Ukulima kwasefekthri: Imboni Engemuva Kwenyama Nezobisi

Ekulimeni kwasefekthri, ukusebenza kahle kubekwa phambili ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye.
Izilwane zivame ukukhuliswa ezindaweni ezinkulu, ezivalekile lapho zihlanganiswe ngokuqinile ukuze kwandiswe inani lezilwane ezingakhuliswa endaweni ethile. Lo mkhuba uvumela amazinga aphezulu okukhiqiza kanye nezindleko eziphansi, kodwa ngokuvamile kuza ngezindleko zenhlalakahle yezilwane. Kulesi sihloko, uzothola konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nemikhuba yokulima efekthri.

Ukulima kwasefekthri e-United States kuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, ezihlanganisa izinkomo, izingulube, izinkukhu, izikhukhukazi nezinhlanzi.

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Izinkukhu Ezifuywayo Nezinkukhu zasefekthri

Ukufuywa kwezinkukhu embonini kubandakanya izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: lezo ezikhuliselwa ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kanye nalezo ezisetshenziselwa izinhloso zokubekela amaqanda.

Impilo Yezinkukhu Zenyama Emapulazini Embonini

Izinkukhu ezikhuliselwe inyama, noma izinkukhu ze-broiler, zivame ukubekezelela izimo ezinzima empilweni yazo yonke. Lezi zimo zihlanganisa izindawo zokuhlala eziminyene futhi ezingahlanzekile, ezingaholela ekucindezelekeni, ukulimala, nokusabalala kwezifo. Ukuzalaniswa okukhethekile kwezinkukhu ze-broiler ukuze zikhule ngokushesha kanye nokukhiqizwa kwenyama okwandisiwe kungaholela ezindabeni zezempilo ezifana nokukhubazeka kwamathambo, izinkinga zenhliziyo, kanye namasosha omzimba abuthakathaka.

Inqubo yokuthutha izinkukhu ezilaheni nayo ingaba nengcindezi futhi ihlukumezeke. Izinyoni zingase ziminyene emakhrethini isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuthola ukudla noma amanzi, futhi zingase zibe nokulimala lapho ziphathwa futhi zithuthwa.

Izinkukhu eziningi ze-broiler zikhuliswa ezimisweni zokuvalelwa ezinciphisa ukunyakaza kwazo kanye nokuziphatha kwemvelo.
Bangase bangalokothi babone ukukhanya kwelanga, umoya omusha, noma ithuba lokuhlanganyela emisebenzini efana nokudla kanye nokugeza ngothuli. Kunalokho, bachitha izimpilo zabo ezindlini zokugcina impahla ezilufifi, bemi phezu kukadoti noma phansi ngocingo. Ekufuyweni kwasefekthri, izinkukhu ezifuyelwa inyama yazo zibhekana nesiphetho esibuhlungu. Ngokuvamile zibulawa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezifana nokugeza ngamanzi kagesi noma igesi. Ezindaweni zokugeza amanzi ngogesi, izinkukhu ziqale zimangele ngaphambi kokuba zihlatshwe. Zilengiswe zibheke phansi ngezinyawo ku-conveyor bese ziyiswa endaweni yokugeza amanzi, lapho amakhanda azo ecwiliswa khona emanzini afakwe ugesi. Ngemva kokuphuma ebhavini, imiqala yabo iyanqunywa.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkukhu ziyizidalwa ezihlakaniphile ezikwazi ukuzwa ukwesaba nobuhlungu. Njengabantu nezinye izilwane, banesifiso esingokwemvelo sokuphila. Lomzwelo wemvelo uvame ukubaholela ekuphakamiseni amakhanda abo ngesikhathi sohlelo olumangalisayo bezama ukugwema amanzi afakwe ugesi, okuholela ekutheni ezinye izinkukhu zihlatshwe zisazi. Leli qiniso ligqamisa ukukhathazeka okuphathelene nokuphathwa kwezinkukhu embonini yenyama.

Impilo Yezikhukhukazi Ezibekela Amaqanda Embonini Yokulima

Ukwelashwa kwezinkukhu ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda embonini yamaqanda ezentengiselwano kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuphawulekayo kokuziphatha. Lokhu kukhathazeka kumayelana nezimo lapho izinkukhu zifuywa khona kanye nemikhuba esetshenziswa embonini.

