu uhlala ngaphakathi komzimba wowesifazane. Ngakho-ke, noma ngabe umbungu uzizwa kahle, futhi noma sicabanga ukuthi umbungu unentshisekelo ebalulekile ekuqhubekeni nokuphila, ukungqubuzana kukhona phakathi kombungu nowesifazane okukhona kwakhe umbungu emzimbeni. Zimbili kuphela izindlela zokuxazulula ukungqubuzana: vumela owesifazane okukhona kwakhe umbungu ukuthi anqume, noma avumele isistimu yezomthetho esobala ukuthi yenza kanjalo. Uma sikhetha lokhu kwakamuva, lokho kunomthelela wokuvumela umbuso ukuthi, empeleni, ungene futhi ulawule umzimba wowesifazane ukuze kuqinisekiswe intshisekelo yawo empilweni yengane. Lokho kuyinkinga kunoma imuphi umcimbi kodwa kuba yinkinga ikakhulukazi lapho umbuso uhlelelwe ukuvuna izithakazelo zabesilisa futhi ukuzala bekuyindlela eyinhloko amadoda athobisa ngayo abesifazane. Bheka iNkantolo Ephakeme. Ucabanga ukuthi bangathenjwa ukuthi baxazulule ukungqubuzana ngendlela enobulungisa ?
Owesifazane okhipha isisu uhlukile kowesifazane (noma owesilisa) ohlukumeza ingane esuke isizelwe. Uma ingane isizelwe, ingane iba yinhlangano ehlukile futhi umbuso ungavikela izintshisekelo zalowo muntu ngaphandle, empeleni, ukulawula umzimba wesifazane.
Izilwane ezingezona abantu esizixhaphazayo aziyona ingxenye yemizimba yalabo abafuna ukuzixhaphaza; ziyizinhlangano ezihlukene ezifana nengane ezelwe. Izingxabano phakathi kwabantu nabangebona abantu azidingi uhlobo lokulawula nokukhohlisa okudingekayo endabeni yokuhushula isisu. Abantu kanye nabangewona abantu abafuna ukubaxhaphaza bayizinhlangano ezihlukene. Uma bekunokusekelwa okwanele komphakathi ukuze kumiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane (okungekho ngempela manje), lokho bekungenziwa ngaphandle kokuba umbuso ungene futhi ulawule umzimba wanoma ubani ofuna ukulimaza izilwane, futhi esimweni lapho lokho kulawulwa kwenzeke ngokomlando njengoba indlela yokuzithoba. Okuphambene impela kunjalo; ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane kuye kwakhuthazwa njengengxenye yokubusa kwethu abantu abangebona abantu. Izimo azifani.
Ngiyakweseka ukukhetha ngoba angikholelwa ukuthi umbuso, ikakhulukazi umbuso wokhokho, unelungelo, empeleni, ukungena futhi ulawule umzimba womuntu wesifazane futhi umtshele isigqoko sakhe ukuthi kumele azale ingane. Ngiyakholwa ukuthi umbuso unelungelo lokutshela umzali ukuthi akakwazi ukuhlukumeza ingane yakhe eneminyaka emithathu noma ayibulale idle inkomo. Futhi uma kubhekwa ukuthi abesifazane abaningi abakhetha ukungabatholi abantwana baqeda kakhulu ukukhulelwa kwabo ngesikhathi lapho amathuba okuba umbungu uzizwe uphansi, ngicabanga ukuthi izinqumo eziningi zokunqamula ukukhulelwa azihlanganisi ngisho nokuthakasela umuntu ozizwayo.
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