Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni liqhubeka likhula, ukukhiqizwa kokudla kufanele kuhambisane nesidingo esikhulayo. Enye indlela yokukhiqiza ukudla eye yanda emashumini eminyaka amuva nje iwukulima kwasefekthri. Nakuba le ndlela ivumele ukwanda kokusebenza kahle kanye nezindleko eziphansi, iphinde yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngomthelela wayo kwezemvelo. Izindlela zokulima zasefekthri ziyaziwa ngokufaka isandla ekungcoleni komoya namanzi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, neminye imiphumela emibi. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizothatha umbono wembulunga yonke ngemiphumela yemvelo yokulima efekthri. Sizohlola imithelela kuzinhlelo zemvelo zendawo, isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke, nempilo yakho kokubili izilwane nabantu. Sizophinde sihlole izici zezomnotho nezenhlalo ezigqugquzela ukwanda kokulima kwasefekthri kanye nezixazululo ezingaba khona zokunciphisa umthelela wako kwezemvelo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda imiphumela yezinketho zethu zokukhiqiza ukudla kanye nokucabangela imithelela yesikhathi eside yomhlaba wethu. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kuhlose ukunikeza umbono obanzi womthelela wokulima kwefekthri kwezemvelo, ngethemba lokukhuthaza ukuthathwa kwezinqumo unolwazi kanye nezinqubo ezizinzile.
1. Izindlela zokulima zezimboni ezinkulu
Izindlela zokulima ezimbonini ezinkulu ziye zanda emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni liye lakhula futhi ukukhiqizwa kokudla sekuye kwasetshenziswa ngemishini. Le misebenzi, eyaziwa ngokuthi amapulazi emboni, ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kakhulu kobuchwepheshe nezinto ezifakwayo zamakhemikhali ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo kanye nenzuzo. Ngeshwa, le ndlela yokulima inemiphumela ebalulekile yezemvelo evame ukunganakwa. ezimboni akhiqiza imfucuza eningi, engangcolisa imithombo yamanzi eseduze futhi ibe nomthelela ekusabalaleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic. Zidinga futhi isamba esikhulu samandla ukuze zigcinwe, okunomthelela ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukucabangela umthelela wesikhathi eside wemvelo wezinqubo zokulima ezimbonini ezinkulu futhi uhlole ezinye izindlela zokukhiqiza ukudla ezibeka phambili ukusimama kanye nempilo yemvelo.
2. Ukwanda kokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa
Ukulima kwasefekthri kunemiphumela ebalulekile kwezemvelo, njengoba ukwanda kwesisi esingcolisa umoya kungenye yezinto ezikhathazayo kakhulu. Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bemikhiqizo yezilwane ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokulima kakhulu kudinga inani elikhulu lezinsiza, okuhlanganisa umhlaba, amanzi, nokudla. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulima kwefekthri kunesibopho sengxenye ebalulekile yokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa emhlabeni. Inhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokudla Nezolimo ilinganisela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo kunomthelela olinganiselwa ku-14.5% wesisi esingcolisa umoya emhlabeni, iningi lalokhu kukhishwa okuvela ezinqubweni zokugaya ukudla kwezilwane ezidlayo, ukuphathwa komquba, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo zokudla. Njengoba isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane siqhubeka sikhula, imiphumela yemvelo yokulima kwasefekthri izoba nzima kakhulu ngaphandle uma kwenziwa izinguquko ezibalulekile endleleni esikhiqiza ngayo nokudla esikudlayo.
3. Amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kwamanzi
Omunye wemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu kwezemvelo yokulima efekthri izinga eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Amapulazi amafekthri asebenzisa amanzi amaningi lapho kukhiqizwa izitshalo nokudla kwemfuyo, kanye nasekunakekeleni nasekunakekeleni izilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulazi amafekthri akhiqiza amanani abalulekile amanzi angcolile kanye nomquba, okungase kungcolise imithombo yamanzi futhi kube nomthelela omubi kuzinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile ekulimeni kwamafekthri nakho kunomthelela ekuncipheni kwemithombo yamanzi emhlabeni wonke, okwandisa izinkinga zokushoda kwamanzi ezifundeni lapho amanzi eseyivelakancane. Umthelela wamazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kwamanzi ekulimeni kwasefekthri udinga ukunakwa okukhulu kanye nesinyathelo sokubhekana nalolu daba, okuhlanganisa nokwamukelwa kwezinqubo zokulima ezisimeme futhi ezinobungani nemvelo.