Izikhukhukazi ekukhiqizweni kwamaqanda okudayisa zivame ukugcinwa emakhajini aminyene, lapho zintula khona indawo yokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni kwemvelo njengokwelula amaphiko azo, ukuhlala phansi, noma ukugeza uthuli. Lezi zimo eziminyene zingaholela ekucindezelekeni, ukulimala, nokusabalala kwezifo phakathi kwezinyoni.

Ukwengeza, umkhuba wokugunda uqhwaku, okwenziwa ukuze kuvinjwe ukulimala kokucofa kanye nokuziphatha okunonya ezimweni eziminyene, kungabangela ubuhlungu futhi kuphazamise ikhono lezinkukhu lokudla nokuzilungisa ngendlela efanele.

Olunye udaba lwesimilo ukulahlwa kwamatshwele esilisa embonini yamaqanda. Njengoba amatshwele angamaduna engawazaleli amaqanda futhi engafanele ukukhiqizwa kwenyama, ngokuvamile abhekwa njengento engenamsebenzi ngokwezomnotho futhi alahlwe ngemva nje kokuchanyuselwa. Izindlela zokuwalahla zihlanganisa ukuwagaya ephila noma ukuwacisha ngobuningi.

Izinkomo zaseFactory Farmed 

Emapulazini amafekthri, izinkomo zivame ukuvalelwa ezindaweni eziminyene futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezingahlanzekile, ezingaholela ekucindezelekeni, ukungakhululeki, kanye nezinkinga zempilo yezilwane. Lezi zimo zingase zibavimbele ekuzibandakanyeni ekuziphatheni kwemvelo njengokuklaba kanye nokuzijabulisa, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwenhlalakahle.

Ngokufanayo nabantu, izinkomo zikhiqiza ubisi ngokuyinhloko ngenzalo yazo. Kodwa-ke, embonini yobisi, abesifazane bakhuleliswa ngokuzenzela ukuze bakhiqize ubisi kuphela. Uma sezizelwe, amathole ezinsikazi avame ukuphila impilo efana nonina, kuyilapho amankonyane angamaduna angaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-700 ahlangabezana nesiphetho esibuhlungu, esihloselwe ukukhiqizwa kwenyamazane.

Impilo yenkomo yobisi eyokuvalelwa kanye nokuxhashazwa. Zivalelwa endlini, ziphoqelekile ukuthi zihambe ziye emuva naphambili ziye eziteshini zokusenga lapho zisengwa khona ngomshini, umkhiqizo owenzelwe amankonyane azo ukukhishwa ngenkani. Uma sikhuluma nje, la mankonyane ahlukaniswa ngokushesha nonina ngemva kwamahora ambalwa ezelwe, asiwe emaqhugwaneni angenalutho lapho cishe amaphesenti angu-60 abekezelela ukuboshelwa, okuwancisha ukuziphatha kwawo okungokwemvelo, kuyilapho abantu bedla ubisi olubekelwe ukondla kwabo.

Njengoba lezi zinkomo ezincane zikhula, zibhekana nezinqubo ezibuhlungu ezihlanganisa ukufakwa uphawu, ukukhipha izimpondo, nokudotshwa komsila. Naphezu kokuba izidalwa ezihlala ngokwemvelo nomama eziphila iminyaka efinyelela kwengama-20, izinkomo zobisi zibhekene neqiniso elifiphele. Lapho ukukhiqizwa kobisi lwabo kuncipha, ngokuvamile phakathi kweminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine ubudala, ngokuvamile bathunyelwa ukuyohlaba inyama yezinga eliphansi noma ukukhiqizwa kwesikhumba.

Unya olungokwemvelo embonini yobisi luphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha mayelana nokuphatha kwethu izilwane kanye nezinhlelo ezisekela imikhuba enjalo.

I-Factory Farmed Fish

Izinga lokuxhashazwa kwezinhlanzi ukuze lidliwe abantu liyamangaza, njengoba kubulawa izinhlanzi ezifinyelela ezigidini ezintathu ngonyaka. Naphezu kokuba namandla okuzwa ubuhlungu, injabulo, kanye nohlu lwemizwa, izinhlanzi zithola isivikelo esingokomthetho esincane, okuholela ekuphathweni kabi kuzo zombili izimo zezilwane zasemanzini nezibanjwe zasendle.

Njengezilwane eziphila emanzini, izinhlanzi zinezinzwa ezithuthuke kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukunambitha okuhle kakhulu, ukuhogela, nokubona umbala, kanye nesistimu yomugqa ongemuva oyinkimbinkimbi othola ukunyakaza, izinhlanzi eziseduze, kanye nenyamazane. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lwembule imizwa yabo, lwembula amazinga obuhlakani angaphezu kokuqonda okuvamile, njengenkumbulo yesikhathi eside, izinhlaka zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi, amakhono okuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi.

Ikusasa lezinhlanzi libi, njengoba izibikezelo zisikisela ukuwa ngo-2048 ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile, kuyilapho ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi emanzini kuqhubeka ukwanda ngokushesha. Kusukela ku-5% ngo-1970, ingxenye yezinhlanzi ezidliwa emhlabeni wonke manje zivela emapulazini, kanti phakathi kwezigidigidi ezingama-40-120 zezinhlanzi ezifuywayo zihlatshwa minyaka yonke.

Ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi ngamandla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi phakathi nezwe noma ezindaweni ezivalelwe olwandle, kwenza izinhlanzi zibe ngaphansi kwezimo eziminyene namanzi anamazinga aphakeme e-ammonia ne-nitrate, okukhuthaza ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ngokushaqisayo, izinhlanzi e-United States azinasivikelo ngaphansi kwe-Humane Slaughter Act, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokuhlaba ezinonya ezincike emikhubeni yemboni.

Imikhuba evamile yokubulala ihilela ukukhipha izinhlanzi emanzini, okuzibangela ukuba zifuthaniswe futhi zife njengoba amagobolondo azo ewa, noma ukubhuquzisa izinhlobo ezinkulu ezifana ne-tuna ne-swordfish, ngokuvamile okuholela ekushayweni okuphindaphindiwe ngenxa yokuquleka okungaphelele. Lezi zinqubo zigcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo semithethonqubo ethuthukisiwe kanye nokucatshangelwa kokuziphatha ekuphathweni kwezinhlanzi kokubili ezimbonini zokulima nezokudoba.

Factory Farmed Izingulube

Iqiniso lokufuya izingulube efekthri lihluke kakhulu esithombeni esivame ukuvezwa kwabezindaba. Izingulube ngempela ziyizilwane ezihlala njalo nezihlakaniphile, ezibonisa ilukuluku, ukudlala, nothando phakathi kwamaqembu emikhaya emincane. Kodwa-ke, emapulazini embonini, izingulube zibekezelela ukuhlupheka okukhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kanye nokuswela.

Izingulube ezikhulelwe zivalelwe kumakhreyithi okumitha, azizikhudlwana kunemizimba yazo, phakathi nesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwazo. Lezi zivikelo ezinonya zibavimbela ekuthatheni isinyathelo esisodwa kunoma iyiphi indlela, okubangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu nokungakhululeki. Ngemva kokubeletha, izingulube ezingumama zidluliselwa kumakhreyithi ezalelayo, okuthi, nakuba zikhudlwana, zisavimbela ukunyakaza kwazo kanye nokuziphatha kwemvelo.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwamantshontsho engulube komama bawo esemancane kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile emapulazini emboni, lapho amazinyane akhuliswa ezibayeni eziminyene nasezibayeni aze afinyelele isisindo semakethe. Izingulube zesilisa zivame ukubhekana nezinqubo ezibuhlungu njengokuthenwa ngaphandle kokulaliswa izinzwa, futhi imisila yabo iboshiwe futhi amazinyo anqunywe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuziphatha okuhlobene nengcindezi njengokuluma umsila kanye nobuzimuzimu.

Ukuvalelwa okuqinile kanye nezenzo ezinonya ezitholakala ekufuyweni kwasefekthri kuholela ekuhluphekeni okukhulu kwezigidi zezingulube unyaka ngamunye. Naphezu kwenkolelo eyandile yokuthi izilwane emapulazini ziphila ukuphila okukhululekile nemvelo, iqiniso lifiphele kakhulu.