4. Ukuba nesandla ekugawulweni kwamahlathi
Ukulima emafekthri kwaziwa ngemiphumela yako enzima kwezemvelo, futhi okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ukufaka isandla ekugawulweni kwamahlathi. Izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi ziyagawulwa ukuze kutholakale indawo yokulima imfuyo, kuhlanganise namadlelo nezilimo zokondla izilwane. Le nqubo ayigcini nje ngokubhubhisa indawo yokuhlala yezilwane ezingenakubalwa, kodwa iphinde ibangele ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuphawulekayo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwezihlahla ezimunca i-carbon dioxide emkhathini. Njengomphumela oqondile wokulima emafekthri, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuye kwaba inkinga enkulu emhlabeni wonke, okuholela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, nezinye izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo. Kubalulekile ukuthi siqaphele futhi silungise umthelela wokulima kwefekthri ekugawulweni kwamahlathi ukuze sinciphise imiphumela yako endaweni ezungezile kanye nekusasa leplanethi yethu.
5. Izibulala-zinambuzane nokugeleza kwamakhemikhali
Omunye wemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yemvelo yokulima kwasefekthri ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokugeleza kwamakhemikhali. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekulimeni kwasefekthri kuhloswe ngakho ukwandisa isivuno sezitshalo nokuvikela izinambuzane nezifo. Nokho, lawa makhemikhali angaba nomthelela omubi emvelweni. Lapho izibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa ngobuningi, zingangena emhlabathini futhi zingcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, futhi zigijimele emanzini aseduze. Lokhu kungcola kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yesikhathi eside ku-ecosystem, okuhlanganisa ukubulala izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugeleza okuvela emapulazini efektri nakho kuthwala imfucuza, imisoco eyeqile, kanye nama-antibiotics emigwaqweni yamanzi, okungaholela ekuqhumeni kolwelwe oluyingozi nezinye izindaba zekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa izinqubo ezisimeme futhi ezinobungani nemvelo ekulimeni kwasefekthri ukuze kuvinjelwe imiphumela eyingozi yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokugeleza kwamakhemikhali.
6. Ukuwohloka komhlabathi nokuguguleka komhlabathi
Ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kuyimiphumela emibili ebalulekile yezemvelo yokulima kwasefekthri okunomthelela omubi emhlabeni wethu. Izinqubo zokulima zasefekthri, njengokulima okukodwa kanye nokusebenzisa ngokweqile umanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane, kuholela ekuncipheni kwezakhi zomhlabathi nezinto eziphilayo, kunciphisa ikhono lomhlabathi lokusekela ukuphila kwezitshalo. Ngenxa yalokho, inhlabathi iba sengozini yokuguguleka nokuwohloka, okungaholela ekuncipheni kwesivuno sezitshalo, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguguleka komhlabathi kungabangela ukucwiliswa kwemifula nemifudlana, okungaholela ekukhukhuleni nasekulinyazweni kwemvelo yasemanzini. Ukuze kuncishiswe le miphumela yemvelo, izindlela zokulima ezisimeme ezifana nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo kanye nokulima okuphilayo kufanele kusetshenziswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yenhlabathi, kuncishiswe ukuguguleka, nokulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
7. Umthelela omubi kuma-ecosystem wendawo
Ukulima emafekthri kwamukelwa kabanzi njengenye yezinto ezinomthelela omkhulu ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Enye yezinto ezithinta kakhulu umthelela omubi kuma-ecosystem wendawo. Lawa mapulazi akhiqiza imfucuza eningi, evame ukulahlwa ngendlela engafanele, okuholela ekungcoleni kwamanzi nenhlabathi. Lokhu kungcola kungalimaza imvelo yendawo, kubangele ukulimala ezilwaneni zasendle nasezitshalweni futhi kuphazamise impilo yemiphakathi ezungezile. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo wamakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane, nama-antibiotics kunomthelela ekulimazeni izinga lenhlabathi futhi kungaholela ekuveleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic. Imiphumela yemvelo yokulima efekthri iyinkinga enkulu, futhi kudingeka imizamo emikhulu ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wazo ezinhlelweni zemvelo zendawo.