Le ndlela Yakudala Yokukhiqiza Ukudla Yehlulekile

Ukulima kwasefekthri, njengendlela ephelelwe yisikhathi yokukhiqiza ukudla, kubonakale kunephutha elijulile emikhakheni eminingi. Imithelela yayo engemihle idlulela ngalé kokuphathwa kabi kwezilwane zasemapulazini futhi ihlanganisa uchungechunge lwezindaba zemvelo, zezenhlalo, nezempilo yomphakathi.

Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu iqhaza layo ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwemithombo enjengomhlaba, amanzi, namandla ekulimeni kwefekthri kubhebhethekisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokusongela ukuzinza kwezimiso zemvelo kodwa futhi kusheshisa ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kubukela phansi ukuqina kwezinhlelo zemvelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulima kwasefekthri kubangela izingozi ezinkulu empilweni yomphakathi, okuhlanganisa nokusabalala kwezifo ngezimo eziminyene nezingahlanzekile. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics ekukhiqizeni imfuyo kunomthelela ekwandeni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okwenza kube usongo olukhulu empilweni yabantu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulima emafekthri kuqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani ekufinyeleleni kokudla ngokubeka phambili ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane kunokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni. Ukuguqulwa okungasebenzi kahle kwezitshalo ezidliwayo zibe inyama nobisi kubangela ukulahlekelwa kwengqikithi yama-kilojoule, kubhebhethekise ukungavikeleki kokudla futhi kubeke umthwalo owengeziwe ezinhlelweni zokudla zomhlaba wonke.

Ngokuphambene nedumela lakho njengekhambi elishibhile nelisebenzayo lokondla umhlaba, ukulima kwasefekthri akunasimeme futhi akulingani. Kubalulekile ukuthi siguqukele ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza ukudla ezizinzile nezinobuntu ezibeka phambili ukunakekelwa kwemvelo, impilo yomphakathi, kanye nobulungiswa emphakathini.

Kukhona Indlela Engcono

Impela, ukubhekana nezinselelo zokusimama ezihambisana nokukhiqizwa kokudla kuwumsebenzi onzima kodwa obalulekile. Kodwa-ke, iphinde inikeze ithuba lokubhekana nezinkinga zezomnotho, ezemvelo, nezokuziphatha ezicindezela kakhulu umhlaba wethu namuhla. Esikudingayo indlela evamile yokukhiqiza ukudla ebeka eqhulwini inhlalakahle yabantu nezilwane, kuyilapho ivikela iplanethi nezizukulwane ezizayo.

Kudingeka uguquko lokudla nokulima—olukhuthaza izindlela zokulima eziphephile, ezinobulungisa, neziluhlaza. Lokhu kuguquguquka kufanele kubeke phambili:

Ukuphepha: Kufanele sibeke phambili impilo nenhlalakahle yabantu nezilwane ezinhlelweni zethu zokukhiqiza ukudla. Lokhu kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazinga okuphepha kokudla ayagcinwa futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi nama-antibiotics. Ukulunga: Izinhlelo zethu zokudla nezolimo kufanele zisekele izimpilo zasemaphandleni futhi ziqede ubumpofu. Lokhu kubandakanya ukudala amathuba kubalimi abancane kanye nokuhlomisa imiphakathi yasendaweni ukuthi ibambe iqhaza futhi ihlomule ekukhiqizweni kokudla. Izinqubo zokuhweba ezinobulungiswa zingaqinisekisa ukuthi abalimi bathola isinxephezelo esifanelekile ngomsebenzi wabo nezinsizakusebenza. Ubuhlaza: Ukuvikela iplanethi nezinsiza zayo zemvelo kumele kube phambili emisebenzini yethu yezolimo. Lokhu kubandakanya ukwamukela izindlela zokulima ezisimeme ezinciphisa umthelela wemvelo, njengokulima okuphilayo, i-agroforestry, kanye nezolimo ezivuselelayo. Ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, ukonga amanzi, nokulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, singakha uhlelo lokudla oluzinzile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ngokwamukela le migomo nokusebenzisa izixazululo ezintsha, singakha uhlelo lokudla nohlelo lokulima oluhlinzeka ngokudla okunempilo, okuthengekayo kubo bonke kuyilapho sivikela inhlalakahle yezilwane nempilo yeplanethi. Sekuyisikhathi senguquko endleleni esikhiqiza ngayo nokudla esikudla ngayo—uguquko olubeka abantu, izilwane kanye nemvelo endaweni ebaluleke kakhulu.