8. Izinsongo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala
Umkhuba wokulima efekthri ungenye yezimbangela ezihamba phambili zosongo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba amapulazi ezimboni eqhubeka anda futhi ebusa imboni yezolimo, aba nengxenye ekucekeleni phansi kwezindawo zemvelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nokucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamakhemikhali nomanyolo emisebenzini yokulima efekthri nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ezinhlelweni zamanzi, okuholela ekungcoleni nasekulahlekelweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwama-antibiotics emapulazini efektri kuye kwaholela ekuphikisweni kwama-antibiotic kumabhaktheriya, okubeka usongo empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi abenzi bezinqubomgomo kanye nabathengi babone imiphumela yemvelo yokulima kwasefekthri futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa izinqubo zokulima ezisimeme nezinokuziphatha ezibeka eqhulwini ukongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokugcinwa kwezindawo zokuhlala.
9. Ukumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane ezilwaneni
Ukumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane ezilwaneni kuwukukhathazeka okukhulayo emkhakheni wezempilo yomphakathi futhi sekuyinkinga evelele endabeni yokulima efekthri. Ukumelana nama-antibiotic kwenzeka lapho amagciwane engazweli kuma-antibiotic asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwefekthri kunomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokumelana nama-antibiotic ezilwaneni. Emapulazini amafekthri, ama-antibiotics anikezwa njalo ezilwaneni ukuvimbela ukugula nokukhuthaza ukukhula, kodwa lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kuye kwaholela ekuveleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, angadluliselwa kubantu ngokusebenzisa iketanga lokudla. Lokhu kubeka engcupheni enkulu impilo yomphakathi futhi kugqamisa isidingo sokusebenzisa ngendlela efanele ama-antibiotics kwezolimo zezilwane.
10. Izingozi zempilo ezingaba khona kubantu
Ukulima kwasefekthri kuyindlela esetshenziswa kabanzi yokukhiqiza ukudla ehlanganiswe nemiphumela eminingana yezemvelo. Nokho, akuyona nje indawo ezungezile esengozini; kukhona futhi izingozi zempilo ezingaba khona kubantu ezihlobene nokulima kwasefekthri. Enye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu empilweni ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics ekudleni kwezilwane, okungaholela emagciwaneni amelana nama-antibiotic angaba usongo olukhulu empilweni yomuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo eziminyene nezingahlanzekile lapho kugcinwa khona izilwane ezifuywa efekthri zingandisa amathuba okudluliselwa kwezifo ezinjenge-E. coli ne-salmonella kubantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-hormone okukhula namanye amakhemikhali ekukhiqizeni izilwane nakho kungaba yingozi empilweni yomuntu. Lezi zingozi zezempilo ezingaba khona ziyimbangela yokukhathazeka futhi zigqamisa isidingo sezinqubo zokukhiqiza ukudla ezinomthwalo wemfanelo nezisimeme.
Sengiphetha, ukulima kwasefekthri sekuyindlela ehamba phambili yokulima kwezilwane emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo ekukhiqizeni inqwaba yenyama, ubisi namaqanda. Nokho, lesi simiso sezimboni sinemiphumela engathi sína engokwemvelo, ehlanganisa ukungcoliswa komoya namanzi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nokukhishwa kwezisi ezingcolisa umoya. Kubalulekile ukuthi abenzi benqubomgomo, abakhiqizi, kanye nabathengi basebenzisane ukuze babhekane nomthelela wemvelo wokulima kwasefekthri kanye nokuguqukela ezindleleni ezisimeme nezinobuntu zokulima kwezilwane. Ngokuvuma umbono womhlaba wonke wale nkinga nokuthatha isinyathelo, singasebenzela uhlelo lokudla oluzinzile futhi olunomthwalo wemfanelo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
